Narrative, Gender and Authority in ‘Abbāsid Literature on Women

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Narrative, Gender and Authority in ‘Abbāsid Literature on Women Narrative, Gender and Authority in ‘Abbāsid Literature on Women ORIENTALIA ET AFRICANA GOTHOBURGENSIA 22 Narrative, Gender and Authority in ‘Abbāsid Literature on Women PERNILLA MYRNE © PERNILLA MYRNE, 2010 ISSN 1404-3556 ISBN 978-91-7346-673-8 ORIENTALIA ET AFRICANA GOTHOBURGENSIA Founded by Bernhard Lewin Editors: Karsten Legère, Jan Retsö, Noriko Thunman ISSN 1404-3556 Vols. 1-12 published as ORIENTALIA GOTHOBURGENSIA ISSN 0078-656X Subscriptions to the series and orders for single volumes should be addressed to Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, Box 222, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden or [email protected]. Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros AB, Västerås Abstract Title: Narrative, Gender and Authority in „Abbāsid Literature on Women Author: Pernilla Myrne University: University of Gothenburg, Department of Oriental and African Languages The „Abbāsid dynasty came to power after a revolution in 750, and ruled the vast Muslim empire until the 930s and 940s. This period has often been dubbed the golden era of Islam, due to its prospering and often innovative cultural and scientific production. During this period, some of the fundamental texts in Islam were produced, collections of traditions from the Prophet Mu ammad and his followers, Qur‟ān exegesis, jurisprudence and the legal discussions which led to the Islamic laws (sharī‘a). These texts are often referred to when women‟s situation in Islam is discussed. However, curiously, women‟s status in „Abbāsid literature is frequently examined without taking in account the breadth of this literature with its seemingly paradoxical images of issues such as gender, sex and women. This study attempts to contribute to a more comprehensive picture of women and gender in „Abbāsid literature, analyzing texts about women from completely different contexts with the help of narratology, in particular the methods elaborated by Gérard Genette and Mieke Bal. The texts analysed in this thesis are the biographies of pious women in Kitāb al-tabaqāt al-kabīr by Ibn Sa„d (d. 845), in particular Mu ammad‟s wife „Ā‟isha bint Abī Bakr, the biography of the „Abbāsid court singer „Arīb, by Abū al-Faraj al-I fahānī (d. 967) and the volume on women, Kitāb al-nisā’, in the adab anthology ‘Uyūn al-akhbār, by Ibn Qutayba (d. 889). The analyses explore how narrative technique is used to create authority, or authenticity, in the distinctive khabar-literature, to which all the analyzed texts belong. Moreover, the construction of gender is discussed, along with gender- based hierarchies and different approaches towards authority. The women‟s biographies in Ibn Sa„d‟s work are arranged around two poles: women‟s object-positions in marriage and subject-positions in piety, linguistically as well as thematically. Here, it is argued, we may discern a normative tendency, which acknowledges women‟s capacity to act as individuals, as long as it is within certain spheres of society. These texts provide a static model for gender relationships, where the husband is always the absolute authority, reflecting a view of hierarchy as being constant. Conversely, the anecdotes in the more profane texts often have as their main point the overturning of hierarchies, and women have mostly the last word. Hierarchies and authorities are challenged on a thematic as well as a linguistic level. Possibly, the disagreement in women‟s possibilities and positions between the religious and the profane texts are due to the interpretation of the first Muslim community in Medina as being stable, whereas positions and hierarchies in „Abbāsid Iraq are uncertain and fluctuating. Although these positions are literary motifs, the analyses give an idea about the limits of thinkable behaviours and roles of women, limits that are far more flexible and permitting than generally maintained. Acknowledgements First of all, I want to thank my teachers in Arabic, as well as literature and cultural studies in Gothenburg, Damascus and Ramallah. They filled me with enthusiasm for the arts and for the beautiful Arabic language and the fascinating Arabic civilization. The friendliness and generosity I met with during my travels and studies in the Arab world encouraged me to learn more and filled me with respect and emotions for this part of the world. When I began studying Arabic at the University of Gothenburg in 1991, the lectures of Professor Jan Retsö were outstanding so when I finally decided to commence my doctoral studies I was happy to have him as my supervisor. It was he who directed my attention to the classical Arabic literature on women, which he deemed as a suitable subject for me. I owe him my deepest gratefulness for this recommendation, as I have found a subject that will keep my attention for a long time. I am thankful for his support and comments during the years I worked on this thesis. I also wish to thank the University of Gothenburg and the Faculty of Arts, who gave me the opportunity to embark on this research, and Kungliga och Hvitfeldtska stiftelsen for helping me financially to accomplish it. Among other scholars who have supported me, I thank especially Professor Mats Jansson, University of Gothenburg, for encouraging help with the literary methodology and analyses, Dr. Judith Josephson for reading and commenting upon the manuscript, Professor Geert Jan van Gelder, University of Oxford, for essential corrections, Professor Bo Holmberg, Lund University, for valuable comments in the final stage, and Associative Professor Lena Ambjörn, Lund University, as well as Associate Professor Tetz Rooke, University of Gothenburg, for their friendly encouragement and support. I wish to express my thanks to Lena Voigt and Ferenc Tafferner, whose assistance I could not have been without, and to the other colleagues at the former Department of Oriental and African Languages for the cheerful and warm atmosphere. In addition, I thank my colleagues at the Middle Eastern seminar, especially Ann-Kristin, and among the doctoral students at the faculty of Art, as well as my friends, with whom I have discussed parts of the thesis during the years. Houda and Houda made the dissertation party unforgettable, with aid from Monica, Pia, Susanne, Yusra, Tove, Nora and others. Finally, I am deeply thankful to my wonderful family. My parents Monica and Leif supported me all the time and especially with baby- sitting the last months, together with my sisters Anna and Sara, who have all been involved in my dissertation project. Kenneth gave me love, strength and courage. My beloved children, Julia and Alfred, I dedicate this work to you. I hope it will encourage you to find your own ways of discovering the delights and mysteries of this world. Note on transliteration and translation I follow the system for transliteration adopted by the Encyclopaedia of as j. Titles of works and technical terms ج Islam, except that I render have been provided with English translations. In the case of technical terms that are used extensively in the text, the English translation is only given the first time of mention, after that the Arabic word is used. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction, theory and method ................................. 1 Aim ............................................................................................ 3 Earlier research .......................................................................... 4 Gender, history and narratives on women: a theoretical framework ............................................................................... 13 Method .................................................................................... 20 Narrative rhythm, situation and focalization ....................... 24 Subject-positions ................................................................. 29 Chapter 2: Background ............................................................... 33 „Abbāsid literature: genres and forms ..................................... 35 Khabar and history .................................................................. 38 History-writing and biography ............................................ 42 Adab .................................................................................... 43 The works and their authors .................................................... 45 Ibn Sa„d and Kitāb al- -kabīr ............................... 46 and women ........................................................ 48 Abū al-Faraj and Kitāb al-aghānī ....................................... 52 Women in Aghānī ........................................................... 54 Women and the power of music .......................................... 56 Music and slavery ............................................................... 60 Ibn Qutayba and ‘Uyūn al-akhbār ...................................... 62 The Book on Women in ‘Uyūn al-akhbār ...................... 64 Adab, anecdotes and gender ................................................ 66 Chapter 3: Narrative and authority .............................................. 69 Narratives on pious women: „Ā‟isha bint Abī Bakr ................ 70 Structure and themes ........................................................... 74 Statements and narrative levels ........................................... 77 Narrative situation ............................................................... 80 Direct speech and witnesses ................................................ 83 Narratives of female singers: The biography of „Arīb ............ 87 Narrative devices for extraordinary claims ........................
Recommended publications
  • UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Protestant Missions, Seminaries and the Academic Study of Islam in the United States A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies by Caleb D. McCarthy Committee in charge: Professor Juan E. Campo, Chair Professor Kathleen M. Moore Professor Ann Taves June 2018 The dissertation of Caleb D. McCarthy is approved. _____________________________________________ Kathleen M. Moore _____________________________________________ Ann Taves _____________________________________________ Juan E. Campo, Committee Chair June 2018 Protestant Missions, Seminaries and the Academic Study of Islam in the United States Copyright © 2018 by Caleb D. McCarthy iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While the production of a dissertation is commonly idealized as a solitary act of scholarly virtuosity, the reality might be better expressed with slight emendation to the oft- quoted proverb, “it takes a village to write a dissertation.” This particular dissertation at least exists only in light of the significant support I have received over the years. To my dissertation committee Ann Taves, Kathleen Moore and, especially, advisor Juan Campo, I extend my thanks for their productive advice and critique along the way. They are the most prominent among many faculty members who have encouraged my scholarly development. I am also indebted to the Council on Information and Library Research of the Andrew C. Mellon Foundation, which funded the bulk of my archival research – without their support this project would not have been possible. Likewise, I am grateful to the numerous librarians and archivists who guided me through their collections – in particular, UCSB’s retired Middle East librarian Meryle Gaston, and the Near East School of Theology in Beriut’s former librarian Christine Linder.
    [Show full text]
  • A Textual Analysis of the Hadīths of Āishah's Age at the Time of Her Marriage to the Prophet Muhammad (Saw)
    A Textual Analysis of the Hadīths of Āishah’s Age at the Time of Her Marriage to the Prophet Muhammad (saw) “Hz. Âişe’nin Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.) ile Evlendiğindeki Yaşına Sulaiman Kamal-deen OLAWALE, Dr.* Dair Hadislerin Metin Tenkîdi” Özet: Bu makale, Hz. Âişe’nin Hz. Peygamber ile söz kesildiğinde altı, zifafa girdiğine ise dokuz yaşında olduğuna dair hadislerin tenkîdî bir tahlîlini konu edinmektedir. Bu konuya dair hadisler İslâm’da, genellikle çocuk yaştaki çocukların evlendirilmesinin câiz olduğu inancına yol açmıştır. Bu meseleye yönelik, İslâm dünyasında karışık bir tepki meydana getirmiştir. Bazı kimseler Hz. Âişe’nin, Hz. Peygamberin eşi olarak evine girdiğinde dokuz yaşında olduğunda ısrar ederken, diğer bir kesim de on dokuz yaşında olduğunu savunmuştur. Sözkonusu yaklaşım, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve hadisler yanında tamamıyla el yazmaları, kitaplar, akademik dergiler, internet, dergiler gibi tamamen yazılı kaynaklardan hareketle ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışma, Hz. Âişe’nin yaşının hadislerin rivâyeti esnasında ciddi derecede yanlış rivâyet edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kaldı ki, bu olayı tarihî verilere dayalı olarak anlatan rivâyetler güvenilirliğin üst düzeyinde değildir. Bu makale, konuyu nesnel bir noktadan ele almayı önermekte ve şayet Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.) insanlık için bir modelse ve hayatı boyunca Kur’ân’a göre hayat sürdüyse ve Allah Kur’ân’da onun sağlam karakterine şâhitlik etmişse, onun altı veya dokuz yaşında, olgunlaşmamış, oyun çağında bir kız çocuğu ile evlenemeyeceği sonucuna ulaşmaktadır. Atıf: Sulaiman Kamal-deen OLAWALE, “A Textual Analysis of the Hadīths of Āishah’s Age at the Time of Her Marriage to the Prophet Muhammad (saw)”, Hadis Tetkikleri Dergisi, (HTD), XII/1, 2014, ss. 23-34.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902‑1969) by Jeanette Wakin ILSP
    ILSP Islamic Legal Studies Program Harvard Law School Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902-1969) by Jeanette Wakin Occasional Publications January © by the Presdent and Fellows of Harvard College All rghts reserved Prnted n the Unted States of Amerca ISBN --- The Islamic Legal Studies Program s dedcated to achevng excellence n the study of Islamc law through objectve and comparatve methods. It seeks to foster an atmosphere of open nqury whch em- braces many perspectves, both Muslm and non-Mus- lm, and to promote a deep apprecaton of Islamc law as one of the world’s major legal systems. The man focus of work at the Program s on Islamc law n the contemporary world. Ths focus accommodates the many nterests and dscplnes that contrbute to the study of Islamc law, ncludng the study of ts wrt- ngs and hstory. Frank Vogel Director Per Bearman Associate Director Islamc Legal Studes Program Pound Hall Massachusetts Ave. Cambrdge, MA , USA Tel: -- Fax: -- E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/ILSP Table of Contents Preface v Text, by Jeanette Wakin Bblography v Preface The followng artcle, by the late Jeanette Wakn of Columba Unversty, a frend of our Program and one of the leaders n the field of Islamc legal studes n the Unted States, memoralzes one of the most famous of Western Islamc legal scholars, her men- tor Joseph Schacht (d. ). Ths pece s nvaluable for many reasons, but foremost because t preserves and relably nterprets many facts about Schacht’s lfe and work. Equally, however—especally snce t s one of Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Queens of ^Baghdad Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu Two Queens of ^Baghdad oi.uchicago.edu Courtesy of Dr. Erich Schmidt TOMB OF ZUBAIDAH oi.uchicago.edu Two Queens of Baghdad MOTHER AND WIFE OF HARUN AL-RASH I D By NABIA ABBOTT ti Vita 0CCO' cniia latur THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu The University of Chicago Press • Chicago 37 Agent: Cambridge University Press • London Copyright 1946 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1946. Composed and printed by The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. oi.uchicago.edu Preface HE historical and legendary fame of Harun al- Rashld, the most renowned of the caliphs of Bagh­ dad and hero of many an Arabian Nights' tale, has ren­ dered him for centuries a potent attraction for his­ torians, biographers, and litterateurs. Early Moslem historians recognized a measure of political influence exerted on him by his mother Khaizuran and by his wife Zubaidah. His more recent biographers have tended either to exaggerate or to underestimate the role of these royal women, and all have treated them more or less summarily. It seemed, therefore, desirable to break fresh ground in an effort to uncover all the pertinent his­ torical materials on the two queens themselves, in order the better to understand and estimate the nature and the extent of their influence on Harun and on several others of the early cAbbasid caliphs. As the work progressed, first Khaizuran and then Zubaidah emerged from the privacy of the royal harem to the center of the stage of early cAbbasid history.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 X 10.Long New.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51517-7 - The Languages of Gift in the Early Middle Ages Edited by Wendy Davies and Paul Fouracre Index More information Index al-Abbas b. al-Hasan, vizier, 152 Arlanza, monastery, 222 Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya, 158 Artemios, saint, 36 Abd al-Rahman III, caliph, 157 Aruin, duke, 134 Abellar, monastery, 229 Athala, abbot, 97 Abu Bakr Muhammad, 154 Athanasios of Athos, saint, 178, 179, 182, AbuUthmanSa’d,154 186, 188 Adalard, 140 Athos, mount, 13, 33, 116, 192, 247, Adalbert II, marquis of Tuscany, 150, 151, 253 152, 250 Iviron monastery, 13, 180, 183, 185, adventus, 194, 262 189, 190, 191 Ælffled, 102 Lavra, 176, 178, 182, 183, 185, 186, Æthelwold Moll, king, 101, 102 187, 188, 191 al-Afdal, 158 Auden, W. H., 14 Agatho, pope, 96, 105, 240 Audiperto of Brioni, 197 Agde, council of, 30 Augustine of Hippo, 26, 27, 30, 67 agros, 185, 262 Augustus, emperor, 133 Aidan, saint, 110, 250 al-Awhadi, 153 Ai’isha, wife of Muhammad, 166 al-‘Aziz, caliph, 166 Airlie, Stuart, 146 al-Azmeh, 168 Albelda, monastery, 222 Alchfrith, 103 Bagaudano, 229 Alcuin, 125, 129, 139, 251 Balthild, queen, 249 Aldfrid, king, 105, 113 Basil I, emperor, 48, 50, 52, 57, 59 Aldfrith, abbot, 100, 104, 106 Basil II, emperor, 47, 188, 189, 190 Alexander, emperor, 50, 51, 56, 58 Bede, 10, 30, 89–115, 240 Alexander the Great, 133 Historia Abbatum, 89, 93, 96, 109 Alexios I, emperor, 48, 55 Historia Ecclesiastica, 92 Algazi, Gadi, 2, 3 Vita Cuthberti, 102 Alhfrid, sub-king, 101 bema, 46, 262 ‘Ali, caliph, 166 Benedict Biscop, 90–115 ‘Ali ibn Khalaf,
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten Queens F19 Syllabus
    HIS 381: The Forgotten Queens of Islam Fall 2019 Tuesdays and Thursdays, 11:00 AM – 12:15 PM Main Hall 402 Syllabus Professor: Dr. Elizabeth Urban Office: Wayne Hall 713 EMail: [email protected] Office Hours: TBA Phone: (610) 436-2541 Course Description: For the Past 1,400 years, woMen have had a Profound iMPact on institutions and ideologies in the Islamic world. They have Mastered branches of knowledge, Produced works of culture, amassed wealth, and eVen ruled as queens. In this course, students will read about ProMinent women's lives in historical texts froM the Islamic world, focusing on the Period froM 600–1700 CE. Students will learn to read these historical texts "against the grain" through the lens of feMinist history, which uses feMale PersPectiVes to reframe and reconfigure our understanding of the Past. By the end of the course, students will be equiPPed to analyze the Various forMs of Power that have historically been available (and unavailable) to woMen the Islamic Middle East, and to assess the Many ways woMen have navigated unequal Power structures in order to ParticiPate in their Polities. The course will also equiP students to articulate an informed, reasoned oPenness to differences related to issues such as: gender roles, family structures (including concubinage and polygyny), clothing/veiling, sex segregation (including the hareM institution), sexuality, and legal status (particularly, the Many complex Meanings of slaVery and freedom). This course challenges students to MoVe beyond siMPle, binary thinking when considering woMen froM the Islamic Middle East. Such woMen have neVer been either PassiVe, oPPressed VictiMs on the one hand, or fully liberated, agentiVe indiViduals on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabia Abbott, the First Woman Faculty Member of the Oriental In­ Stitute, Joined Its Staff in 1933 and Became Professor Emeritus in 1963
    oi.uchicago.edu Photo by Jean Grant Nabia Abbott, the first woman faculty member of the Oriental In­ stitute, joined its staff in 1933 and became Professor Emeritus in 1963. When I visited her this past spring in her apartment on the Midway, I expected her to recall such aspects of her career as the discrimination that I knew she had faced as a professional woman in those pre-liber- ation days; her pioneering work on the position of women in the Is­ lamic Middle East; her classic study of the rise of the North Arabic script; her massive, painstaking, and path-breaking investigations of Arabic literary papyri, which have akeady revolutionized the study of the culture of early Islam; or the many projects (including an exten­ sive study of the introduction of the use of paper into the Middle East) which she was forced to abandon because of failing health. In­ stead, I found her hard at work on a major review of a recent book in German on an important Arabic historical papyrus document. "There are very few young scholars willing to undertake the hard labor in­ volved in the study of Arabic papyri," she said, "and I want to write a critical review that will encourage this able young author to con­ tinue in this field and enhance it." Nabia Abbott traveled far to reach the Oriental Institute. Born in Mardin (in southwest Turkey) on January 31, 1897, she, as yet a child, traveled with her family in a covered wagon with a caravan of nomad horsemen down to Mosul, sailed down the Tigris to Baghdad, and later through the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea to Bombay (1907).
    [Show full text]
  • THE Had3th TH Vol1 A01.Qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page Ii
    TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page i THE hAD3TH TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page ii Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies Other titles in this series The Koran Edited with a new introduction by Colin Turner 4 volume set Islam and Globalization Edited with a new introduction by Shahram Akbarzadeh 4 volume set Political Islam Edited with a new introduction by Barry Rubin 3 volume set Shi“ism Edited with a new introduction by Paul Luft and Colin Turner 4 volume set Sufism Edited with a new introduction by Lloyd Ridgeon 4 volume set Islam: Primary Sources Edited by Lloyd Ridgeon 6 volume set World Islam Edited with a new introduction by Andrew Rippin 4 volume set Islam in Southeast Asia Edited by Joseph Liow and Nadirsyah Hosen 4 volume set Forthcoming titles: Islamic Law Edited by Gavin Picken 4 volume set Jihad and Martyrdom Edited by David Cook 4 volume set Islam in the West Edited by David Westerlund and Ingvar Svanberg 4 volume set Islamic Medical and Scientific Tradition Edited by Peter Pormann 4 volume set TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page iii THE hAD3TH Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies Edited by Mustafa Shah Volume I Codification, Authenticity TH_Vol1_A01.qxd 9/11/09 14:05 Page iv First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN, UK Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Editorial material and selection © 2010, Mustafa Shah; individual owners retain copyright in their own material Typeset in 10/12pt Times NR MT by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Group Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Medieval Islamic World
    LEGACY OF ARABIC MEDICINE Female Patients, Patrons and Practitioners In the medieval Islamic world – Written by Peter E. Pormann, UK Women constitute roughly half the FEMALE PATRONS increased the endowment of the hospital population. This is true now as it must Patronage played a powerful role in the founded by Badr al-Mu‘tadidi (d. 902), have been during the heyday of the Islamic provision of health services. In ‘Abbasid the commander-in-chief of the caliph al- medieval period. The sources from this times, caliphs, viziers and other high- Mu‘tadid (r. 892-902). time, however, whether medical writings, ranking officials sponsored the building histories or works of literature, were mostly of hospitals, the digging of wells and in The Mistress written by men, for men. Male doctors one case even the improvement of access The most powerful woman in ‘Abbasid sometimes even vilified women and put to medical services in prisons and remote times, however, was Shaghab, the mother them into the same category as charlatans, areas. It was not only men, however, who of the caliph al-Muqtadir (r. 908-32). Her the proverbial ‘medical others’. It is therefore financed these charitable activities. Women son became caliph at the tender age of not surprising that the woman’s voice only occasionally rose to some prominence in 13 and remained devoted to his mother reaches us faintly across the centuries. And the palaces of the powerful. For instance, throughout his life. She turned the harem yet, by combining a range of variegated Khayruzan (d. 789) and Zubayda (d.
    [Show full text]
  • Orientalists' Perspectives on Hadith
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 9 , No. 11, November, 2019, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2019 HRMARS Orientalists’ Perspectives on Hadith Idri Shaffat, Rohaizan Baru To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i11/6677 DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i11/6677 Received: 12 October 2019, Revised: 24 October 2019, Accepted: 12 November 2019 Published Online: 28 November 2019 In-Text Citation: (Shaffat, & Baru , 2019) To Cite this Article: Shaffat, I., & Baru, R. (2019). Orientalists’ Perspectives on Hadith. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(11), 1326–1339. Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 9, No. 11, 2019, Pg. 1326 - 1339 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1326 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 9 , No. 11, November, 2019, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2019 HRMARS Orientalists’ Perspectives on Hadith Idri Shaffat Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Rohaizan Baru Research Institute for Islamic Products and Malay Civilization, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia Email: [email protected] Abstract This article aims to explain the views of the Orientalists about the Prophet hadiths, especially in terms of their origins and authenticities.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus. sorne thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the capy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs. print bleedthrough, substandard margins. and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. ln the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages. these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversae materials (e.g.. maps. drawings. charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left.·hand comer and continuing from 18ft. to right in equal sections with small ovenaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6-' x 9" black and white photographie prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProOuest Information and leaming 300 North leeb Raad. Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-Q600 UMI~ • Maryam, Khadija and Fatima as Spiritual Female Models in a1-Taban's Presentation by Laure-Elina 1. Bénard IDstitute ofIslamic Studies McGill University Montreal Atbesis submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate
    [Show full text]
  • Servants at the Gate: Eunuchs at the Court of Al-Muqtadir
    JESHO_art 666Cheikh_234-252 5/23/05 4:50 PM Page 234 SERVANTS AT THE GATE: EUNUCHS AT THE COURT OF AL-MUQTADIR BY NADIA MARIA EL-CHEIKH* Abstract This paper investigates the eunuch’s institution in the court of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir and seeks, first, to delineate the variety of functions that the eunuchs held in the early fourth/tenth century Abbasid court both in the harem and in ceremonial; second, it investi- gates the careers of the eunuchs —®f¬ al-ºuram¬ and MufliΩ al-Kh®dim al-Aswad, exploring their sources of authority and their various networks which allowed them to exercise a high degree of political influence. Le but de ce travail est d’étudier l’institution “Eunuque” au coeur de la cour Abbaside du caliphe al-Muqtadir. En premier lieu nous soulignons les fonctions multiples que les eunuques performaient dans la cour abbaside (début 4/10ème siècle) tant au sein du harem pendant le ceremonial royal. En second lieu nous explorons plus en détail les carrières des eunuques —®f¬ al-ºuram¬ et MufliΩ al-Kh®dim al-Aswad, identifiant les sources de leur pou- voir et les réseaux differents qui leur permirent d’éxercer une veritable influence politique. Keywords: eunuchs, court, al-Muqtadir, harem, ceremonial INTRODUCTION In his recent comprehensive work on eunuchs in Islam, David Ayalon tried to show “how the eunuch institution functioned in fact.” He acknowledges that his study can “at best be considered as a skeleton with many bones missing, and others only partly restored.”1 This paper seeks to restore more bone to the skeleton by investigating eunuchs in the early fourth/tenth century, focusing on the nature of their presence and the extent of their power in the court of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-932).
    [Show full text]