Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Today Volume XXXIII • Issue 1 • February 2008

The Third Way: Teaching Mixed Methods Research

Peter B. Kraska, Professor, Research Fellow Eastern Kentucky University

Quants vs. Quals sential, a methods course can be sig- tivistic science. I personally relied nificantly more engaging if a larger on this tact for years: teaching about We all know that research meth- array of methods is taught, both the issue of quantitative “versus” ods is not an easy course to teach quantitative and qualitative. More- qualitative research, reifying the for numerous reasons. For example, over, hashing through the philosophi- notion that these are mutually ex- methods courses often teach students cal underpinnings of qualitative and clusive paradigms pitted against one predominantly about what we do quantitative approaches can greatly another vying for dominance. It also as researchers – not about crime or enhance students’ abilities to think socializes students into thinking that the happenings in criminal justice critically and creatively about the a researcher must self-identify with (this information is only supplied as knowledge production process, re- either one or the other approach – an examples of research). Merely men- gardless of what methods are used. assumption that carries over into our tioning this fact to students will make academic professional identities. many of their eyes glaze over; we’re Until only just a few years ago, apparently not that intriguing. though, our leading textbooks hardly Interestingly many of my un- mentioned qualitative methods, and initiated and insightful students Another key reason is that our even today, most devote only one over the years have wondered and methodological focus has been cursory chapter. Furthermore, all asked: “why is this even an issue, focused on the three traditional methods texts in our field approach why exactly wouldn’t we just mix quantitative methods – experimental, qualitative research as the “other” them together if our common goal survey, and nonreactive techniques. approach to research, which lies in is to produce knowledge, and why While learning these methods is es- stark opposition to traditional posi- can’t I do both?” After reflecting on Continued on page 3 Inside This Issue. . .

The Third Way: Teaching Mixed Methods Research (1); President’s Message (2); Book Reviews (9-11); ACJS National Office Contact Information (12) Editorial Staff (12); A Righteous Stand: ACJS and Criminal Justice Policy (13); Call for Articles (15); Annual Meeting Info. (15); ACJS News (16); Announcements (18); Executive Board (19).  ACJS Today February 2008

President’s Message

nevada.edu), Alan Thompson (alan. community justice research, education [email protected]), or me (rhunter@ and practice. wcu.edu). • Promote discussion, research and dissemination which gives focus, II. The Program Committee has a great direction and integration of fields related program set up for our annual meeting to restorative and community justice In my last message to you I discussed in Cincinnati. The Hyatt and Hilton education and practices. several issues that we have dealt with this properties in Cincinnati are providing • Provide opportunities for dialogue year. As I noted, we have strengthened us with excellent conference facilities. and encouragement for academics and our relations with our sister organizations In addition, Cincinnati has sightseeing, practitioners interested in restorative and at both the international and national shopping, and dining opportunities for community justice related principles. levels; we are working to become an even everyone. If you haven’t registered • Expose members to interdisciplinary more “student friendly” organization; for the meeting, you can do so here issues related to our mission. our Membership, Affirmative Action, on our website (www.acjs.org). The • Advance cross-cultural and and Student Affairs Committees are preliminary program is also available international restorative and community working on creative efforts to encourage for your review. justice research, education and new members to join with us; and, we practice. have continued to promote program III. There has been progress on our • Develop essential knowledge, attitude certification by offering information efforts to establish March as Criminal and skill competencies for educators, sessions and reviewer training at the Justice Awareness Month. However, practitioners and researchers working in regional meetings. I now wish to focus time constraints of the United States the field of restorative and community on four specific issues. Congress may preclude this from being considered during the current session. justice. If you have any insights on this issue • Promote on-going education and I. The Ad Hoc Committee to Explore professional development of members a Diplomate in Justice Studies is or wish to offer your support, please contact Chip Burns ([email protected]) or in the field of restorative and community working on its recommendations justice. to the ACJS Executive Board. The John Smykla ([email protected]). Their work on this is very much appreciated. • Integrate evidence based practices committee is addressing the following and models into the field and promote questions: IIII. Lastly, we have received a petition evaluation, research and policy. 1) The appropriateness of offering a with the requisite signatures to establish diplomate based upon what similar a Section on Restorative and Community Per ACJS Policy 500.01: III 2, once organizations are doing. Justice. The statement of purpose for a proper petition is submitted, the this section follows: 2) What the benefits would be to Executive Board shall direct the Editor ACJS? The Restorative and Community Justice of ACJS Today to publish information Section (Section) shall be a constituent about the Section and to solicit comments 3) What the benefits would be to unit of the Academy of Criminal Justice from the general members which shall individuals seeking the diplomate? Sciences (Academy) and shall function in be directed to the Association Manager 4) What the minimum qualifications accordance with the Constitution and By- who will provide them to the Executive should be? laws and policies of the Academy. The Board. Please provide any comments 5) What the process should be? mission of the organization is to provide you may have on this to Cathy Barth a professional association academics, ([email protected]) so that she can make 6) What potential problems might educators, justice agency practitioners, them available to the Executive Board arise? victim advocates, victim services prior to our March 4th meeting. 7) What the costs should be? interested in developing restorative and community justice theory; conduct As always, please contact me (rhunter@ If you have recommendations, policy relevant research on restorative wcu.edu) if you have questions or suggestions, and/or concerns, please and community justice practices; and suggestions regarding ACJS. contact one of us: Michael Brown educate individuals, organizations, ([email protected]), Tom Lateano institutions, and governmental entities ([email protected]), Dave about restorative and community justice Owens ([email protected]), Jeff principles and practices. The purposes Rush ([email protected]), of the section are: Deborah Shaffer (shaffedk@unlv. • Cultivate professional development of those involved in restorative and President ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1  my own experiences, and reading a dismissive and exclusive mentality exclusionary mindset of the past good bit of the philosophy of science has predominated, more for political seems to be giving way to a new, literature, I realized the answer lies reasons than intellectual. more nuanced outlook that allows not so much in some inherent incom- for a diversity of approaches. Valu- patibility but, rather, in the nature Paul Roth (1987), in his well-re- ing diversity, when it comes to of academic politics, and how orga- ceived book Meaning and Method methods of producing knowledge, nizations in general establish their in the Social Sciences: A Case For can be seen as a type of triangula- identities. This point needs further Methodological Pluralism, refers to tion: crime and justice phenomena clarification. this mind-set as methodological exclu- can be studied and viewed from sivism; an ideology that presumes there differing angles, allowing for a The development of an exclusiv- is just one proper method of producing more holistic and rigorous answer ist position on research in crime and credible and worthwhile knowledge. to that fundamental scientific ques- justice studies is a common pattern in While he acknowledges and articulates tion that interests both qualitative organizational dynamics: as a young with precision the inherent philosophi- and quantitative researchers, “what organization attempts to establish its cal differences between quantitative is really the case?” Although the identity (who it is, what it does, and (positivistic social science) and quali- process is nowhere near complete, why it does what it does), differing tative approaches (interpretive social and nor is its trajectory certain, our factions within that organization vie science), he ultimately argues that disciplinary identity seems to be for power, carve out territory, and these differences do not render them reconfiguring itself to embrace a establish their own identity. Conflicts incompatible – just different (see paradigm of methodological inclu- and power struggles erupt between Kraska and Neuman 2008 for a more sion rather than exclusion. factions, each attempting to make detailed discussion of the differences over the organization’s institutional and compatibilities). I strongly believe, based on identity in their own image. The fac- where other more developed disci- tions tend to dismiss, if not outright The Third Way plines are already heading, and the malign, the views and activities of It is in this context that discussing advances we’ve made in our field, rival factions in an effort to discredit a mixed methods approach – a third that the mixed methods research them. The objective is to dominate, choice that emphasizes inclusion and approach has high potential to be marginalize, and if possible, elimi- compatibility – is quite different from the third major methodological nate the competition – blinding them historical precedent. Our discipline movement in crime and justice to the potential worth and benefits of has recently demonstrated a willing- research (qualitative and quantita- the other factions’ views and activi- ness to embrace this middle-way, as tive being the other two). Our field, ties. Sharp lines are drawn around the evidenced by both the numerous recent in fact, is on the cutting-edge of differing factions supposedly distinct publications that mix quantitative and producing research which mixes positions and ideas. qualitative methods, and the recent in- qualitative and quantitative data in its study of crime and criminal Such has certainly been the case in clusion in many graduate programs of both qualitative and quantitative based justice phenomena. The author our field. Using the scenario above, most well-known for promoting we can simply replace “organization” courses (Kraska and Neuman 2008). These trends are no doubt fueled by the and elucidating the mixed methods with “crime and justice studies”, and paradigm in the social sciences, “factions” with “qualitative versus growing popularity and acceptance of qualitative approaches in all the social John Creswell, most often uses quantitative approaches.” Each fac- research emanating from crime tion – the quants vs. quals – have science disciplines – a development that has been underway since the late and justice studies when pointing traditionally viewed the other in to contemporary exemplars. adversarial terms, and therefore ad- 1980s. opted a type of binary or exclusion- These changes seem to be eroding Pragmatism – Pursuing ary logic, where our methodological the ideology of methodological exclu- Multiple Knowledge Goals choices are limited to either one or sivism, signaling potentially a shift in In addition to the principles of the other approach, with both camps ideology toward disciplinary tolerance inclusion and compatibility, the viewing each other’s as inferior. A and diversity. The old dismissive and philosophy behind using mixed  ACJS Today February 2008 methods is pragmatism. The mixed other data sources, investigators and way to follow-up on these quantita- methods approach assumes that methods…. The result will be a con- tive findings, I then conducted 81 mixing qualitative methods with vergence upon the truth about some in-depth telephone interviews with quantitative methods will yield social phenomena” (p.14). SWAT commanders from all over more complete knowledge about Stumbling Into Mixed Methods the country, asking them to provide a research question than any one qualitative data and insights regard- type might alone – what’s known as My first-hand experience with ing these unexpected findings. mixed methods research might help monomethod. It matters little that the Even though I didn’t label this larger goals of qualitative or inter- to better illustrate its pragmatic underpinnings. While conducting a work as mixed methods, nor was pretive-based research (empathetic I thinking about the philosophical understanding) differ from quantita- 2-year long ethnographic field study on SWAT teams, I sensed that my differences between qualitative and tive or positivist-based research (the quantitative methods, employing development of causal laws). The micro-experience with a few local SWAT teams likely reflected a much this approach yielded immediate and principle of inclusiveness takes the tangible benefits. position that both goals are worth larger shift in the police institution pursuing and will ultimately advance as a whole. Being trained in the • The ethnography was invaluable one another. Whether we mix ethnog- positivist social science tradition, and for developing a knowledgeable, raphy with survey research, content a pragmatist, I knew that I needed accurate, and effective survey analysis with qualitative document national-level, representative data instrument, based on insider analysis, historical with secondary to test these grounded observations. information, ensuring a high data analysis, experimental with in- So while I was still conducting the response rate and the ability to depth interviews, or a slew of other ethnography, I began planning a document a host of important possible combinations – the idea is survey research project to determine trends that only an insider would that all are potentially compatible if my ethnographic experiences rep- have known to ask about. and mutually beneficial. resented national trends. Within a • The survey data were invaluable year after finishing the ethnography, Johnson and Christensen’s for producing highly representa- I sent out two surveys: one to a repre- tive quantitative data about the (2006:411) fundamental principle sentative sample of all police depart- of mixed methods research is instruc- growth and normalization of ments serving jurisdictions of 50,000 SWAT teams in the U.S. tive: ”researchers should collect and people or more, and then a second analyze multiple sets of data using to agencies serving jurisdictions be- • The follow-up interviews pro- different approaches and methods in tween 25,000—50,000 people. vided context and qualitative such a way that the resulting mixture depth to some of the more sur- or combination has complementary Armed with high response rates prising and controversial quanti- strengths and non-overlapping weak- and national-level data, the surveys tative findings. nesses.” In other words, mixing provided difficult to refute quantita- tive data that documented a steep One finding, for example, was a quantitative and qualitative methods complete surprise. Even though on draws on the strengths of each while upward trend lines in the growth of police paramilitary units nation-wide the surface it seemed community minimizing their weaknesses. Col- policing and militarized policing lecting comprehensive data using and in annual deployments (Kraska and Kappeler 1997; Kraska and contradicted one another (another differing methods and perspectives supposed philosophical incompat- coincides with the general premise Cubellis 1997; Kraska 2001). It also revealed some surprising develop- ibility), the overwhelming majority that viewing a phenomenon through of police respondents cited them as more than one theoretical and/or ments that needed further clarifica- tion. For example, almost one-half of complimentary. The in-depth inter- methodological lens yields a more views of SWAT team commanders complete picture of our object of the respondents said that they trained with active duty military personnel; revealed their rationale and provided study. As Norman K. Denzin said in important interpretive context. 1978, “the bias inherent in any par- in addition, nearly 20 percent said ticular data source, investigators, and that they used their SWAT team to We conduct a lot of staturation particularly method will be cancelled routinely conduct aggressive patrol patrol. We do terry stops and out when used in conjunction with functions in high-crime areas. As a aggressive field interviews. ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1  These tactics are successful proaches: as long as the pressure stays 1) a predominantly quantitative on relentlessly. The key to our study employs qualitative data One of the key decisions for the success is that we’re an elite and analysis to shed additional mixed methods researcher, then, crime-fighting team that’s not light on their quantitative find- boils down to whether she or he bogged down in the regular bu- ings or, is going to emphasize a positiv- reaucracy. We focus on quality 2) a predominantly qualitative ist approach over the interpretive, of life issues like illegal park- study employs quantitative data visa versa, or treat them as equal. ing, loud music, bums, neigh- and analysis to bolster their quali- Another important decision – and a borhood troubles. We have the tative findings. key distinction in the mixed methods freedom to stay in a hot area 3) both quantitative and qualita- approach – is timing: will the qualita- and clean it up – particularly tive data and analysis are used in tive and quantitative components of gangs. Our tactical enforce- a fully integrated fashion. the study be conducted concurrently ment team works nicely with (at the same time) or sequentially The SWAT research described our department’s emphasis on (one after the other). The concur- above used qualitative data and community policing (Kras- rent route most often includes both analysis to shed light on the quantita- ka and Cubellis 1997:624). qualitative and quantitative findings tive findings (#1 approach). Defining and Conceptualizing in a single study. The sequential ap- Mixed Methods Maria Torre and Michelle Fine proach usually involves two studies or more, each reporting on either We can define mixed methods (2005), in an article titled, “Bar qualitative or quantitative data. research, therefore, as that class of None: Extending Affirmative Ac- The SWAT research was conducted research where quantitative and qual- tion to Higher Education in Prison,” sequentially (first the ethnography itative data collection and analysis provide a more recent and excellent and then the survey research), and techniques are used in a single study, example of the second approach (#2) concurrently (survey research and or series of studies, examining a in their article that studies the impact the in-depth interviews conducted particular object of study. “Its central college has on women housed in a simultaneously). premise is that the use of quantitative maximum-security facility, found in and qualitative approaches in combi- The Journal of Social Issues. While predominantly a qualitative study, As seen in Table 2, there are nation provides a better understand- important advantages as well as ing of research problems than either the authors do shed additional light on the research question through disadvantages to the mixed methods approach alone” (Creswell and Clark approach. The advantages have been 2006: 5). collecting and analyzing recidivism statistics on 274 women, and include discussed; the disadvantages revolve Let’s look now at how these two quantitative findings of survey re- around pragmatic difficulties, such as approaches might be mixed. As seen search they conducted. The study time, expense, and energy. in Figure 1, we can conceptualize documents the broad benefits provid- ______mixed methods research on a three- ing higher educational opportunities part continuum. In general, we have to women prisoners has on their fam- See Table 2 Advantages and pure qualitative research one end, ily life, the children of inmates, re- Disadvantages of Mixed Methods* pure quantitative on the other end, cidivism rates, and society-at-large. ______and fully integrated in the middle. Table 1 provides a list of the various Teaching Mixed Methods ______qualitative and quantitative data sources that Torre and Fine used. See Figure 1 Mixed methods research requires ______our field to abandon the incompat- Mixed Methods Approaches On A ibility thesis. The methods we use Continuum* See Table 1 Mixed Data Sources/ to study our objects of study should Analysis Used in Torre and Fine simply match our research objectives (2005:574) Mixing quantitative and qualitative – whether quantitative, qualitative, usually involves one of three ap- or both. Ascertaining “what is really  ACJS Today February 2008 the case?” using different methods evaluated with an awareness that (2006). Designing and conducting of knowledge production will likely both may have merits, and oppor- mixed methods research. Thousand yield a more complete answer. The tunities for synthesis (or a third Oaks: Sage. mixed methods movement not only way) should be explored. upends the deep tradition in our field Denzin, Norman K. (1978). The re- • Finally, a pragmatic outlook is search act: A theoretical introduction of exclusionary and dismissive think- more consistent with what the ing, it also can help us become better to sociological methods, Englewood bulk of students will be facing Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. research methods educators. A few when entering the workforce. reasons include the following. Learning how to conduct an Johnson, Burke and Larry Chris- • Because the mixed methods ap- effective in-depth qualitative tensen (2004). Educational research: proach advances a paradigm of interview will be as valuable to Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed methodological inclusion, meth- them as how to conduct a robust Approaches. Boston: Allyn and Ba- ods instructors we would be free quantitative survey instrument. con. to incorporate a variety of both Staying true to a particular epis- temological tradition will mean Kraska, Peter B. and W. Lawrence quantitative and qualitative meth- Neuman (2008). Criminal Justice ods. A methods course which little. Indeed, the contemporary private and public organizational and Criminology Research Methods, covers the traditional methods Boston: Allyn and Bacon. as well as perhaps ethnographic literature emphasizes heavily the critical role research should play field research, visual methods, or Kraska, Peter B and Louis J. Cubellis – using both quantitative and historical research, will be more (1997). Militarizing mayberry and qualitative methods. diverse and thus more interesting. beyond: Making sense of Ameri- • Pitting the “quants” and “quals” A central difficulty facing methods can paramilitary policing.” Justice against another implies that one instructors wishing to draw on these Quarterly, 14 (4): 607-629. is ultimately correct and the other advantages is that our field’s methods Kraska, Peter B. (2001) Militariz- is misguided. Students can get texts have not kept pace with the ing the American criminal justice the impression that they need to rapid changes occurring in the re- system: The changing roles of the choose which they prefer – clos- search community. Methods texts in armed forces and police. Boston: ing their mind off to the “other” other social science disciplines have Northeastern University Press. way. A more conducive approach included mixed methods for some time – such as public administration, to learning the material would Kraska, Peter B. and Victor E. Kap- social work, education, business, so- be to examine the differences peler (1997). Militarizing American ciology, and political science – and for purposes of comparison, but police: The rise and normalization of interestingly often use research from then to also study their potential paramilitary units.” Social Problems, our field as their examples. A recent compatibilities and mutually rein- 44(1): 1-18. forcing qualities. This third way effort has been made to rectify this harbors higher potential to legiti- situation (see Kraska and Neuman Roth, Paul A. (1987). Meaning and mize and clarify both approaches. 2008), but we still need a greater method in the social sciences, Lon- awareness about mixed methods don: Cornell University Press. • The third way is more conducive research and teaching to truly incul- to critical and creative thinking. cate an inclusive paradigm into our Torre, Maria and Michelle Fine It allows for students to explore thinking and practices. Fortunately, (2005). Bar none: Extending affir- the shortcomings and critiques there are clear signs that crime and mative action to higher education of both quantitative and qualita- justice studies appears to be maturing in prison. Journal of social issues, tive approaches and how each beyond the tradition of methodologi- 61:569-594. can be used to compensate for cal exclusivism, and is seeking out those shortcomings. Exclusion- the third way. ary thinking often runs counter to the spirit of critical and creative References thinking processes. Preferably, differing positions should be Creswell, John W. and Vicki L. Clark ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1  Figure 1. Mixed Methods Approaches On A Continuum*

*Found in Kraska, Peter B. and W. Lawrence Neuman (2008) Crime and Justice Research Methods. Allyn and Bacon.

Table 1. Mixed Data Sources/Analysis Used in Torre and Fine (2005:574)

1. Archival analysis: review the re- women who were in college at the college program on the prison cords of the college program since Bedford Hills, postrelease from environment, interviews with inception (1997), tracking rates of prison (N = 15). These women administrators and Correctional Of- persistence, women drafted, drop were randomly selected from a list ficers would be essential. The out rates, racial and ethnic distri- of recently released women in the Superintendent, Deputy Superin- bution, percent in precollege and New York City area for whom tendent for Programs, and four cor- college courses. sufficient contact information was rectional officers were interviewed available. Each interview was con- (N = 6). Each interview lasted 2. Inmate initiated research: on the ducted at the Graduate Center of between 20 and 40 minutes. impact of college, which consisted the City University of New York, of one-on-one interviews of four and lasted anywhere from one to 3 7. Focus group and surveys of Edu- to five women each by 15 inmates hours. Women were compensated cators: In order to document the (N = 65 interviews by 15 inmates). $50 for participating in the inter- impact of the college program on The interviews were typically con- view. educators and the college commu- ducted with women who lived on nities, a focus group with college the floor of the researchers. 5. Participant observations: The faculty (N =20) was conducted by research team met every 2–3 weeks the research team in 1999. A survey 3. Focus group interviews with for 4 years. During this time, we was distributed in the year 2000 to inmates, selected on the basis of were able to gather much data from faculty of the Spring 2000 semes- the women’s status in the program: our participation and observations ter. drop out; GED students; precollege within the Learning Center, as well students;first time college students; as ongoing conversations with the 8. Quantitative Recidivism Analy- adolescent children of women in Superintendent, students in the sis of 274 women who had at- college; college leaders/mentors; Learning Center and the prison- tended college while in prison and women in the ESL class (N = 43). based members of the research 2,031 who did not attend college, Each focus group lasted between team. tracked over 36 months. 45 minutes and 1 hour, was tape recorded, and transcribed. 6. Interviews with Correctional Administrators and Officers: In 4. Individual interviews: with order to understand the impact of  ACJS Today February 2008

See Table 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mixed Methods*

Advantages • Qualitative information (words, pictures) can add meaning and depth to numbers. • Quantitative information can add clarify and precision to words and pictures. • Enhances the researcher’s ability to answer a greater range of research questions. • Potentially enhances both validity and reliability. • Examining an object of study using multiple approaches allows for more complete knowledge. Disadvantages • Carrying out multiple methods simultaneously can be taxing. • The researcher has to be competent in multiple research approaches. • Potential to be criticized by methodological purists. • It is potentially more expensive and time-consuming. *Adapted from Johnson and Christesen’s (2004:414) Educational Research; Found in Kraska, Peter B. and W. Lawrence Neuman (2008) Crime and Justice Research Methods. Allyn and Bacon.

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Book Review

justice that should be at the core of themes that are elucidated through introductory courses. the prisoners’ stories include: the Cristina Rathbone’s book is a pain of separation from children; vehicle that can be used to help the dearth of academic or vocational students experience imprisonment programs; the loss of basic amenities vicariously, through the lives of real (like dental floss); drug addiction prisoners. In contrast to one-shot and clinical depression among tours of correctional facilities, which prisoners; sexual relations between are commonly so superficial that staff and inmates; and the perks and students are left with the impression foibles of minimum (cf. maximum) that they have just visited animals in security custody. Rathbone, C. (2006). A world a zoo, students who read Rathbone’s The book also gives insight into apart: Women, prison, and life book are presented with a rich view prison history, primarily through behind bars. New York: Random of the complexities of prisoners and the example of Massachusetts House. prison life. The book goes a long prisons. For example, we see the way toward humanizing a segment pettiness of crimes that resulted Submitted by: of the population that students fed in imprisonment for women, the Frank Butler, La Salle University on media images tend initially to contrasting management styles of view as only marginally human. superintendents, and the frustration Introductory undergraduate of the original ideals of the courses in criminal justice often The subjects of the book are a set reformatory concept. fail to give students more than just of women in Massachusetts prisons, The core notion of justice a cursory view of the crucial topic each of whom was interviewed in criminal justice is explored of life in institutional corrections. extensively by Rathbone. The throughout the work. These include Students come into the course prisoner developed in most detail the stories of a murderer who had with a plethora of stereotypical is Denise, described as a suburban been repeatedly beaten and raped images of prisoners, commonly crack addict and stripper. Denise and who had been forced into based on fictional portrayals is also a victim of domestic abuse. prostitution by her boyfriend; a in the entertainment media or The book explores experiences drug smuggler who had not known highly aberrant cases that became such as Denise’s initial shock over about mandatory drug laws; and an newsworthy. the experience of incarceration, her helplessness regarding the emotional entrepreneurial heroin dealer who In light of the massive use of turmoil her young son was facing, controlled the underground economy institutional corrections in the United her boredom, her rage at perceived at the prison. Larger issues of social States, as well as the fact that life in individual and social injustice, and justice are raised through, for these facilities is radically different her romantic adventures during example, discussions of the morality from everyday experiences in the incarceration. of a corrections-industrial complex free world, students’ first exposures and the inadequacies of mental to the field of criminal justice should Through her subjects’ stories, health services for prisoners. include at least a basic understanding Rathbone details the tapestry of In spite of the highly serious of incarcerated existence. Since prison life while never losing sight nature of her subject matter, incarceration represents the most of the larger, societal implications of Rathbone manages to inject a sense severe end of the spectrum of how we treat prisoners. She presents of humor throughout the book, criminal punishment and is used an especially informative narrative without being disrespectful toward with great frequency, basic study of of the spillover punishment that her subjects or minimizing the lived experiences of the incarcerated is experienced by children whose importance of the issues raised. For also raises fundamental issues of mothers are incarcerated. Other key 10 ACJS Today February 2008

Book Review example, the prisoners’ creativity in issues relates to race/ethnicity to any the larger societal implications evading prison rules, as well as the appreciable extent, and obviously it that such experiences engender. romantic interludes between female large excludes presentation of the and male prisoners, are common experiences of male prisoners. topics throughout the book. Rathbone’s lucid and engaging Finally, the gendered injustices writing style is a major strength of of criminal justice are a consistent the book. The prose is fairly light theme of the work. The sexual reading, and the author’s journalistic victimization of women both acumen has yielded a book that can before and in prison, the historical hold even undergraduate students’ demonization of women for “crimes” interest. As a supplementary work, that were relatively unpunished it can be assigned as a single among men, and the differential reading, or chapters can be covered treatment of women in terms of individually throughout a semester. King, J. (2002). Hate Crime: The prison programs and services are In the latter option, it is often Story of a Dragging in Jasper, among the topics explored. possible to segue topics from the Texas. New York: Anchor Books. Rathbone is a journalist, and book with course topics, especially Submitted by: the book is a work of investigative if corrections is covered relatively journalism. Social scientists are early in a course in contrast to Sheryl L. Van Horne, Pennsylvania sometimes quick to denigrate the traditional approaches that reserve State University value of such works in academe, it for the end-of-semester rush. but it should give us pause to Joyce King,a former reporter In terms of reflecting sheer realize that both public opinion who worked as a radio anchor numbers of prisoners, it may be and social change are much more for a CBS company is the author suggested that a book on male associated with good investigative of Hate Crime: The Story of a prisoners would be more appropriate journalism than with obtuse social- Dragging in Jasper, Texas. While the for introductory courses, if such science studies. The impersonal and aforementioned title is her first book, supplementary material is used at coldly analytical presentation in she has given numerous lectures all. In contrast to this view, one can the bulk of social science literature and written two books since this observe that women’s imprisonment is particularly ill-suited for having one entitled Growing up Southern: is certainly increasing at a faster rate students grasp the painful realities White Men I Met Along the Way and than men’s imprisonment. More of lived experience in correctional Forgotten Hurricane. importantly, the issues implicated in institutions. the lives of women prisoners—both Hate Crime is a powerfully The book has a few deficiencies historically and presently—serve moving book that outlines personal for academic purposes. The chapters to raise (even more so than those and political attributes through the are given titles but are not numbered, involved with men prisoners) very story of the dragging of a black which is an inconvenience if basic but crucial concerns with man by three white men. The book chapters are assigned throughout a social justice. Such issues should is very well-written and should be semester. Also, the last two chapters be core to introducing students to a read by anyone who has an interest in (“Contact” and “Epilogue”) do not discipline that purports to concern racial issues or criminal justice. Hate really add anything substantive itself not just with criminals but also Crimes would be an appropriate book to the outstanding discussion with justice. Rathbone’s book is an to use as a supplemental reading in throughout the rest of the book, and excellent resource for sensitizing a diversity issues or race relations they can easily be omitted. Finally, students to the lived experiences course, a courts class, or even an the book does not focus on essential of women prisoners, as well as to introductory level criminal justice ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1 11

Book Review course. This book could work well Lawrence Russell Brewer, and sentences. for various disciplines, including Shawn Allen Berry; looking into The final chapter concludes the Criminal Justice, Criminology, and the potential that the offenders’ book by providing an epilogue to the Sociology. childhood and upbringing could story, describing where the characters elucidate their horrendous acts. The are today. Yet more significantly, it The book is divided into eight fifth chapter examines the possible encourages the reader to think in chapters, separated into three main role of prisonization by taking the greater depth about race relations parts and a conclusion. The first reader to the prison and discusses and racial issues in a number of section is entitled “Black and White the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas and ways, including a description of an Collision” and consists of the first the impact of prison life on the two event that happened to the author two chapters. The first chapter gets offenders who had been recently while she was younger that caused the reader’s attention by describing released from prison. Background her to stereotype whites, especially the horrible events that occurred on information on prisons and prisoners, southern white police officers. Joyce June 7, 1998 in the small, racially- especially in Texas, are also provided, King indicates her transformation by integrated southern town of Jasper, while the main focus is on gangs and the trials of the three men accused Texas. The second chapter begins racial disparities between prisoners and convicted of the dragging. with the investigation, detailing the and guards. Chapter five ends with Through her story and narration, the way in which the three suspects were a discussion about the importance of reader can identify with her even apprehended. respect and reminds readers that John if the reader has not had the same William King had hopes of becoming The second section is entitled “A experiences she has had. Some may an Aryan Brotherhood member. Job to Do” and contains chapters view the personal perspective of the Instead he joined another racist gang, three, four and five. The third chapter book and the occasional first person the Confederate Knights of America, focuses on the family of James Byrd, writing as a limitation of the book, a much lesser known group based in Jr. and the reader is also introduced but in fact it highlights the key idea; North Carolina. to some of the personal story of the that the personal is political. author. Joyce King writes about Part Three is entitled “Dead how her work covering the story has Men Talking” and consists of three impacted her own family life. She chapters covering the three trials, one highlights the fact that race and racial chapter per trial. Chapter six focuses discrimination are everyday issues on John William King’s trial and for her. In this chapter she follows covers themes of the media in the the route of the killers, getting even courtroom, the dramatic impact of the closer to the victim and trying to crime scene photos, and the finding imagine how he must have felt in of guilt and sentencing of death by his final moments. She then finds a predominantly white jury. The closure and room for forgiveness for seventh chapter details the Lawrence the people who have discriminated Russell Brewer trial, while the eighth against her. chapter covers the Shawn Berry For more information on In an attempt to better understand trial, beginning with an unusually submitting a book review go to the crime, the fourth and fifth sympathetic interview of him with : chapters examine possible reasons Dan Rather on Sixty Minutes II that http://www.acjs.org/ occurred a month before the trial, for the incident. The fourth chapter pubs/167_666_3516.cfm documents the childhood of each and may have accounted for the of the three men involved in the life sentence outcome, as opposed dragging, John William King, to the two previous death penalty 12 ACJS Today February 2008

ACJS Today Staff

ACJS Today Editorial Staff Publication Dates Book Review Guidelines

February Book reviews should provide June a detailed description of the October book to help the readership Editor: December determine how useful it will be for teaching particular courses. Nicolle Parsons-Pollard, Ph.D. Copyright © 2000 by the Please identify how the book Virginia State University Academy of Criminal Justice is applicable to criminal justice, 1 Hayden Drive Sciences. All rights reserved. criminology, sociology and other P. O. Box 9036 Distributed to all current related curriculums. Also identify Colson Hall 200-B members of ACJS. the course and level of students Petersburg, VA 23806 for which the book will be most Phone: 804-524-6923 Submission Deadlines useful. Submission of a review January 15th to ACJS Today implies that the Fax: 804-524-6883 May 15th review has not been published September 15th elsewhere nor is it currently November 15th under submission to another [email protected] The editor will use her discretion publication. to accept, reject or postpone submissions. Minimum length: 700 words Deputy Editor: Maximum length: 1200 words Shana Mell Article Guidelines Photos: jpeg or gif Virginia Commonwealth Articles may vary in writing style Text format: Microsoft Word, University (i.e. tone) and length. Articles RTF, TXT, or ASCII should be relevant to the field Citation Style: APA 5th Edition of criminal justice, criminology, law, sociology or related For more information go to curriculum and interesting to http://www.acjs.org/pubs/167_ our readership. Please include 669_2918.cfm. your name, affiliation and email address, which will be used as Postmaster: Please send all ACJS National Office address changes to: ACJS Contact Information: your biographical information. Cathy L. Barth: Association Manager Submission of an article to ACJS Today, c/o Cathy Barth, P.O. [email protected] Today implies that the article has Box 960, Greenbelt, Maryland Mittie D. Southerland: Executive not been published elsewhere nor 20768-0960. Director is it currently under submission [email protected] Membership: For information Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences to another publication. P. O. Box 960 concerning ACJS membership Greenbelt, Maryland 20768-0960 Minimum length: 700 words and advertising materials, Office Location: Maximum length: 2000 words contact Cathy Barth, P.O. Box 7339 Hanover Parkway, Suite A Photos: jpeg or gif 960, Greenbelt, Maryland Greenbelt, MD 20770 20768-0960, manager@acjs. Tel.: (301) 446-6300; (800) 757-ACJS Text format: Microsoft Word, (2257) RTF, TXT, or ASCII org or visit our website at http:// Fax: (301) 446-2819 Citation Style: APA 5th Edition www.acjs.org. Website: http://www.acjs.org ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1 13

ACJS Essay

A Righteous Stand1: ACJS of the day. Individual members of know, all too often criminal justice and Criminal Justice Policy ACJS have long provided this sort policy is driven by public hysteria of service, and of course academic and is based on anecdote and passion publications provide an outlet for rather than data. I simply propose Submitted by: individual efforts to inform criminal that ACJS take a position on policy Craig Hemmens, Boise State justice policymaking. issues, and that this position should University This is just not enough. It is time be based on the data. This may mean advocating for the abolition ACJS has existed for more than to move beyond talking to ourselves, of a policy the data indicates does forty years. During this time it has and speak directly to policymakers. not work or the creation of a policy become a leader in criminal justice The past twenty years of misguided that the research suggests might education. The organization has criminal justice policymaking work. It does not mean support of created two of the leading academic initiatives (i.e. the war on drugs, either a “liberal” or “conservative” journals in criminal justice, holds boot camps, juvenile waiver laws) agenda—it means simply a focus on an annual conference that provides provide ample evidence that passive what works. the membership with opportunities dissemination of information has to present their research, engage in not worked; we are being ignored. My proposal is certainly not new. faculty development, and network There are individuals amongst us It has been suggested before, but with others and see old friends. Just trying to inform policymakers, but ACJS has declined to go forward. as the organization has helped its when it is just a solitary voice, that There are several reasons for this, membership, the organization has voice is easily discounted. There is including: (1) the belief that ACJS benefited from the contributions of strength in numbers. ACJS, as an should not take a position unless its members, many of whom have organization, should begin to take there is an overwhelming consensus given countless hours of service a stand on criminal justice policy among the membership on an issue, to ACJS, regional criminal justice issues. In so doing, ACJS will hardly and (2) the belief that if ACJS organizations, and the practitioner be taking an unprecedented step. takes a position for or against a community. Rather, it will be following the lead criminal justice policy, this stance of other professional academic and will negatively affect the public So now what? Is that all there professional organizations such as perception of the organization. Let is for ACJS to do? Or is now the the American Medical Association me respond briefly to each of these time to consider an expansion of and the American Bar Association. concerns. the role of ACJS? According to the ACJS Constitution, part of the I recognize this means taking a The first concern, that many mission of ACJS is “ . . . to serve as stand on issues that are controversial criminal justice policy issues are a clearinghouse for the collection and (such as the death penalty, for divisive, and have both passionate dissemination of information related example) and that well-meaning proponents and opponents, is to or produced by criminal justice people in the organization can (and certainly valid. For instance, some education and/or research programs” do) disagree about such issues. What will say it is unrealistic to expect (ACJS Constitution Article II). I I propose is not that ACJS stake the ACJS membership will all agree believe it is time for ACJS start living out a political position on an issue, with a declaration that the death up to this promise. It is time for but that ACJS take a position on an penalty is (or is not) an appropriate ACJS to use the knowledge, skills, issue that is based solely on what sanction. Nonetheless, I believe it is and expertise of its members and its the research shows. ACJS can, and possible for ACJS to, at the very least, stature as a leading criminal justice should, use its position as a national follow the example of the American academic organization to inform organization comprised of highly Bar Association (ABA) and take policymakers and the public about regarded academics to advocate for a position on the legitimacy of the significant criminal justice issues informed policymaking. As we all death penalty as a sanction based on 14 ACJS Today February 2008

ACJS Essay a review of the research on how the or less than one percent of the scholars and citizens in a democracy death penalty is administered. The membership. The House of Delegates to try to make the world a better ABA recently issued a statement makes a decision based on research place. We should use our training and recommending a moratorium on performed by the membership. In the knowledge to inform public debate, executions until issues such as racial case of the death penalty moratorium, and not shirk this responsibility for disparities in the imposition of the the ABA created a group that studied fear of recrimination or retaliation. sanction and problems with the the issue and provided a report to We are a privileged lot; the least provision of adequate representation the membership and the House of we can do is risk the approbation of for indigent defendants can be Delegates, who then acted on behalf intemperate people in the service of improved (ABA, 2007a). The of the ABA. the truth. It is a small price to pay ABA statement does not advocate Similar to the ABA procedure, and the consequences are, let’s face elimination of the death penalty per ACJS could commission an ad hoc it, minor—we are largely unknown se, but argues that the death penalty committee to study an issue and outside our little academic world. should not be imposed until the provide the membership with a Those who will choose to ignore our process is improved significantly. report. ACJS could then authorize policy statements are likely those This recommendation is supported the Executive Board to speak on who already ignore us unless we by research indicating the death behalf of the membership, similar serve their goals. We may well be penalty process is seriously flawed to the role performed by the ABA spitting into the wind, but we should in many respects. Surely ACJS could House of Delegates. Alternatively, at least try. We certainly cannot take a position like this, based as it given the relatively small size of change the world if we give up before is on research. the organization, such decisions we begin. The ABA is comprised of more could be put to a vote of the entire ACJS has served the criminal than 413,000 lawyers, and includes membership. This vote could take justice academic community well for individuals of all political persuasions. place at the annual meeting, or almost five decades. It has provided It is a professional organization, and perhaps via the Internet. ACJS could all of us with the opportunity to grow its mission (in part), is similar to decide to issue policy statements and improve ourselves. I believe the ACJS. Among the eleven goals of based upon a simple majority time has come to use ACJS for more the organization is “. . . to increase vote, or it could require some sort than just our own individual needs public understanding of and respect of super majority. Obviously the and benefit. Let us realize that we for the law” (ABA, 2007b). The organization is unlikely to ever speak can make a difference, that we can ABA call for a moratorium is not with unanimity on an issue, but use our knowledge to influence and a political statement, it is a call for that is just as true of the ABA and inform the world beyond the halls policymaking that is informed by other organizations that offer policy of academe. Let us come together the data. Surely the membership statements. as an organization and use our of ACJS can support these sorts of The second concern, that taking a collective expertise and authority initiatives! position on a controversial issue will to advocate for informed criminal Admittedly there are some negatively affect the perception of justice policymaking. It’s time to logistical issues to be worked out. ACJS by the public and policymakers, take a stand. How will ACJS determine what is simply a non-starter. If ACJS takes policies to take a position on, and a position that is based on the data, how will the organization decide conscientious people should respect References how to take a position? The ABA this position as one based upon vests this sort of decision-making knowledge, not ideology. If people Academy of Criminal Justice Sci- authority in the House of Delegates, do not respect, or criticize the ACJS ences (2007). Constitution, Article which is comprised of 546 members, position, so what? We are obliged as II, “Purposes.” Retrieved from ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1 15 http://www.acjs.org/pubs/167_664_ 8214.cfm (November 5, 2007). Call for Articles Upcoming ACJS American Bar Association (2007a). Death Penalty Moratorium Project. Annual Meetings Retrieved from http://www.abanet. org/abanet/media/release/news_re- lease.cfm?released+209 (Novem- March 11-15, 2008 New Researcher Highlights: ber 5, 2007). Hilton Cincinnati Netherlands If you are an new researcher Plaza and Hyatt Regency American Bar Association (2007b). or know a new researcher Cincinnati, Ohio Profile of the American Bar As- tell them to submit their sociation 2007. Retrieved from http://www.abanet.org//profile.html writing. (November 5, 2007).

About the author: Craig Hem- mens, J.D., Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Director of the Honors College at Boise State University.

(Endnotes) PhD Forum: Share the March 10-14, 2009 1 Bruce Springsteen, “Devils and results of your dissertation Marriott Copley Place Dust” on Devils and Dust (2005). by submitting your abstract. Boston, Massachusetts Copyright © Bruce Springsteen (ASCAP). Lyrics are as follows (partial): February 23-27, 2010 Fear’s a powerful thing Town & Country Resort & It’ll turn your heart black you can Convention Center trust San Diego, California It’ll take your God filled soul Fill it with devils and dust Now every woman and every man March 1-5, 2011 They want to take a righteous Sheraton Centre Toronto stand. Hotel Reader Questions: Have Toronto, Canada questions? Ask the experts! March 12-17, 2012 New York Marriott Marquis New York, New York

March 19-23, 2013 Adam’s Mark Dallas Dallas, Texas 16 ACJS Today February 2008

ACJS News

The State of the ACJS of Graduate Programs. Similar efforts Awards Committee Chair, at wdoerner@ will continue in the recruitment of mailer.fsu.edu. Based on remarks from minorities to ACJS. Criminal Justice Month President Ron Hunter and Certification Executive Director Mittie The ACJS Executive Board has endorsed Southerland ACJS continues to promote program the efforts of John Smykla and Chip certification by offering information Burns in seeking to have the month of International Relations sessions and reviewer training at the March recognized as Criminal Justice regional meetings. Anyone who is Month. Please contact John at jsmykla@ International relations with sister interested in becoming a program uwf.edu or Chip at [email protected] organizations are broadening. Since reviewer should contact Mittie to learn how to support them in this March, Jeff Walker has represented Southerland at [email protected]. endeavor. ACJS at the International Police Executive Forum in Dubai and Janice Annual Meeting ACJS Finances Joseph has represented the organization at United Nations meetings in Vienna. Rick Tewksbury and Ron Hunter recently The Academy is financially sound. Mittie Southerland will at the British returned from a site review of the Hyatt Membership and annual meeting Society of Criminology meeting. Wes and Hilton properties in Cincinnati and attendance is growing. At the end of Johnson is attending the European are excited about the potential that these August 2007 ACJS had over $500,000 in Society of Criminology meeting in Italy. two hotels offer in planning the 2008 various accounts and own two adjoining President Ron Hunter is reciprocating annual meeting. office condos where the National Office is located in Greenbelt, MD. Those their attendance in Seattle by attending Diplomate in Criminal Justice the Australia-New Zealand Society of properties are worth over $300,000. ACJS has 2,400 members including Criminology Annual Meeting. In an effort to recognize the 125 institutional members and 140 PhD professionalism of ACJS members, students who have taken advantage of An associated endeavor has been to add (particularly those who may work in the free 1 year membership for PhD an International presence to the ACJS non-teaching positions or at institutions students. There were 1,437 attendees website. ACJS believes that criminal that will not seek program certification) at the recent Seattle meeting. The last justice and criminology benefits from Ron Hunter is creating an ad hoc west coast meeting netted less than international research, cooperation, committee to explore the potential of 1,200 attendees and great attendance is and information exchange. Three establishing criteria for a Diplomate in expected in Cincinnati. specific pages have been added to the Justice Science. Anyone interested in ACJS website through the International serving on this committee, contact Ron ACJS Publications button. These pages provide direct links Hunter at [email protected]. to international organizations, journals, The ACJS journals are fulfilling the goal and upcoming conferences. Ad Hoc Assessment Committee of contributing to the wheel of science by disseminating research in the field. ACJS & Students In order to continue providing information Both Justice Quarterly and Journal of and assistance to members in the areas Criminal Justice Education have quality ACJS continues to be a “student of course and program assessment, the ratings that are very competitive within friendly” organization and will again ACJS Executive Board is recommending the social sciences. Recent changes sponsor student luncheons at the annual to the membership that the Ad Hoc should facilitate the continual increase meeting, allow students to “work off” Assessment Committee become a in quality. Effective immediately their registration fee by helping at the permanent standing committee. registration desk, and work to strengthen manuscript submission is on-line and efforts in recruiting graduate students ACJS Award Nominations the review and editing process are through enhanced relations with the electronically managed. Because of doctoral granting institutions, continued The due date for ACJS Award this change, the ACJS Executive Board membership inducements for doctoral Nominations has been extended to discontinued the submission fee for students, and restoration of the Directory October 15th. Contact Bill Doerner, the both journals. The association with ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1 17

ACJS News

Taylor and Francis as the publisher Affirmative Action: Florence Paper Award: Rudy Prine, Chair of the journals has proved successful. Ferguson, Chair The journals are provided in hard copy 7. Donal MacNamara Award: Sanja Constitution and By-Laws: John and are electronically accessible by our Ivkovich, Chair Smykla, Chair members. All members have electronic access as soon as the journal issue Membership: Matthew Robinson, Budget, Finance, and Audit: Janice goes to press. They also have access Chair Joseph, Chair to all back issues of both journals. Nominations and Elections: Jeff Ethics: Elizabeth Grossi, Chair The subscriptions to the journals Walker, Chair Strategic Planning ad hoc Committee: have increased and are being actively committee being formed by Ron marketed internationally. The nominating committee has recommended the following Hunter ACJS is currently searching for an candidates: ACJS Sections Editor of JCJE. Janice Joseph is chairing 2nd VP: James Marquart and Frank ACJS sections include: Community the Editor Search Committee. Members (Trey) Williams are encouraged to review of materials College, Corrections, Critical regarding application on the ACJS Treasurer: Lorenzo Boyd and Criminology, Information and Public website. Marilyn Chandler-Ford Policy, International, Juvenile Justice, Minorities and Women, Police, and ACJS Today provided electronically Region 2 Trustee: Julie Kunselman Security and Crime Prevention. Most through the ACJS Website and the new and Lee Ross of the sections are extremely active in hard copy publication ACJS NOW are communicating with their membership providing membership information and Region 3 Trustee: Mitch Chamlin through newsletters or listserves direct email capability allows immediate and Ken Novak and in sharing their research at the communication with the membership ACJS annual meeting through panels, Trustee at Large: Faith Lutz, Roslyn when necessary. roundtables, and workshops. Each Muraskin, Fran Reddington, and Section provides opportunities for ACJS Representatives John Worrall. leadership and networking.

Vivian Lord has been named as the Program: Richard Tewksbury, Chair ACJS is viable because of the interest ACJS representative to Federal Law Student Affairs: Reid Toth, Chair and active engagement of all those who Enforcement Training Council’s Publications: Faith Lutze, Chair are committed to the improvement of Advisory Committee to the Office of our field in the present and the future. State and Local Training for a term Awards: Bill Doerner, Chair ACJS is healthy and engaged. ending April 30, 2010. The alternate 1. Bruce Smith Sr. Award: Matthew representative is Denise Gosselin. Robinson, Chair ACJS and the American Correctional Association have also entered into an 2. Academy Fellow Award: Quint agreement. Thurman, Chair

ACJS Committees 3. Academy Founder’s Award: Florence Ferguson, Chair ACJS Committees do the primary work of the Academy. Each committee has a 4. Outstanding Book Award: Myrna chair and a deputy chair who will take Cintron, Chair over the task of chair next year. The committees also have several committee 5. The William L. Simon/Anderson members: Publishing Outstanding Paper Award: John Kerbs, Chair Academic Review Committee: Laura Moriarty, Chair 6. The William L. Simon/Anderson Publishing Outstanding Student 18 ACJS Today February 2008

Announcements

Call for Committee Volunteers It is the policy of the Academy line of your emails that minorities and women shall nd • Submission Type: Paper Janice Joseph, ACJS 2 Vice Pres- be involved and are encouraged to Presentation or Poster Session ident, is actively seeking volunteers participate as active members in all • Title: of paper or poster for the various standing commit- activities of ACJS, including policy tees of the Academy for her term as • Abstract: A 100 - 250 word and decision making. abstract President of ACJS from March 2009- March 2010. She and her committee • Contact information for each author and/or presenter chairs will discuss the purposes and activities of these committees during a. Name the ACJS General Business Meeting Call for Papers & Posters b. Affiliation from 9 am until 10 am on Friday, c. Mailing Address DISPROPORTIONATE March 14, 2008. Please attend this MINORITY CONTACT IN THE d. Telephone Number session to learn more about how to be e. Fax actively involved in service to ACJS. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM f. Email Address Members will have an opportunity VIRGINIA STATE to volunteer to serve on a committee UNIVERSITY For more information email dmc@ at that time. Every ACJS member vsu.edu. We look forward to who volunteers will be placed on a April 24, 2008 receiving your proposals and hope standing or ad hoc committee, to the you will be able to join us at VSU extent practical. SUBMISSION DEADLINE: on April 24, 2008. Conference March 18th 2008 registration information will The Academy’s affirmative ac- be available in the near future. tion goal is to provide inclusive and The Department of Sociology, diverse opportunities through the Social Work and Criminal Justice acceptance of individuals at all levels at Virginia State University and the Co-Sponsors: within various disciplines without Virginia Department of Criminal regard to race, color, religion, gen- Justice Services (DCJS) are co- Virginia State University sponsoring an annual conference on der, age, handicap, national origin, Department of Sociology, Social Disproportionate Minority Contact Work & Criminal Justice marital status, sexual orientation, in the Criminal Justice System. The pregnancy, or veteran status. The conference will be hosted at Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Academy has officially adopted State University (VSU) on April 24, Services (DCJS) and reaffirms its non-discrimination 2008. policy as follows: Institute for the Study of Race Interested scholars and professionals Relations No member of the Academy shall, are invited to submit papers or posters on the grounds of race, color, re- for presentation at the conference. ligion, gender, age, handicap, na- Possible session topics include: tional origin, marital status, sexual Law Enforcement, The Courts, orientation, pregnancy, or veteran Sentencing and Sanctions, Social status be excluded from participation Services, Healthcare, Juveniles, in, be denied the benefits of, or be Schools, Prevention, Class, Sex, subjected to, discrimination in this and Race. organization. ALL submissions must include: AND • “DMC Submission” in the subject

Universidade de Macau University of Macau

The University of Macau is a government-funded institution located in the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. The Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (FSH) invites applications for the academic position in the following area: Criminology – Associate/Assistant Professor (ref. FSH/DSOCI/CRIM/09/2008)

Qualifications We are looking for someone who demonstrates excellence or potential for excellence in teaching and research. Both qualitative and quantitative skills are required, but the most ideal candidate would have strong quantitative skills, preferably including the knowledge of GIS analysis. Some of the courses we expect the candidate to teach include the principles of criminal justice administration, criminal justice program evaluation, and courses in courts, corrections, policing, deviance and social control, and criminology. Applicants with strong qualifications in other research and teaching areas are also welcome. The appointee is required to teach courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.

By the time of employment, the candidate should possess a PhD degree in criminology/sociology or other related areas from an accredited institution. Candidates for the rank of Associate Professor should, additionally, have a distinguished record of research and publication. PhD candidates who expect to complete their studies by September 2008, the starting date of appointment, will also be considered.

Applicants should send an application package that includes 1) a letter of application addressing his or her qualifications as required by the job; 2) a curriculum vitae; 3) graduate transcripts; 4) a certificate of PhD (if available); 5) three letters of recommendation; and 6) any supporting materials the applicant wishes to include.

Positions and Annual Salary The positions offered and salary level shall be determined according to the appointee's academic qualifications, current position, and professional experience. For details about the "Terms of Academic Appointment", please refer to: (https://isw.umac.mo/recruitment/showTermsAppoint.do):

Associate Professor: MOP616,000 – MOP693,000 Assistant Professor: MOP500,500 – MOP577,500 (USD1 approx. = MOP8)

The selected candidate is requested to assume duty in September 2008.

Application Procedure Applicants should visit http://www.umac.mo/vacancy/ for more details, and apply ONLINE at Jobs@UM (https://isw.umac.mo/recruitment/) on or before 20/02/2008. Other contact points are:

Administration and Human Resources Office, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomás Pereira, Taipa, Macau Website: https://isw.umac.mo/recruitment/; Email: [email protected] Tel: +853 397 8681 or + 853 397 8684; Fax: +853 397 8694 or +853 2883 1694 The University of Macau reserves the right not to appoint a candidate ***Personal data provided by applicants will be kept confidential and used for recruitment purpose only***

University of Macau – An ideal place to pursue your career ACJS Today Volume XXXIII, Issue 1 19

ACJS 2007-2008 Executive Board

President 212-237-8383 (fax) Ronald Hunter [email protected] Western Carolina University Department of Applied Criminology Barbara Sims 413-B Belk Building Penn State Harrisburg Cullowhee, NC 28723 School of Public Affairs 828-227-2174 777 West Harrisburg Pike 828-227-7705 (fax) Middletown, PA 17057 [email protected] 717-948-6044 717-948-6320 (fax) First Vice President/President Elect [email protected] W. Wesley Johnson Associate Dean Regional Trustees Sam Houston State University Region 1—Northeast College of Criminal Justice David Owens P.O. Box 2296 Onondaga Community College Huntsville, TX 77340-2296 4941 Onondaga Road 936-294-1640 Syracuse, NY 13215 936-294-1653 (fax) 315-498-2670 [email protected] 315-498-2522 (fax) [email protected] Second Vice President Janice Joseph Region 2—Southern Richard Stockton College Criminal Justice Program Julie C. Kunselman, Ph.D. Jim Leeds Road Associate Dean and Associate Professor PO Box 195 College of Professional Studies Pomona, NJ 08240 University of West Florida 609-652-4312 11000 University Parkway 85/109 609-748-5559 (fax) Pensacola, FL 32514 [email protected] 850-474-3218 [email protected] Immediate Past President Jeffery T. Walker Region 3—Midwest University of Arkansas-Little Rock James Frank Department of Criminal Justice University of Cincinnati 2801 South University PO Box 210389 Little Rock, AR 72204-1099 600 Dyer Hall 501-569-3083 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 501-569-3075 (fax) (513) 556-5832; Fax: (513) 556-3303 [email protected] [email protected]

Treasurer Region 4—Southwest Mary K. Stohr Ronald Burns Boise State University Texas Christian University Department of Criminal Justice 1910 University Drive Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice Boise, ID 83725 Box 298710 (208) 426-1378; Fax: (208) 426-4371 Fort Worth, TX 76129 [email protected] 817-257-6155 817-257-7737 (fax) Secretary [email protected] Leanne Fiftal Alarid University of Texas – San Antonio Region 5—Western/Pacific Department of Criminal Justice Craig Hemmens 501 West Durango Boulevard Boise State University San Antonio, TX 78207 Department of Criminal Justice 210-458-2976 1910 University Drive 210-458-2681 (fax) Boise, ID 83725 [email protected] 208-426-3251 208-426-4371 (fax) [email protected] Trustees-at-Large Marilyn McShane Executive Director—Ex Officio University of Houston-Downtown Mittie D. Southerland Department of Criminal Justice 1525 State Route 2151 Commerce 330 Melber, KY 42069 One Main Street (270) 674-5697; Fax: (270) 674-6097 Houston, TX 77002 [email protected] (713) 221-2757; Fax: (713) 221-2726 [email protected] Association Manager—Ex Officio Cathy Barth Todd R. Clear P.O. Box 960 John Jay College of Criminal Justice Greenbelt, MD 20768-0960 Department of Law and Police Science (301) 446-6300; 800-757-2257; Fax: (301) 446-2819 899 10th Avenue [email protected] New York, NY 10019

ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES ACJS TODAY P.O. Box 960 P.O. Greenbelt, Maryland 20768-0960 212-237-8470