DOCSLIB.ORG

The Automotive Sector in Turkey: a Baseline Analysis of Vehicle Fleet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Automotive Sector in Turkey: a Baseline Analysis of Vehicle Fleet WHITE PAPER MARCH 2016 THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN TURKEY A BASELINE ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE FLEET STRUCTURE, FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS Peter Mock www.theicct.org [email protected] BEIJING | BERLIN | BRUSSELS | SAN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is Managing Director at ICCT and a 2015/16 Fellow at the Istanbul Policy Center (IPC). IPC is an independent policy research institute with global outreach and the mission to foster academic research in social sciences and its application to policy making. The Mercator-IPC Fellowship Program is a joint initiative between Sabancı University and Stiftung Mercator. Funding for this work was generously provided through the Mercator- IPC Fellowship Program (http://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/en/about_fellowship/). The author would like to thank all reviewers of this report for their constructive comments as well as the following individuals for their particular contribution to the development of this report: Gülcihan Çiğdem (IPC), Egemen Can Erçelik (IPC), Megan Gisclon (IPC), Daniel Grütjen (Stiftung Mercator), Fuat Keyman (IPC), Wolfram Knörr (IFEU), Pınar Köse (EMBARQ Turkiye), Joshua Miller (ICCT), Doruk Özdemir (DLR), Ümit Şahin (IPC), Uwe Tietge (ICCT), Jan Tasci (Stiftung Mercator), Çiğdem Tongal (IPC), Ethemcan Turhan (IPC), Alper Ünal (Istanbul Technical University), Zifei Yang (ICCT). © 2016 International Council on Clean Transportation The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) is an independent nonprofit organization founded to provide first-rate, unbiased research and technical and scientific analysis to environmental regulators. The ICCT participants’ council comprises high-level civil servants, academic researchers, and independent transportation and environmental policy experts, who come together at regular intervals to collaborate as individuals on setting a global agenda for clean transportation. ICCT was founded in 2005, and has offices in Berlin and Brussels, as well as in the US and China. It is funded principally by private foundations, such as the ClimateWorks Foundation in the U.S. and Stiftung Mercator in Europe. For additional information: International Council on Clean Transportation Europe Neue Promenade 6, 10178 Berlin +49 (30) 847129-102 [email protected] | www.theicct.org | @TheICCT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Turkey is one of the largest vehicle manufacturing countries in the world. Given the strong dependence of the Turkish economy on the automotive industry, it is of particular importance to ensure that this industry sector is ready to meet current and future challenges, such as local air pollution, climate change, and energy security, by offering innovative vehicles that can compete on the global market. An extensive set of policy measures can help drive forward the necessary innovations. A main objective of this report is to provide a transparent assessment of the current vehicle market in Turkey to domestic policymakers and stakeholders as well as to an interested international audience. Thus, in a first step, the current status of vehicle production and sales and its impact on fuel consumption and emissions in Turkey are studied and compared in particular to the situation in Germany, given that the automotive industry plays such a vital role in both economies. Vehicle statistics for Turkey are compared to the EU-28 market as well as other key automotive markets worldwide. Passenger cars and light commercial vehicles account for three-quarters of the vehicle fleet in Turkey. It was found that the level of efficiency for new cars and light commercial vehicles is similar to the efficiency of comparable vehicles in Germany and the EU. This means that the fuel consumption and CO2 emission level is similar when taking into account differences in fleet characteristics, such as vehicle weight, size, and engine power (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). In some instances it was found that the level of technologies to reduce CO2 emissions applied to vehicles in Turkey is slightly lower than in Germany and the EU. EUregulatory G target NclassIII TE G EUregulatory target ) SUV G E E upper T T medium G E medium T G G NclassII E G T lower emissionlevel(gkminNEDC E T medium small CO E T G NclassI T TTurkeyGGermanyEEU- TTurkeyGGermanyEEU- E Vehicleweight(kg) Vehicleweight(kg) Figure 1. Average CO2 emission level of new Figure 2. Average CO2 emission level of new registrations passenger cars (2014), all vehicles registrations light commercial vehicles (2014), by vehicle segment and weight. Data source: all vehicles by vehicle segment and weight. (ICCT, 2015a). Data source: (ICCT, 2015a). i ICCT WHITE PAPER Modeling a business-as-usual scenario, it was estimated that CO2 emissions from road transport in Turkey would approximately double by 2030. As CO2 emissions and fuel consumption are directly linked to each other, this would also mean roughly doubling oil consumption over the next years. Turkey is one of the few key automotive markets worldwide not yet having introduced mandatory CO2 standards for cars and light commercial vehicles. Beyond vehicle CO2 standards, additional measures, such as vehicle taxation based on CO2, as well as mandates and incentives for electrified vehicles and alternative fuels, could complement and leverage the effects of CO2 vehicle standards. Heavy-duty vehicles account for only about one-tenth of the market in Turkey, but at the same time are responsible for more than half of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Some regions, such as the United States, Canada, China, and Japan, have already introduced mandatory efficiency standards for new heavy-duty vehicles, and it is likely that the EU will be moving in this direction as well. Given the particular importance of the production of trucks and buses, not only for the local vehicle market in Turkey but also for the export market, the introduction of efficiency standards could be a viable approach for Turkey as well. About half of all new cars in Turkey are first registered in the Istanbul area. This highlights the importance of cities, and in particular the city of Istanbul, with respect to the deployment of innovative vehicle technologies. Urban areas are typically most affected by the negative impacts of road transportation, such as high levels of local air pollutants. At the same time, these urban areas can take complementary action, in addition to any policy measures at the national level, to incentivize the deployment of low-emission vehicles. Examples for such measures include an improved infrastructure for alternative fuels and electricity as well as restrictions for high-emission vehicles when entering urban areas. ii THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN TURKEY TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ iv 1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 2 Vehicle fleet structure ......................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Overall vehicle stock and new vehicle fleet ........................................................................... 2 2.2 Vehicle production, imports and exports ............................................................................... 5 2.3 Vehicle distribution by region ..................................................................................................... 8 2.4 The passenger car fleet in more detail .................................................................................. 10 2.5 The light commercial vehicle fleet in more detail ..............................................................17 2.6 The heavy truck fleet in more detail........................................................................................21 2.7 Interim conclusions .......................................................................................................................22 3 Vehicle fuel consumption and emissions ........................................................................24 3.1 Passenger car fleet averages ....................................................................................................24 3.2 Individual passenger car models .............................................................................................27 3.3 Passenger car fleet distribution and international comparison .................................. 30 3.4 Light commercial fleet averages...............................................................................................31 3.5 Light commercial vehicle fleet distribution and international comparison .............34 3.6 Overall oil consumption ..............................................................................................................35 3.7 Overall CO2 emissions ..................................................................................................................39 3.8 Overall air pollutant emissions ................................................................................................ 40 3.9 Interim conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 44 4 Conclusions and outlook .................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Traffic Noise Influence on Road Network Planning in Portugal
    Traffic Noise influence on Road Network Planning in Portugal Cecilia Rocha a,*, Antonio Carvalhob a Citta (Research centre for territory, transports and environment), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal b Laboratory of Acoustics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Abstract This paper analyses the Portuguese planning system (land use management and road network) development along with population’s environmental awareness evolution, especially regarding traffic noise. Until 2000, the ineffectiveness of noise legislation and demographic movements towards the coastline, in conjunction with European funding, created adequate conditions to the enlargement of the Portuguese road network. In 2000 and 2007, were approved the second and third Noise Codes, enforcing municipalities and infrastructure’s Authorities to take appropriate measures to reduce noise levels wherever they exceed legal limits; create noise zoning maps, noise maps and noise conflict maps; and standardize noise evaluation parameters and periods. Keywords: traffic noise, transportation planning, Portugal 1. Introduction Over the past decades, the Portuguese cities have enlarged, mostly due to migration movements from the eastern to the western part of the country or even from the rural areas to the closest cities. At the same time, as Portugal received European Union funding, the construction of the major road network saw a huge expansion. These two circumstances created * Corresponding author Tel.: +351 22 508 1452; fax: +351 22 508 1486 E-mail address: [email protected] 1 a complex dilemma on land use definition. On one hand, there was the need to build good transportation infrastructures allowing the movements of people and goods and on the other hand the need to build more dwellings for the increasing population.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet New Type of Layout for 60 Km/H Rural Roads
    SWOV Fact sheet Edge strips on rural access roads Summary In a sustainably safe traffic system, uniformity of traffic facilities is a point of special interest. Uniformity ensures recognizability and predictability of (critical) traffic situations. The uniformity of rural access roads can be increased by applying edge strips on both sides of the road; this creates a narrow single lane for motorised vehicles in the middle of the carriageway: a marked driving lane. Edge strips are marked with broken lines. The edge strips on either side of the marked driving lane can be used by cyclists if they are sufficiently wide. Studies indicate that this type of marking slightly increases road safety. Background and content When redesigning rural roads according to the Sustainable Safety guidelines, 80 km/h roads with a minor traffic function in rural residential areas are converted into rural access roads. This road category is intended for use by all transport modes and has a speed limit of 60 km/h. In a sustainably safe traffic system, uniformity of traffic facilities is a point of special interest. Uniformity is a way of ensuring recognizability and predictability of (critical) traffic situations (see also the SWOV Fact sheet Recognizable road design). The uniformity of rural access roads can be increased by applying edge strips; this leaves a marked driving lane for motorized vehicles in the middle of the carriageway (see Figure 1). The present Fact sheet will discuss the requirements for the different types of edge strips on rural access road and the effects on traffic behaviour and road safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Eu Road Surfaces: Economic and Safety Impact of the Lack of Regular Road Maintenance
    DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM EU ROAD SURFACES: ECONOMIC AND SAFETY IMPACT OF THE LACK OF REGULAR ROAD MAINTENANCE STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism. AUTHORS Steer Davies Gleave - Roberta Frisoni, Francesco Dionori, Lorenzo Casullo, Christoph Vollath, Louis Devenish, Federico Spano, Tomasz Sawicki, Soutra Carl, Rooney Lidia, João Neri, Radu Silaghi, Andrea Stanghellini RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Piero Soave Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Adrienn Borka LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN. ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in July, 2014 © European Union, 2014. DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM EU ROAD SURFACES: ECONOMIC AND SAFETY IMPACT OF THE LACK OF REGULAR ROAD MAINTENANCE STUDY Abstract This study looks at the condition and the quality of road surfaces in the EU and at the trends registered in the national budgets on the road maintenance activities in recent years, with the aim of reviewing the economic and safety consequences of the lack of regular road maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Restrictions on Transfer of Agricultural Lands in Turkey
    Public restrictions on transfer of agricultural lands in Turkey Okan YILDIZ and Yakup Emre CORUHLU, Turkey Key words: agricultural land, public restriction, heritage, land division SUMMARY Heritage policies accepting the concept of equal sharing was implemented in Turkey for many years. This policies has led to the fragmentation of agricultural land over time and led to higher costs and decrease productivity in agricultural enterprises. Therefore, Soil Protection and Land Use Law entered into force in order to prevent fragmentation of agricultural lands. According to the law; division, sale and transfer of the agricultural lands are restricted brought various conditions. These conditions affecting ownership rights are considered as "public restriction". The restrictions arising from the law are not directly represented on the land registry. Because of this feature, it can also be called as “hidden restrictions”. As a consequence of the increasing importance of agricultural land in the world over the next century, the restrictions on the acquisition and use of the ownership rights in agricultural lands are inevitable. In Turkey, the transfering of ownership in agricultural lands is restricted within the framework of these policies. The general framework of these policies is as follows: Minimum parcel sizes are defined. The concept of economic integrity assessment has been introduced for agricultural lands in fragmented structures. Thus, the agricultural lands that forms the economic integrity has been tried to be preserved as a whole. With another innovation, transfering of agricultural lands via inheritance has been turned into an inheritance obligation. In this respect, the competent heirs are given priority. However, all these restrictions can obtain in social consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • SMART MOBILITY #Smarttogether
    SMART MOBILITY #SmartTogether Get to know the Smart Mobility opportunities in the Netherlands The Dutch Way Photo: TNO The Netherlands: a small country with great potential Smart Mobility is a theme of global proportions. Half of the world population lives in megacities and this share increases every year. In all densely populated metropolitan areas, mobility, in logical tandem with the quality of life, is one of the most important issues in today’s society. Throughout the world, Smart Mobility is the object of turbulent development. In Europe, the topic has been high on the innovation agenda for many years, and the European Commission provides incentives for research and development and application projects. The Netherlands off ers (international) entrepreneurs who develop Smart Mobility initiatives a unique business and innovation climate. The Netherlands is a densely populated transport hub with an infrastructure and an innovation climate that rank among the best of the world. The Netherlands has an extensive, high-quality road system in urban areas. In addition, the Netherlands is the home turf of a number of prestigious knowledge clusters in the automotive, technology and high-tech industry. Furthermore, the Netherlands is characterized by a culture of open networks and intensive cooperation, and has the highest percentage of mobile Internet users in the world. The Netherlands means business when it comes to Smart Mobility; not just to promote domestic development, but to take the lead in developing pioneering initiatives. 2 #SmartTogether The Netherlands as a Living Lab: develop and test in practice! The Netherlands means business when it comes to Smart Mobility.
    [Show full text]
  • Than Meets the Evil Eye
    MORE THAN MEETS THE EVIL EYE Business Practices and Constraints of SMEs in Turkey Sarah Willis-Ertür Jennie Vader CONTENTS About 4 Credits 5 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 10 Ambiguous Position in the Global Market 12 SME’s Could Decide Turkey’s Future 15 Methodology 16 Participant and Region Selection 18 Challenges and Limitations 19 Stakeholders in the Turkish SME Landscape 20 Findings and Analysis 24 Strategy and Planning 26 Human Capital 30 Financing 38 Competitiveness 48 Conclusion 54 Appendix 1: Interview List 56 Appendix 2: SME Offerings by Major Turkish Banks 58 Appendix 3: Endnotes 62 Appendix 4: Bibliography 64 Acknowledgments 67 2 MORE THAN MEETS THE (EVIL) EYE BUSINESS PRACTICES AND CONSTRAINTS OF SMES IN TURKEY 3 ABOUT CREDITS The Institute IBGC-MasterCard Authors Research Assistants for Business in the Fellowship Sarah Willis-Ertür Jennie Vader Mert Özer Global Context Abid Emre Koruk Since 2009, the Institute for Business in the Sarah Willis-Ertür worked for over four Jennie Vader has a bachelor’s degree Global Context at The Fletcher School and years in Germany and Turkey for private from Colorado College in International MasterCard’s Center for Inclusive Growth sector and nonprofit organizations. She Political Economy and a master’s degree have collaborated to pioneer new models and has a bachelor’s degree from the from The Fletcher School of Law and Advisory Team experiential learning in international business University of Minnesota-Duluth in Diplomacy at Tufts University, where she Faculty Advisor through collaborative research projects. German Studies and International focused on the Design, Monitoring, and The Fletcher School’s Institute for Business Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia
    Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Veicoli commerciali Dacia. Su misura per il tuo business. La Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia coniuga estetica e funzionalità al miglior rapporto qualità/prezzo sul mercato. Sandero Van, Dokker Van e Dokker Pick-up sono stati pensati per la vita quotidiana sia fuori che dentro la città, grazie alla tecnologia utile a bordo e alla gamma motori completa disponibile Diesel, benzina, e benzina/GPL. Pratica e confortevole per chi affronta una dura giornata di lavoro, la nuova gamma è in grado di soddisfare tutte le esigenze di carico grazie alle diverse portate e volumetrie. Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Gamma Veicoli Commerciali Dacia Veicoli Commerciali Dacia. Motori per ogni esigenza. All’interno di un’ampia gamma motori, sobri e performanti, i Veicoli Commerciali Dacia propongono, oltre ai motori Diesel e benzina, anche 2 motorizzazioni GPL. In termini di prestazioni, quest’alimentazione garantisce lo stesso piacere di guida di un motore benzina riducendo i costi del carburante. Per ridurre emissioni e consumi, tutti i motori dispongono del sistema Start & Stop, che spegne il motore quando l’auto è ferma e lo riaccende automaticamente quando sfiori il pedale della frizione. Dacia Sandero Van Sandero Van Praticità e compattezza al servizio della quotidianità Sandero Van fa della praticità il proprio cavallo di battaglia. L’utilizzo dello spazio a bordo è massimizzato grazie a un vano di carico che offre 125 cm di lunghezza e fino a 118 cm di larghezza per un totale di 1.200 litri. L’ampio vano di accesso largo 99 cm ed alto 62 cm, contribuisce a esprimere al meglio il carattere funzionale e pratico di Sandero Van.
    [Show full text]
  • Exports: the Heart of Nep
    How to Export to 2018 Turkey This report includes all the information related to trade basics and detailed data regarding export from Brazil to Turkey. This report is for information purposes only and Tumer Eng. will not be liable to any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, including but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data, or other intangible losses. Ver:1.0 2018 1 Contents 1 Why Turkey.................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 General Information .............................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Geography ............................................................................................................................. 13 1.2.1 Distances ....................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Climate of Turkey .......................................................................................................... 19 1.2.2.1 Air temperature changes until now .......................................................................... 20 1.2.2.2 Precipitation changes until now ................................................................................ 21 1.2.2.3 Air temperature changes in the 21st century ........................................................... 21 1.2.2.4 Precipitation changes in the 21st century ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Making and Maintaining Metropolises
    MAKING AND MAINTAINING METROPOLISES: ENTREPRENEURIAL MUNICIPALISM IN TURKEY by Sude Bahar Beltan A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Sude Bahar Beltan 2018 Making and Maintaining Metropolises: Entrepreneurial Municipalism in Turkey Sude Bahar Beltan Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation explores the implications of the public administration and local governance reforms that took place in Turkey in the mid-2000s with a comparative focus on three major metropolitan cities: İstanbul, İzmir, and Diyarbakır. Engaging with the literatures on state rescaling and urban entrepreneurialism, the author analyzes how reforms transformed municipalities into entrepreneurial organizations primarily concerned with territorial competitiveness of their jurisdictions while the central state repositioned itself as a critical actor in urban policy-making. The dissertation research is guided by three critical aspects of urban governance in Turkey: the changing dynamics of intergovernmental relations (national/local and metropolitan/district), the institutional transformation of municipalities (New Public Management restructuring), and emergent urban policies (city branding initiatives, urban transformation projects, and social services). The author argues that variations across three cities indicate how intergovernmental relations imbued with party politics and the local political context are critical in conditioning the scope and content of entrepreneurial action. The author proposes that studies of neoliberal urbanism, which analytically prioritize the political economy perspective, should put cities back into their national context to capture the political and institutional embeddedness of contemporary neoliberal urban governance. ii Acknowledgments It takes a great deal of hard work, patience, and perseverance to complete a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Motorcycle Tour Porto and Douro Valley Self- Guided Motorcycle Tour Porto and Douro Valley Self- Guided
    Motorcycle tour Porto and Douro Valley Self- Guided Motorcycle tour Porto and Douro Valley Self- Guided Duration Difficulty Support vehicle 3 días Easy-Normal Nei Language Guide en,es Nei PORTO & DOURO VALLEY ADVENTURE Experience the excitement of riding in the most striking sceneries, through both On and (optional) Off-road Trails, with the best and most suitable motorcycles and equipment. Enjoy fantastic top- notch hotels, our top assistance, and Portugal’s delightful gastronomy and wines. An amazing tailored route created by ex-riders meticulously thought to involve travelers with the splendorous sights and cultural richness of Portugal that combines the best of traveling with the best of motorcycling adventures. It is not that often that you are given the chance to chill out in luxury accommodations after a long day of riding and exploring. Moreover, Freeride Spirit takes care of every tiny detail, ensuring you have the finest remote 24h support and guiding assistance which allows you to do things in your own way and time, maintaining total privacy. Nevertheless, the very best of this tour is that you will have the opportunity to truly explore and appreciate up-close the best of both Porto and Douro. The hillsides and wineries where Port and some of the world’s greatest wines have been produced for the last 2000 years, and the imponent city at Douro River's mouth where the wines are stored for aging in the world-famous Port Wine cellars. Considered top Romantic European destinations they are both parts of what we think is the most beautiful wine region in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Combating Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey. the Role of Women’S Economic Empowerment Aurélien Dasre, Angela Greulich, Inan Ceren
    Combating domestic violence against women in Turkey. The role of women’s economic empowerment Aurélien Dasre, Angela Greulich, Inan Ceren To cite this version: Aurélien Dasre, Angela Greulich, Inan Ceren. Combating domestic violence against women in Turkey. The role of women’s economic empowerment. 2017. halshs-01660703 HAL Id: halshs-01660703 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01660703 Submitted on 14 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Documents de Travail du Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne Combating domestic violence against women in Turkey. The role of women’s economic empowerment Aurélien DASRE, Angela GREULICH, Ceren INAN 2017.52 Maison des Sciences Économiques, 106-112 boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75647 Paris Cedex 13 http://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr/ ISSN : 1955-611X Combating domestic violence against women in Turkey. The role of women’s economic empowerment. Aurélien Dasre1£ Angela Greulich* Ceren Inan¥ Abstract This paper identifies motors and barriers for combatting domestic violence against women in Turkey – a country where modernism and conservatism are in constant interplay. We combine information from the Demographic Health Surveys and the Turkish Domestic Violence Survey and distinguish between controlling behavior, physical and sexual violence.
    [Show full text]
  • View Its System of Classification of European Rail Gauges in the Light of Such Developments
    ReportReport onon thethe CurrentCurrent StateState ofof CombinedCombined TransportTransport inin EuropeEurope EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS TRANSPORT EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT REPORT ON THE CURRENT STATE OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN EUROPE EUROPEAN CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS OF TRANSPORT (ECMT) The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) is an inter-governmental organisation established by a Protocol signed in Brussels on 17 October 1953. It is a forum in which Ministers responsible for transport, and more speci®cally the inland transport sector, can co-operate on policy. Within this forum, Ministers can openly discuss current problems and agree upon joint approaches aimed at improving the utilisation and at ensuring the rational development of European transport systems of international importance. At present, the ECMT's role primarily consists of: ± helping to create an integrated transport system throughout the enlarged Europe that is economically and technically ef®cient, meets the highest possible safety and environmental standards and takes full account of the social dimension; ± helping also to build a bridge between the European Union and the rest of the continent at a political level. The Council of the Conference comprises the Ministers of Transport of 39 full Member countries: Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (F.Y.R.O.M.), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. There are ®ve Associate member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and the United States) and three Observer countries (Armenia, Liechtenstein and Morocco).
    [Show full text]