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HACIA EL BICENTENARIO DE LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS GALERÍA DE GENERALES DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS En Su Reci

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HACIA EL BICENTENARIO DE LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS GALERÍA DE GENERALES DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS En Su Reci HACIA EL BICENTENARIO DE LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS GALERÍA DE GENERALES DE LA COMPAÑÍA DE JESÚS En su reciente carta sobre la reorganización de la Curia Generalicia, el P. Nicolás nos recuerda que en 2014 celebraremos el bicentenario de la restauración de la Orden por Pío VII. El P. General nos anima a prepararnos y a refundar nueva y continuamente la Compañía para que responda al mundo de hoy. El P. Socio nos comentaba en nuestra Curia de algunas iniciativas de provincias vecinas para recordar episodios de la Historia de la Compañía en sus Noticias. Como una sencilla contribución, les comparto los siguientes resúmenes de nuestros Generales, que he preparado en años precedentes para las clases con los novicios. La información presentada en estas fichas – seleccionada según mi humilde criterio– puede ser corroborada y ampliada en el Diccionario Histórico SJ -4 volúmenes-, en la Historia de la Compañía de Jesús de W. Bangert, en el Manual de Historia de la Compañía de Villoslada y en numerosas publicaciones que tenemos a la mano en nuestras bibliotecas. Mensualmente irá apareciendo el recuento de un generalato. Comenzamos la serie con el P. Diego Laínez, uno de los primeros padres –los “doctores de París”–. La verdad que no me atrevo a resumir la vida y obra de San Ignacio en una página; además, de nuestro Fundador ya hemos hablado bastante… Cualquier sugerencia será bienvenida. H. David Chamorro, S.J. 1 DIEGO LAÍNEZ (II General) Español. Nació en 1512 en Almazán (Soria). Posiblemente era descendiente de judíos en cuarta generación. Se ordenó sacerdote en 1537, en Venecia. Profeso de 4 votos el 22 de abril de 1541, en S. Pablo Extramuros, Roma. Período: 1558- 65. Uno de los períodos más positivos en lo que concierne a la actividad ministerial de los jesuitas en su conjunto. Su entusiasmo a veces tocaba el heroísmo. Contexto político y religioso.- Carlos V ha abdicado en 1555 a favor de su hijo, Felipe II. La CG I recién pudo reunirse en 1558, debido a la guerra entre Pablo IV y Felipe. El episodio más tristemente célebre de este conflicto fue el saqueo de Roma, por las tropas imperiales. Se consolidan los avances de los reformados. Pero la Iglesia Católica está lista para “contraatacar” y sus dos armas más poderosas serán la puesta en práctica del Concilio de Trento (concluido al fin) y la recientemente fundada Compañía de Jesús. Hechos de su Gobierno.- Laínez también estaba muy enfermo en el momento de la muerte de Ignacio. Nombrado Vicario General días después, solicitó audiencia al Papa. Allí comenzó a evidenciarse la proximidad de la tormenta, producto de la irresponsabilidad de Bobadilla, que deseaba un gobierno colegiado y había predispuesto a Pablo IV contra nuestro Instituto. El P. Laínez sirvió 2 años como Vicario. La CG I lo nombró General al primer escrutinio. Acto seguido, los congregados acogieron con veneración el texto de las Constituciones y las promulgaron sin cambios. En tanto, el Papa ordenó que el Oficio Divino fuese recitado en coro, así como que el generalato sólo durase 3 años. Pablo murió en 1559 y sus dictámenes no fueron renovados por su sucesor; de hecho Pío IV se negó a que el P. Laínez dimitiese al terminar su primer trienio. El General asumió la tarea de hacer vida de lo que estaba escrito: la joven SJ encontró en Laínez el tipo ejemplar en que mirarse (Scaduto SJ). Por medio del sobrino de Pablo IV, el Card. Carlos Borromeo, la SJ recibió muchos privilegios y su progreso fue veloz. Laínez marcó la elección de ministerios al poner más acento en los Colegios que en las residencias; con todo, sólo aceptó 10 nuevos colegios, dada la escasez de personal. Las misiones de ultramar ocuparon también lugar preferente en su mente. En Europa se destacó la actividad de Canisio en Alemania, de Borja en España y de Nadal en todas partes, promulgando las Constituciones. El General asistió al Coloquio de Poissy, convocado por Catalina de Médicis para discutir la cuestión religiosa, y a la última sesión del Concilio (1563-64); quedó en Roma como Vicario Francisco de Borja. La brillantez como teólogo del doctor de la Sorbona quedó manifiesta: a su puño y letra se deben los decretos sobre las indulgencias, el culto a los santos y el purgatorio. Estos encargos, asumidos por obediencia, le quitaron tiempo para el gobierno. Su salud física y síquica se resintió. Al volver a Roma, sobrevivió 11 meses y falleció el 19 de enero de 1565 (tenía 53 años). Su legado.- A la muerte de Laínez, la Compañía contaba con 3.500 miembros en 18 provincias y 130 casas. Creó las provincias de Nápoles, Aquitania, Toledo, Lombardía, Rin y Austria. Consiguió que el Concilio aprobase oficial y explícitamente a la SJ y a su Instituto, con todas sus innovaciones. A su erudición y doctrina se debió en gran parte el prestigio intelectual de la Compañía de Jesús. 2 SAN FRANCISCO DE BORJA (III General) Español. Nació en 1510 en Valencia. Biznieto de Alejandro VI. Antes de su entrada en religión fue Duque de Gandía, Marqués de Llombay, Virrey de Cataluña y hombre de confianza de Carlos V. Ingresó en secreto a la Compañía (1546). Sacerdote en 1551. Comisario de España. Tuvo problemas con la Inquisición. Período: 1565-72. Los historiadores Scaduto, Bangert y Karrer difieren sobre la fidelidad del Santo Duque a los principios ascéticos ignacianos. Canonizado por Clemente X en 1671. Contexto político y religioso.- San Pío V emprendió la tarea de aplicar los decretos de Trento; para extirpar la herejía no dudó en recurrir a la Inquisición. La amenaza del Turco –aliado de Francia- se cierne sobre Europa, pero la Santa Alianza (Estados Pontificios, Venecia y España) vence a la Media Luna en Lepanto. Borja fue comisionado por Pío para negociar la conformación de la coalición anti-otomana. Se consolidan los imperios español y portugués en las Indias Orientales y Occidentales. Hechos de su Gobierno.- La CG II se inclinó en su elección por el prestigio del otrora Duque de Gandía. El electo revisó las reglas de la Orden y, por influjo de las prácticas de ciertos jesuitas españoles, aumentó el tiempo dedicado a la oración. Se preocupó de que cada Provincia tuviese su noviciado: personalmente fundó el Noviciado de S. Andrés del Quirinal, en el que se formaron S. Estanislao Kostka, el predicador Piotr Skarga (polacos ambos) y el futuro General Aquaviva. Una de las tareas más delicadas de este gobierno fue negociar con Pío V, quien deseaba reintroducir el Oficio cantado. De hecho, esta medida se adoptó en mayo de 1569, pero solamente en las casas profesas y sin interferir con otras tareas. El Papa también ordenó que ningún religioso fuese ordenado hasta después de su profesión; por esta razón los NN. debían profesar al menos tres votos solemnes para ser sacerdotes, hasta que Gregorio XIII (dic. 1572) restauró la práctica original. Los Colegios prosperaron: de 50 en 1556 pasaron a 163 en 1574. Borja promulgó la primera Ratio en 1569. Para su gobierno se apoyo en Visitadores. Se inició la remodelación del Gesù. El General siguió muy de cerca la evolución de la Contrarreforma en Alemania. Muchas fundaciones atendieron a reforzar la causa católica. Una expedición misionera enviada por él a Brasil fue liquidada por los calvinistas en altamar (Azevedo y sus compañeros mártires). Borja recibió misiones especiales de Su Santidad, al igual que Laínez. De viaje a la Península Ibérica –pese a sus achaques-, fue muy agasajado. Atendió negocios de la SJ y delicados encargos diplomáticos en las cortes. El regreso a Roma fue penoso; llegó a la Ciudad Eterna desahuciado, pero feliz de obedecer hasta el fin. Murió el 30 sept. 1572. Su legado.- Su decisión referente a la oración alteró la concepción ignaciana, hasta que en el s. XX se volvió a la práctica primigenia (cf. Bangert). Aplicó la resolución de la CG II de convocar las Congregaciones de Procuradores, que demostró ser una medida muy acertada. Bajo su administración la obra misionera se incrementó y fue próspera. La Compañía fundó nuevas misiones en Florida, México y Perú. Se incrementó la penetración en Brasil. Sugirió a Pío V la creación de la Congregación para la Propagación de la Fe. Pedro M. Lamet SJ ha escrito recientemente una novela histórica sobre su vida: Borja, los enigmas del Duque. 3 EVERARDO MERCURIANO (IV General) Flamenco. Everard Lardinois nació en 1514 en la villa de Marcour (Luxemburgo belga), de ahí su nombre. Ingresó en 1548 en París, ya como sacerdote. Primer General no español. Gobierno: 1573-1580. Mercuriano dirigió y organizó el desarrollo de la Compañía y su actividad apostólica, con lo que preparó el gobierno de Aquaviva. La consolidación fue el distintivo de su período (Bangert). Contexto político y religioso.- Pontificado de Gregorio XIII, quien dio a la Contrarreforma un ímpetu más militante. Felipe II insiste en su política de hegemonía continental y busca que los jesuitas también se sometan a su real voluntad. Portugal es anexionado. Sólo Inglaterra, regido por Isabel I, se interpone al dominio español, pues Francia está muy debilitada por las guerras entre católicos y hugonotes. Isabel persigue todo asomo de catolicismo en su Reino. Pero Bellarmino gana puntos para la causa papal con sus célebres Controversias (prohibidas por la Reina Virgen). Hechos de su Gobierno.- Después de una tormentosa CG III, Gregorio XIII se salió con la suya: impuso un General no español. Las maniobras de los portugueses, controladas desde Lisboa, tuvieron como fin evitar la elección de Polanco, dada su condición de cristiano nuevo. Este penoso incidente, que causó descontento entre gran número de los delegados, no pasó a mayores gracias a la nobleza de Polanco; pero sembró la semilla de una gran crisis durante el siguiente generalato.
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