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Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: the Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle

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Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: the Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle H-Ideas Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle Blog Post published by Anja-Silvia Goeing on Wednesday, August 29, 2018 Blog Post Author: Anja-Silvia Goeing Image 1: Gottfried August Gründler: Die Franckeschen Stiftungen zu Halle, 1749 Copper engraving, physical location unknown. Licence: Public Domain https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Franckesche_Stiftungen_1749.jpg (accessed August 29, 2018) In the wake of the revival of the Francke Foundations in Halle on the Saale in 1992, a town close to Berlin in the former East Germany, the curiosity cabinet of the pietist school and orphanage was restored. In the 18th century, the Francke Citation: Anja-Silvia Goeing. Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle. H-Ideas. 08-29-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/6873/blog/2282946/scholars-travelers-and-religious-people-reach-curiosity-cabinet-pietist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-Ideas Foundations comprised a conglomerate of schools for students of all abilities and social backgrounds. Image 2: Gottfried August Gründler: The Historic Orphanage of the Franckeschen Stiftungen zu Halle, 1749 Copper engraving, physical location unknown. Licence: Public Domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FranckescheStiftungen_3.jpg (accessed August 29, 2018) The room that contains the collection, in fact, the attic of the Orphanage, is now in a state similar to that of about 1741, when it was set up with beautifully decorated display cabinets (Müller-Bahlke, 1997, 1998, 2012). On one side of the room are specimens of nature; on the other, handicraft products from all over the world. In the middle of the room is a rotating hand-cranked mechanical model of the world with a diameter between two or three meters, which shows the Tychonic universe with the earth in the center. The collection at the Francke Foundation is not a curiosity cabinet of princely provenance, of the sort that has been extensively investigated in recent years, but rather a teaching collection, a type of cabinet that Citation: Anja-Silvia Goeing. Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle. H-Ideas. 08-29-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/6873/blog/2282946/scholars-travelers-and-religious-people-reach-curiosity-cabinet-pietist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-Ideas was not uncommon in the early modern era, but which has received comparatively little attention. Citation: Anja-Silvia Goeing. Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle. H-Ideas. 08-29-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/6873/blog/2282946/scholars-travelers-and-religious-people-reach-curiosity-cabinet-pietist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 3 H-Ideas Citation: Anja-Silvia Goeing. Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle. H-Ideas. 08-29-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/6873/blog/2282946/scholars-travelers-and-religious-people-reach-curiosity-cabinet-pietist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 4 H-Ideas Image 3: Johann Christian Heinrich Sporleder: Portrait of August Hermann Francke, ca. 1750 Oil Painting, dimensions 111x82 cm. Location: Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle AFSt/B G 0144. Licence: public domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August-Hermann-Francke.jpg (accessed August 29, 2018) The Francke Foundations were established in 1698 by August Hermann Francke, a pietist professor of Theology at the university of Halle. He intended them initially as a charity school and orphanage. They developed quite rapidly to a group of first- class pietist-run schools that instructed the children from first-read-practice to university. Not only staff teachers, but also students of the nearby Halle University taught there, the latter in exchange for food. Throughout their history, the Francke Foundations maintained a close relationship with the University of Halle. In her essay 'The Model that Never Moved: The Case of a Virtual Memory Theater and Its Christian Philosophical Argument, 1700–1732' Kelly Whitmer (2010) stresses the central position of a mechanical model that the theologian Christoph Semler (1669-1740) constructed for the Cabinet 1717-1718. It was a reconstruction of the temple of Salomon in Jerusalem. In Whitmer's eyes, the model served as the ultimate metaphor for the whole idea of the Francke Foundations. Pietist friends and students would have the opportunity to come from all over the world to this temple of learning. The interpretation bears truth. In the 18th century, the Francke Foundations had a mission together with Denmark in India, the Danish-Halle Mission (1706-1845), and from 1733 they were intensely entangled in church work in the German parishes of Philadelphia in the American Colonies. Letters between the station in India and the pietist center in Halle contained not only information in written format, but also objects. They included cultural objects like cutlery or clothing, samples from nature, like minerals or corals from the Indian Ocean near Ceylon, seeds and other plant products. Seeds and little plants were not displayed in the cabinet but planted in the gardens of the foundations, as for example the mulberry tree seeds that came from India to enhance the production of silk in Prussia, nurturing silkworms (Helm, Klosterberg, Klosterberg et al.). Aquisitions, exchange and donations towards the art- and natural cabinet were usually part of negotiations between Francke and his successors and personally known sponsors, often parents, who had sent their children to school in Halle, or colleagues at other institutions. In 1741, Andreas Wedel enrolled as a student in the Latin school of the Francke Foundations. He brought with him a gift to the cabinet that his father had manufactured during his office as a pastor at the German North Frisian Island Amrum. It consisted of puppets sculpted from live models that were dressed in ceremonial clothes from the North Frisian islands Sylt and Föhr. Four of his puppets are still in their original place at closet XIV, where foreign clothing was displayed. Already in 1741, puppets in this display case included samples from India, Citation: Anja-Silvia Goeing. Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle. H-Ideas. 08-29-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/6873/blog/2282946/scholars-travelers-and-religious-people-reach-curiosity-cabinet-pietist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 5 H-Ideas Turkey and Hungary. Two colleagues of Francke were especially helpful in shaping the collections in the early days. In 1715 and later, Francke bought the entire school collection that the Halle theologian, physics and mathematics teacher Christof Semler had constructed for his own project of Realschule in the beginning of the eighteenth century. It contained mathematical and astronomical models, as well as wooden models of working apparatus, like turnery benches. Later, Semler produced models directly for the Francke Foundations, like the mechanical armillarsphere, or the temple of Salomon. From 1698 to his death in 1741, Friedrich Hoffmann, a Halle university professor of medicine, personal friend of Francke and great collector himself, helped with his connections to acquire objects for the collections, especially exquisite minerals. He also contributed towards writing textbooks to teach anatomy and botany. The new organization of the arts and natural cabinet in the attic of the orphanage, partly based on the new Linnean principles, is due to the work of the artist and natural philosopher Gottfried August Gründler (1710-1775), who built the wooden cabinets 1737-1741, long after Francke's death. The online database of archival manuscripts at the Francke Foundations gives an overview of the extent of the network of letters around the Curiosity Cabinet of the Francke Foundations. Between 1698 and 1799, about a hundred letters sent to Halle were directly connected to the natural cabinet. Most of them accompanied natural or artificial specimens sent to Halle with the explicit aim of being displayed in the cabinet. Table 1 shows the places, from which the letters were sent: donations from other cabinets, for example duplicates of whale penises, as well as ore samples were sent mainly from neighbouring places in Prussia and other parts of the conglomerate of states that the Paris publisher Guillaume de Lisle called in 1701L'Allemagne . Sometimes, the ore samples were sent by explorers directly from neighbouring mines. Citation: Anja-Silvia Goeing. Scholars, Travelers, and Religious People: The Reach of the Curiosity Cabinet at the Pietist Francke Foundations in Halle. H-Ideas. 08-29-2018. https://networks.h-net.org/node/6873/blog/2282946/scholars-travelers-and-religious-people-reach-curiosity-cabinet-pietist Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 6 H-Ideas Image 4: Portrait of Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, who was as a Missionary in Tranquebar and sent back biological specimens to Halle. Copper engraving, 1735, from: Der Königl. Dänischen Missionarien aus Ost-Indien eingesandter Ausführlichen Berichten, Von dem Werck ihres Amts unter den Heyden. Part 1. Licence: Public Domain Source: http://192.124.243.55/digbib/missionsberichte/teil01/menue.htm (accessed August 29, 2018) Next to the regional goods stood exotic objects from far away: The mission station in Tranquebar (today: Tharangambadi) in south India at the coast facing the kingdom of Kandia (today: Sri Lanka) sent cultural and natural exhibits to the cabinet (Rieke- Müller).
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