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Home , Mary Beard (classicist), Moses Finley

REMEMBERING

The impact of

Robin Osborne explains how the most widely known 20th-century ancient historian made his mark

There is no denying the impact of Moses What emerged from the three days of discussion Finley (1912–1986). His books sold – and in Cambridge, and is now between hard covers as M.I. continue to sell – enough copies to sup- Finley: An Ancient Historian and his Impact, offers some- port a Junior Research Fellowship at thing of a cautionary tale. For Finley’s impact came not Darwin College, Cambridge, where he from the publication of any one seminal book, but pri- was master from 1976 to 1982. In the 1960s, marily from the force of his personality and the authority his voice was known to any listener to the which his own peculiar academic formation and the dra- Robin Osborne is Third Programme, his articles and reviews matic circumstances of his entry into the academic world Professor of Ancient familiar to any reader of the weeklies and in the United Kingdom gave him. Whether as lecturer in History at the University broadsheets. Numerous pupils remember the classroom, as supervisor in his office, as broadcaster of Cambridge. He was his as the teaching that made most im- in front of a microphone, it was with his commanding elected a Fellow of the pression, the intellectual inspiration that intelligence and the moral force of his pronounce- in 2006. set them on their way to academic careers. ments that Finley captivated and commanded attention. For the last 60 years it has been impos- That charismatic authority continues to make his work sible for an undergraduate to touch on compelling today. Greek history without being set to read something that A child prodigy who hit New York news headlines Finley wrote. His books and articles were not merely when he achieved his M.A. at at reprinted in his lifetime, but have been re-issued in a the age of 17, Finley was initially trained in law and then whole range of formats since his death. No living ancient subsequently through the 1930s, when he worked as a historian – and only Arnaldo Momigliano among the fact-checker for The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences dead – can match his place in the citation indices. and an editor and translator for the Institute for Social But what exactly was it about Finley and his work Research, in social science. Although as early as 1932 that secured this lasting impact? The centenary of Fin- he was declaring that ‘the study of ancient history has ley’s birth fell at a time when the UK academic estab- reached an impasse’ and (as Moses Finkelstein) he first lishment was having to think about impact as never published on Greek history in 1935, Finley (as he had before, because of the decision that the research as- then become) embarked on his PhD only in the late sessment exercise, ‘REF 2014’, would measure not just 1940s. Finley’s PhD concerned a quite obscure class of the academic quality of research publications and of Athenian inscriptions, stones that marked the mort- the research environments that university departments gaging of real estate, which raised a number of tricky offered, but also the reach and significance of the im- technical questions. They were ideally suited to Finley’s pact that their research had made. So while conferences training in law and social science, but unsurprisingly in the USA investigated Finley’s early career there, and when Studies in Land and Credit was published in 1952, a conference on the continent examined his work and it attracted only specialist attention. What captured its continental reception, it seemed apt to direct the UK much wider attention was Finley’s summons before the commemoration of his life, held in Cambridge where McCarran committee and decision to take the 5th he spent his last 30 years, to examining how he achieved Amendment rather than answer the question of whether his impact. he had ever been a member of the Communist Party. 24

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Moses Finley (1912–1986). He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971.

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Dismissed from his position at , pedantic, interesting, full of judgements that surprise, yet Finley found himself welcomed to Britain by figures not are obvious when one stops to think’. Although those known for their left-wing views. expert in the field were widely sceptical of both Finley’s Finley himself later avoided all discussion of his early methods and his detailed conclusions, such was the at- years (Finley contains a hilarious newly-discovered tran- tractiveness of the writing that the book became – and script of a radio interview with Finley in which his ways in many circles remains – a staple of reading lists given of avoiding the question of why he left the USA can be to students from the sixth-form upwards; for most of its admired), and never did answer the question of whether readers it was the first book about or about Greek he had been a member of the Communist party. But if he history that they read. The book also proved timely: al- did not himself trade on either his left-wing past or his though written before Michael Ventris’s decipherment refugee status, these certainly affected how others reacted of Linear B, that decipherment added a new element to to him; his impact on the continent, in particular, came our knowledge of the late Bronze Age world, and in Fin- in part from left-wing ancient historians recognising in ley’s view confirmed his judgement that that was not the Finley, almost alone among the English-speaking his- world of the Homeric poems. Finley became an obvious torians of Greece and , a fellow-traveller. Finley’s person to ask to express a view on such matters, and on 6 personal experience lent political force to his words, and March 1957 his voice was first heard on the airwaves in a his deep knowledge of social science produced feelings symposium with Sinclair Hood and Denys Page to mark of inadequacy in other ancient historians and classicists. the publication of Ventris and Chadwick’s Documents in A notable exception was Geoffrey de Ste. Croix, who did Mycenaean Greek. much practically to facilitate Finley’s settling in Britain Radio talks, frequently then published in the and who remained close to Finley for 20 years until their Listener, became the basis for a substantial part of Fin- friendship ended, in part over what de Ste. Croix saw ley’s publications over the next decade. Even his most as Finley’s desertion of Marx for Weber in The Ancient enduring contribution to the study of Athenian democ- Economy. It also gave him an entrée into the world of racy, a paper on ‘The Athenian Demagogues’ published social and economic historians more generally; among in Past and Present in 1962, began life as two radio talks the first generation of pupils strongly influenced by published in the Listener in the previous year. Indeed, Finley in Cambridge were a remarkably large number of with the exception of his undergraduates reading for the History Tripos (among Ancient Sicily over which their number John Dunn and ), who One is rarely left in he laboured for a decade, were attracted to seminars that Finley and A.H.M. Jones doubt that there are Finley’s book publications ran together. good and bad ways after The World of By the time Finley arrived in Cambridge he had all started life in oral form, of writing history and published not simply his doctoral dissertation, but the either as radio talks (e.g. book that, more than any other, made him widely known that Finley’s way is those in Aspects of Antiq- in the academic world – The World of Odysseus. Historical the right way. uity) or as lectures. This readings of the Homeric poems were not new, and as- facilitated a rather selec- sessment of the poems against the archaeological record tive engagement with ex- was expected. But Finley offered a historical reading of isting scholarship and a frequently polemical tone. One a different sort, finding in the poems a coherent world is rarely left in doubt that there are good and bad ways of values and expectations, a world in particular lubri- of writing history and that Finley’s way is the right way. cated by gift-giving. Finley recognised that this world Finley’s moral seriousness was something that distin- did not align with the world of the Mycenaean palaces in guished him from many other historians, and very often which it was popular to place the kings his polemic has a moral edge. This is particularly true of named in the poems, but nor did he Finley’s work on slavery, a topic which he first broached think that it belonged to the time of in the late 1950s, with a classic paper asking whether Homer himself. Instead he suggested Greek civilisation was based on slavery, which he taught that the world described in the Ho- as a final-year option in Cambridge, and which led to meric poems should be recognised as a a particularly scathing attack on Joseph Vogt and the Dark Age world, the memory of which ‘Mainz school’ of studies of slavery in his Ancient Slavery had been preserved in the formulas and Modern Ideology (1980). and set-scenes transmitted in the oral Finley’s views of the nature of the ancient economy epic tradition and from which Homer are in many ways already formed in Studies in Land and built the epics that we know. Credit and The World of Odysseus, but it was only when Reviews recognised in The World of he was asked to deliver the most prestigious of all se- Odysseus a quite fresh voice, in terms of ries of classical lectures, the Sather lectures at Berkeley, how Finley wrote as well as what he in 1972 that he drew together his views of the economy wrote. One schoolmaster described of the ancient world in general in The Ancient Economy. the book as ‘scholarly without being The Ancient Economy engaged scholarly controversy from 26

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© The British Academy But it was surely as important or more important that he thathe ormore important asimportant But itwassurely discreet notes, where othersread inaworld theirlectures. withoutnotes,pact tohislecturing oratleastwithrather Finley’s hisim- lectures attribute Those who largely recall questions thatwere butabout structures. notaboutevents oftexts,the explication beganfrom questions – Finley offer. beganfrom colleagues Where hisancienthistory the otherGreek of hisday andRoman didnot historians and Models. History: on entirely method–Ancient focused Evidence asked todeliver theJ.H. Gray lectures atCambridge, he were connected. was inhisretirement Finley When abouthow thedata claims were always claims historical from archaeology, would constitute never history, since piling upofdata, sources or from whetherculled literary demandedformulatingamodel,cient world andthatthe argumentinrelation tothean - anhistorical constructing more ever insistentthat became 1970s and1980sFinley mentation were thatthey expectedtomaster. Butinthe final-year comment coursesinCambridge on thedocu- from theancienttexts, inhis andthosewhoparticipated studentswere Alevel which encouragedtowork directly in as a mere narrative with a schools syllabus political in replace theteaching ofGreek andRoman history had figure beenacentral inthesuccessfulattemptto the ideas of Max particular Weber. In the 1960s Finley toorganisehisworkwilling around theseideasandin career,in hisearly much more inthe1970shebecame hehadof thesocialscientistswithwhich beenengaged brought intothediscussion explicitly theworkrarely had work thisisthatwhereas Finley for inhisearlier thenextgeneration. for Roman world Part ofthereason academic debateabouttheeconomy oftheGreek and ofthe dictatedtheterms Economy nevertheless Ancient examples.drew hisillustrative proach ancientsources ofthemoralising from he which slave’, theap- replicating ‘town effectively andcountry’, relationships,around ofpolarised aseries ‘master and )production, andconsumption distribution but tions of hisaccountstructure oftheeconomy notaround (rela- thanseekingtobuildonrather similarities; to hechose way, partial comparative datainavery stressing contrasts of archaeologicaldata, in Ancient Economy The textsor economy on thebasisoffigures given inliterary dismissive ofattemptstoquantifyaspectstheancient iseschewed. quantification deed all Finley was Not only mography, productivity, ofconsumption orlevels –in- growth. Hemade noattempttoaddress issuesofde- stagnation andnoeconomic technological experienced Greek ortheRoman world, andthattheancientworld that there economy wasnointegrated across eitherthe from economics modern wasinappropriate. Heinsisted economics ofconcepts andthattheapplication drawn maintained boththatthere wasnoancientscienceof work have otherscholars mostargued. withwhich Finley the moment ofitspublication, andhasbecome thesingle There is no doubt that Finley offered Finley something that There isno doubtthat Received from withsome scepticism, thestart The he used he used of thisarticle. freely onthework contributors ofthese inthewriting impact’, by .Robin Osbornehasdrawn continent’, by Wilfried Finley’s Nippel;‘Measuring by Jennifer Gates-Foster; ‘Finley’s impacton the by Alessandro Launaro; ‘Finley andarchaeology’, by ‘Finley ; andtheancienteconomy’, Momigliano’, by Peter Garnsey; ‘Finley’s democracy’, ‘Finley andotherscholars: thecaseofFinley and and theUniversity ofCambridge’, by Geoffrey Lloyd; Thompson; ‘Finley’s journalism’, by Beard; Mary ‘Finley by Dorothy ofancienthistory’, and theteaching J. ‘Finley by andSicily’, JonathanR.W. Prag; ‘Finley Osborne; ‘Finley’s slavery’, by Kostas Vlassopoulos; continued since. toexpandever expanded–andhas wasmassively and Roman historian oftheGreek the agendaarmoury andtheintellectual periods, world. andnotleastinthecontemporary Both those questions were answered othersocietiesand for questionsneededtopaysuch they attention totheway he convinced were themthatifthey toaskandanswer andaboutsocialvalues. ofancientsociety structure And narrative ofancienthistory,and military butaboutthe aboutthepolitical possible toaskquestions notsimply wide range of readers that it was and academic colleagues argument, anyeven particular thatheconvinced avery theUSA,left or andnotby book orarticle any particular given yet more force by thecircumstances he in which the point. personality, It was byof his charismatic virtue scrutiny, critical long survived beside butthatisrather citations ofhiswork. Few substantive ofFinley’s claims accounts less than 5 per cent splash of and the which for made hisinitial – abook Finley published30 years after made, History: itwould beAncient EvidenceandModels real impact Finley thatembodiesthevery is apublication ancienteconomic history.how towrite Inasfarthere derstanding eitheroftheGreek orof andRoman world within thefield, buthashad littlelong-termeffect onun- linked. be theimpact towhich can looksapublication which for read upon toguidetheirreading. which andprinciples they hisaudiencewithquestions toaskofthematerial left Finley’s impact conforms rather poorly to the model tothemodel poorly impactrather Finley’s conforms The Ancient Economyhasbeenmuch arguedover The impact on Homer’, byimpact onHomer’, Robin Credit’, by Paul Millett;‘Finley’s inLandand impact ofStudies Finley’, by DanielP. Tompkins; ‘The ‘ThemakingofMoses Includes: University Press inOctober2016. Scott, was publishedby Cambridge Jew, Robin OsborneandMichael and hisImpact,editedby Daniel M.I. Finley: AnAncientHistorian JANUARY 2017 BRITISH ACADEMY REVIEW

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