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Treatment of Nausea in Pregnancy
Heitmann et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2015) 15:321 DOI 10.1186/s12884-015-0746-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Treatment of nausea in pregnancy: a cross- sectional multinational web-based study of pregnant women and new mothers Kristine Heitmann1*, Lone Holst1, Angela Lupattelli2, Caroline Maltepe3 and Hedvig Nordeng2,4 Abstract Background: The factors related to the treatment of nausea during pregnancy have not yet been investigated in several countries simultaneously. The present study aimed to describe differences in self-reported nausea during pregnancy and the patterns of use for both conventional and herbal medicines across countries. The factors related to nausea and its treatment and the relationships between different self-reported co-morbidities and nausea were also investigated. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data collected by a web-based questionnaire distributed between October 2011 and February 2012 in several countries within five regions: Western, Northern, and Eastern Europe, North America, and Australia. Women who were pregnant or had a child less than one year old were eligible to participate. Results: A total of 9113 women were included in the study, whereof 6701 (73.5 %) had experienced nausea during pregnancy. Among respondents with nausea, conventional medicines were used by 1201 (17.9 %) women and herbal medicines by 556 (8.3 %) women. The extent of self-reported nausea and its treatment varied by country. Education, working status, and folic acid use were significantly associated with the use of conventional medicines against nausea. Respondents who had nausea also had a high burden of co-morbidity. Conclusion: The prevalence of nausea was high across all participating countries but its treatment varied, possibly due to cultural differences and differences in attitudes towards medicines. -
The Role for Pre-Polymerized Sucralfate In
ISSN: 2692-5400 DOI: 10.33552/AJGH.2020.02.000531 Academic Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Review Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ricky Wayne McCullough The Role for Pre-Polymerized Sucralfate in Management of Erosive and Non-Erosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – High Potency Sucralfate-Mucin Barrier for Enteric Cytoprotection Ricky Wayne McCullough1,2* 1Translational Medicine Clinic and Research Center, USA 2Department of Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Brown University School of Medicine, USA *Corresponding author: Ricky Wayne McCullough, Translational Medicine Clinic and Received Date: April 13, 2020 Research Center, Storrs Connecticut, USA. Published Date: April 22, 2020 Abstract Pre-polymerized sucralfate, sometimes called high potency sucralfate or polymerized cross-linked sucralfate is a new sucralfate formulation recognizedClinical by outcomes the US FDAfrom in standard 2005. Positive sucralfate clinical do not data justify from a threerole in randomized the management controlled of erosive trials and using non-erosive pre-polymerized gastroesophageal sucralfate refluxfor GERD disease. and each of which cause classic mucosal reactions in the esophageal epithelium. These reactions are symptomatic but may or may not involve erosions. NERD was first reported in 2014 AGA’s Digestive Disease Week (DDW). Gastric refluxate contains protonic acid, dissolved bile acids and proteases Pre-polymerizedBeing non-systemic, sucralfate the utilizes entire biophysical clinical effect means of toany exclude sucralfate all three rests irritants in the fromsurface epithelial concentration mucosa. of sucralfate achieved. Pre-polymerized sucralfate, presented in 2014 DDW, and discussed here, achieves a surface concentration that is 800% greater than standard sucralfate on normal mucosal lining and 2,400% greater on inflamed or acid-injured mucosa, making it most certainly, a high potency sucralfate. -
Lansoprazole Delayed-Release Orally Disintegrating Tablets PI
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION • Patients receiving rilpivirine-containing products. (4, 7) Dual Therapy: Lansoprazole delayed-release orally disintegrating tablets/amoxicillin Administration with Water in an Oral Syringe 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience In clinical trials using combination therapy with lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin, women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this 8.6 Hepatic Impairment These highlights do not include all the information WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Lansoprazole delayed-release orally disintegrating tablets in combination with amoxicillin as dual 1. Place a 15 mg tablet in oral syringe and draw up 4 mL of water, or place a 30 mg tablet Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates and lansoprazole plus amoxicillin, no increased laboratory abnormalities particular to these drug drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.2)]. In patients with various degrees of chronic hepatic impairment the exposure to lansoprazole was needed to use LANSOPRAZOLE DELAYED- • Gastric Malignancy: In adults, symptomatic therapy is indicated in adults for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal in oral syringe and draw up 10 mL of water. observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of combinations were observed. See full prescribing information for clarithromycin before using in pregnant women. increased compared to healthy subjects with normal hepatic function [see Clinical Pharmacology RELEASE ORALLY DISINTEGRATING TABLETS response with lansoprazole does not preclude ulcer disease (active or one year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant 2. -
Histamine Receptors
Tocris Scientific Review Series Tocri-lu-2945 Histamine Receptors Iwan de Esch and Rob Leurs Introduction Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division Histamine is one of the aminergic neurotransmitters and plays of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit an important role in the regulation of several (patho)physiological Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The processes. In the mammalian brain histamine is synthesised in Netherlands restricted populations of neurons that are located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus.1 Dr. Iwan de Esch is an assistant professor and Prof. Rob Leurs is These neurons project diffusely to most cerebral areas and have full professor and head of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry of been implicated in several brain functions (e.g. sleep/ the Leiden/Amsterdam Center of Drug Research (LACDR), VU wakefulness, hormonal secretion, cardiovascular control, University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Since the seventies, thermoregulation, food intake, and memory formation).2 In histamine receptor research has been one of the traditional peripheral tissues, histamine is stored in mast cells, eosinophils, themes of the division. Molecular understanding of ligand- basophils, enterochromaffin cells and probably also in some receptor interaction is obtained by combining pharmacology specific neurons. Mast cell histamine plays an important role in (signal transduction, proliferation), molecular biology, receptor the pathogenesis of various allergic conditions. After mast cell modelling and the synthesis and identification of new ligands. degranulation, release of histamine leads to various well-known symptoms of allergic conditions in the skin and the airway system. In 1937, Bovet and Staub discovered compounds that antagonise the effect of histamine on these allergic reactions.3 Ever since, there has been intense research devoted towards finding novel ligands with (anti-) histaminergic activity. -
G Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.2 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Learning clinical pharmacology with the use of INNs and their stems. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.2). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
Etiology, Classification, and Treatment of Urticaria
CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION Etiology, Classification, and Treatment of Urticaria Kjetil Kristoffer Guldbakke, MD; Amor Khachemoune, MD, CWS GOAL To understand urticaria to better manage patients with the condition OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this activity, dermatologists and general practitioners should be able to: 1. Discuss the clinical classification of urticaria. 2. Recognize how to diagnose urticaria. 3. Identify treatment options. CME Test on page 50. This article has been peer reviewed and approved Einstein College of Medicine is accredited by by Michael Fisher, MD, Professor of Medicine, the ACCME to provide continuing medical edu- Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Review date: cation for physicians. December 2006. Albert Einstein College of Medicine designates This activity has been planned and imple- this educational activity for a maximum of 1 AMA mented in accordance with the Essential Areas PRA Category 1 CreditTM. Physicians should only and Policies of the Accreditation Council for claim credit commensurate with the extent of their Continuing Medical Education through the participation in the activity. joint sponsorship of Albert Einstein College of This activity has been planned and produced in Medicine and Quadrant HealthCom, Inc. Albert accordance with ACCME Essentials. Drs. Guldbakke and Khachemoune report no conflict of interest. The authors discuss off-label use of colchi- cine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, dapsone, intravenous immunoglobulin, methotrexate, montelukast sodium, nifedipine, plasmapheresis, rofecoxib, sulfasalazine, tacrolimus, thyroxine, and zafirlukast. Dr. Fisher reports no conflict of interest. Urticaria is among the most common skin dis- autoimmune mechanisms are now recognized as a eases. It can be acute, chronic, mediated by a cause of chronic urticaria. A search of the PubMed physical stimulus, or related to contact with an database (US National Library of Medicine) for urticant. -
Heft 55 Gastritis, Magen
ROBERT KOCH INSTITUT Statistisches Bundesamt Nach wie vor sind Magenbeschwerden ein häufiges Gesundheitsproblem. Nach aktuellen Studien- ergebnissen des Robert Koch-Instituts hatten ein Fünftel der Erwachsenen in Deutschland schon einmal eine ärztlich diagnostizierte Gastritis, sieben Prozent schon einmal Magen- bzw. Zwölf- fingerdarmgeschwüre (Ulkus). Letztere sind eine schwerere Krankheitsform, bei der es zu ernsten Komplikationen kommen kann. Sowohl die Sicht auf die Ursachen von Gastritis und Ulkus als auch die anteilige Bedeutung der Risiken haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich verändert. Vor der in den 1980er-Jahren gelungenen Entdeckung der weit verbreiteten bakteriellen Besiedlung mit H. pylori und dessen Heft 55 Beitrag zur Entstehung von Entzündungen und Geschwüren wurde vor allem psychosomatischen Gastritis, Magen- und Ursachen eine große Bedeutung zugeschrieben. Während in Deutschland die Verbreitung von Zwölffingerdarmgeschwüre H. pylori stark zurückgeht, gewinnt die weiter zunehmende Anwendung von potenziell magen- schädigenden Arzneimitteln (z. B. NSAR und ASS) eine wachsende Bedeutung. Weitere Faktoren, wie Tabakkonsum, psychosoziale Belastungen und Ernährung, spielen aber auch eine Rolle, und das Zusammenwirken der Einflüsse ist sehr komplex. Mit den Protonenpumpenhemmern (PPI) stehen inzwischen hochwirksame Arzneimittel für die Behandlung und zur Prävention (»Magenschutz«) zur Verfügung. Aber auch deren anhaltend starker Verbrauchsanstieg ist nicht unproblematisch. © Robert Koch-Institut ISBN 978-3-89606-220-8 -
Receptor Antagonist
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.29.7.890 on 1 July 1988. Downloaded from Gut, 1988, 29, 890-893 Alteration of H2 receptor sensitivity in duodenal ulcer patients after maintenance treatment with an H2 receptor antagonist D B JONES, C W HOWDEN, D W BURGET, CINDY SILLETTI, AND R H HUNT From the Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada SUMMARY The effects of a specific H2 receptor agonist impromidine, on gastric acid secretion were measured in six patients with duodenal ulcer in clinical remission before and after three months treatment with ranitidine 150 mg nocte. After treatment basal acid output increased from 1 2 to 2-8 mmol/h and after maximal impromidine stimulation from 36-9 (4 7) to 44-2 (6 2) mmol/h (p<002). Intravenous ranitidine 50 mg was given at the end ofthe impromidine infusion on each study day; the antisecretory effect of intravenous ranitidine was accentuated after the treatment with ranitidine from a trough acid output of8 5 (1-2) mmol/h before, to 3-8 (1-5) mmol/h (p<0 05) after, treatment. The increased response to the H2 agonist impromidine and the H2 antagonist ranitidine after treatment with ranitidine suggests an enhanced sensitivity of the H2 receptor. This might be ex- plained on the basis of an increase in the number of H2 receptors ('up-regulation'). http://gut.bmj.com/ The discovery of the histamine H2 receptor on the a highly potent, and specific agonist for the H2 parietal cell' initiated the development of H2 receptor' exhibiting up to 27 times the affinity of receptor antagonists with potent gastric antisecretory histamine.9 In this study we have examined the effect activity and these agents have now become firmly of three months of treatment with ranitidine 150 mg established in the treatment of peptic ulceration.- nocte on impromidine stimulated gastric acid secre- After heaing of duodenal ulcer by the H2 receptor tion in six patients with duodenal ulcer in remission. -
Carafate, Tablet
NEW ZEALAND DATA SHEET CARAFATE 1. Product Name Carafate, 1 g, tablet. 2. Qualitative and Quantitative Composition Each tablet contains 1 g sucralfate For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical Form Carafate is a white, uncoated capsule-shaped tablet. One side is plain, the other embossed with the word ‘CARAFATE’. Dimensions: 20 mm x 9 mm x 7mm 4. Clinical Particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Treatment of acute, non-malignant gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of duodenal ulcers. 4.2 Dose and method of administration Acute ulcerous conditions The recommended adult dose of Carafate for duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer is 1 g tablet three times a day, one hour before meals and one 1 g tablet at bedtime or two 1 g tablets twice daily taken before breakfast and at bedtime (for up to 8 weeks). For relief of pain, antacids may be added to the treatment. However, they should not be taken within two hours before or after sucralfate intake. In duodenal ulcer, while healing with sucralfate often occurs within two to four weeks, treatment should be continued for up to 8 weeks unless healing has been demonstrated by x-ray and/or endoscopic examination. In the case of gastric ulcers an alternative treatment should be considered if no objective improvement is observed following 6 weeks of sucralfate therapy. Large gastric ulcers that show a progressive healing tendency may require the full 8 weeks of therapy. Maintenance treatment To reduce the risk of recurrence of duodenal ulcers, the recommended dose is one 1 g tablet before breakfast and one at bedtime (for up to 12 months). -
Patient Instructions for Colonoscopy and Upper GI Endoscopy
GASTROENTEROLOGY Patient Instructions for Colonoscopy and Upper GI Endoscopy This handout will help you get ready for your procedures. It has information about: Where to go for your procedures What are the procedures and why are they done Preparing ahead of time for your procedures Bowel preparation instructions Medication and diet instructions before your procedures What to expect during your procedures WHERE TO GO FOR YOUR COLONOSCOPY/UPPER ENDOSCOPY UVM Medical Center 111 Colchester Ave Endoscopy Outpatient Clinic West Pavilion, Level 4 Burlington, VT 05401 Check in at registration first: Level 3, Main Lobby WHAT IS A COLONOSCOPY? A colonoscopy is an examination of the colon (large intestine) using a specialized video camera called an endoscope. This instrument is inserted into the rectum and advanced up into your large intestine until it meets the small intestine. It shows images of the lining of the large intestine. Tissue samples (biopsies) may be taken during the test. This test can help diagnose and potentially treat: Early signs of cancer in the colon and rectum, specifically remove these abnormal growths called polyps Causes of unexplained changes in bowel habits Causes of inflamed tissue, abnormal growths, ulcers and bleeding WHAT IS AN UPPER ENDOSCOPY? Also known as: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; EGD, Gastroscopy. An upper GI endoscopy is an examination of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract using a specialized video camera called an endoscope. This instrument is inserted down the throat and shows images of the lining -
Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub . No . : US 2019 / 0192440 A1
US 20190192440A1 (19 ) United States (12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10) Pub . No. : US 2019 /0192440 A1 LI (43 ) Pub . Date : Jun . 27 , 2019 ( 54 ) ORAL DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPRISING Publication Classification DRUG IN THE FORM OF NANOPARTICLES (51 ) Int . CI. A61K 9 / 20 (2006 .01 ) ( 71 ) Applicant: Triastek , Inc. , Nanjing ( CN ) A61K 9 /00 ( 2006 . 01) A61K 31/ 192 ( 2006 .01 ) (72 ) Inventor : Xiaoling LI , Dublin , CA (US ) A61K 9 / 24 ( 2006 .01 ) ( 52 ) U . S . CI. ( 21 ) Appl. No. : 16 /289 ,499 CPC . .. .. A61K 9 /2031 (2013 . 01 ) ; A61K 9 /0065 ( 22 ) Filed : Feb . 28 , 2019 (2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 / 209 ( 2013 .01 ) ; A61K 9 /2027 ( 2013 .01 ) ; A61K 31/ 192 ( 2013. 01 ) ; Related U . S . Application Data A61K 9 /2072 ( 2013 .01 ) (63 ) Continuation of application No. 16 /028 ,305 , filed on Jul. 5 , 2018 , now Pat . No . 10 , 258 ,575 , which is a (57 ) ABSTRACT continuation of application No . 15 / 173 ,596 , filed on The present disclosure provides a stable solid pharmaceuti Jun . 3 , 2016 . cal dosage form for oral administration . The dosage form (60 ) Provisional application No . 62 /313 ,092 , filed on Mar. includes a substrate that forms at least one compartment and 24 , 2016 , provisional application No . 62 / 296 , 087 , a drug content loaded into the compartment. The dosage filed on Feb . 17 , 2016 , provisional application No . form is so designed that the active pharmaceutical ingredient 62 / 170, 645 , filed on Jun . 3 , 2015 . of the drug content is released in a controlled manner. Patent Application Publication Jun . 27 , 2019 Sheet 1 of 20 US 2019 /0192440 A1 FIG . -
Histamine and Antihistamines Sites of Action Conditions Which Cause Release Aron H
Learning Objectives I Histamine Pharmacological effects Histamine and Antihistamines Sites of action Conditions which cause release Aron H. Lichtman, Ph.D. Diagnostic uses Associate Professor II Antihistamines acting at the H1 and H2 receptor Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmacological effects Mechanisms of action Therapeutic uses Side effects and drug interactions Be familiar with the existence of the H3 receptor III Be able to describe the main mechanism of action of cromolyn sodium and its clinical uses Histamine Pharmacology First autacoid to be discovered. (Greek: autos=self; Histamine Formation akos=cure) Synthesized in 1907 Synthesized in mammalian tissues by Demonstrated to be a natural constituent of decarboxylation of the amino acid l-histidine mammalian tissues (1927) Involved in inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions. Local application causes swelling redness, and edema, mimicking a mild inflammatory reaction. Large systemic doses leads to profound vascular changes similar to those seen after shock or anaphylactic origin Histamine Stored in complex with: Heparin Chondroitin Sulfate Eosinophilic Chemotactic Factor Neutrophilic Chemotactic Factor Proteases 1 Conditions That Release Histamine 1. Tissue injury: Any physical or chemical agent that injures tissue, skin or mucosa are particularly sensitive to injury and will cause the immediate release of histamine from mast cells. 2. Allergic reactions: exposure of an antigen to a previously sensitized (exposed) subject can immediately trigger allergic reactions. If sensitized by IgE antibodies attached to their surface membranes will degranulate when exposed to the appropriate antigen and release histamine, ATP and other mediators. 3. Drugs and other foreign compounds: morphine, dextran, antimalarial drugs, dyes, antibiotic bases, alkaloids, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds, enzymes (phospholipase C).