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Climate Resilience Assessment of Smallholder Farmers in the Gambia

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Climate Resilience Assessment of Smallholder Farmers in the Gambia Climate resilience assessment of smallholder farmers in the Gambia Adapting small-scale irrigation to climate change in West and Central Africa (AICCA) Climate resilience assessment of smallholder farmers in the Gambia An assessment resilience to climate of small-scale agricultural systems in Pacharr- Jahally and Salikenni irrigation sites Patricia Mejias Moreno, Technical Officer, Land and Water Division, Strategic Programme on Reduce Rural Poverty, FAO María Hernández Lagana, Economist and Resilience Assessment Expert, Land and Water Division, FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2019 Required citation: Mejias Moreno, P. and Lagana, M.H. 2019. Climate resilience assessment of smallholder farmers in the Gambia. Rome, FAO. 48 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact- us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Contents Acknowledgements vi Acronyms vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Methodology 1 1.2 Resilience assessment: SHARP background 2 2. Project sites 4 3. Analysis of the baseline data 6 3.1 Household characteristics 6 3.2 Livelihoods and socio-economic characteristics 7 3.2.1 Income sources and main expenditures 7 3.2.2 Access to local markets and financial resources 7 4. Environmental indicators, climate disturbances and sustainable use of resources 9 4.1 Crops and varieties 9 4.2 Climate disturbances and effects 12 4.3 Access to information on weather and cropping practices 14 4.4 Sustainable use of resources: Land and water management practices 15 4.5 Irrigation infrastructure 17 4.6 Field irrigation practices 19 4.7 Agricultural equipment 21 5. Resilience analysis 23 5.1 Resilience by irrigation site 26 6. Conclusions 28 7. Annexes 30 Annex 1. Crop production 30 Annex 2. Disturbances 31 Annex 3. Sustainable use of resources 32 Annex 4. Water sources and irrigation systems 34 Annex 5. SHARP measurement of resilience 36 iii Figures Figure 1. Main crops (seasonal / temporary cultivars) 9 Figure 2. Seed sources for main crops by irrigation site 10 Figure 3. Proportion of people using new varieties in the last 15 years 11 Figure 4. Irrigated crops according to their importance in the household 11 Figure 5. Disturbances experienced in the last decade ranked by intensity by irrigation site 12 Figure 6. Types of climate change events witnessed by irrigation site 13 Figure 7. Access to information by irrigation site and type of information 14 Figure 8. Land management practices used, by irrigation site 16 Figure 9. Water conservation practice, by irrigation site 17 Figure 10. Water source, intake, extraction and lifting by irrigation system 19 Figure 11. Irrigation technologies used, total 20 Figure 12. Changes in water availability for crops due to variations in rainfall and/or temperature, by irrigation site.21 Figure 13. Agricultural equipment used by irrigation site 22 Figure 14. Average resilience levels across different modules 23 Figure 15. SHARP resilience components: objective and self-assessments 25 Figure 16. Resilience assessment by irrigation site 27 iv Tables Table 1. Characteristics of the irrigation systems assessed 4 Table 2. Socio-economic characteristics of the sampled population 6 Table 3. Climate change impacts by irrigation site, percentage of households 14 Table 4. Sources of information on cropping practices, by irrigation site 15 Table 5. Irrigation technologies, by irrigation site 20 Table 6. Aspects of resilience, disaggregated by level and irrigation site 26 Table A1. Crop production (Number of producers) 30 Table A2. Crop production (Percentage of producers) 30 Table A3. Other crops produced 30 Table A4. Disturbances experienced by level of importance 31 Table A5. Access to land, by irrigation site 32 Table A6. Use of and improving practices, by irrigation site 32 Table A7. Use of water conservation practices, by irrigation site 33 Table A8. Irrigation infrastructure, total surveyed people 34 Table A9. Water source, intake and extraction 34 Table A10. SHARP measurement of resilience, total interviewed people 36 Table A11. SHARP measurement of resilience, by irrigation site 37 v Acknowledgements This report was developed as part of the project "Adapting small-scale irrigation to climate change in West and central Africa - AICCA", funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The report was prepared under the technical direction of Patricia Mejias Moreno, Technical Officer in the Land and Water Division and the Strategic Programme for Rural Poverty Reduction of FAO. The report was prepared by María Hernández Lagana, FAO consultant, with the contribution of the national focal point, Mr. Abdou Rhamane Jobe, Head of Soil and Water Management Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Gambia, and the national consultant, Baba Galleh Jallow. Michèle Piraux, FAO communication expert, and Charlotte Alcouffe, FAO intern, provided editorial support. The cover was made by James Morgan. This report was also made possible thanks to the contributions of stakeholders from the Government of the Gambia, at national and subnational levels, smallholders from the sites of Jahaly, Pachar and Salinkenni and the FAO office in the Gambia. vi Acronyms AICCA Adapting small-scale irrigation to climate change in West and Central Africa AP/FFS Agro-pastoral/ farmer field school CCA Climate change adaptation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICT Information and communication technology IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGA Income generating activities SHARP Self-evaluation and Holistic Assessment of climate Resilience for farmers and Pastoralists TS Tidal scheme WCA West and Central Africa WR Water retention vii 1. Introduction The objective of the project “Adapting small-scale irrigation to climate change in West and Central Africa (WCA) - AICCA” is to improve sustainability and adaptation of small-scale irrigation systems across key agro-ecological systems in the WCA region. In order to meet this goal, the project is composed of two phases: 1. A regional analysis in eight countries representative of the region - Chad, the Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Sierra Leone -, which describes the climate change implications on irrigated agriculture and highlights the irrigation technologies and best practices adapted to climate shocks that are valuable to scale up. 2. An in-depth analysis carried out in four pilot countries - The Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Niger - to assess the impact of climate change on irrigation systems, to propose adaptation strategies and to estimate their costs. In this framework,
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