Re-Shaping Global Development: Will Europe Lead? an Argument and a Call to Action

Re-shaping global development: Will Europe lead? An Argument and a Call to Action

The Independent Vision Group on European Development Cooperation

May 2014

Re-shaping global development: Will Europe lead? An Argument and a Call to Action

The Independent Vision Group on European Development Cooperation

May 2014

Contact: Simon Maxwell, 20 West Drive, Brighton BN2 0GD email: [email protected] i Contents

Preface iii

Members of the Independent Vision Group iv

1. Introduction 1

2. Europe’s challenge 3

3. The changing face of international development 4

4. A new agenda: Europe’s role 5

(a) Inclusive globalisation 6

(b) Sustainability 8

5. Conclusion 12

ii Preface

This report expresses our shared vision of a Europe which is outward-looking and committed to global partnership We see a risk that and cooperation. We want to see European nations build on Europe’s own problems their leadership in tackling global poverty by creating new partnerships and cooperation with developing nations. The and political divisions report is a call to action for political leaders and, importantly, will turn us all inwards. for the citizens of Europe. Turning inwards can also

We are an informal group of different political persuasions damage our own futures. drawn from different countries. We have written the report together because we see a risk that Europe’s own problems and political divisions will turn us all inwards.

We think this would be damaging to others, to our proud tradition of solidarity and to our long-standing efforts to reduce poverty and suffering. Not for nothing is Europe the largest source of development and humanitarian assistance in the world.

Turning inwards can also damage our own futures. Many recent events have shown clearly that we who live in Europe can only prosper when the rest of the world is stable and growing in an inclusive and sustainable way. Global interdependence must be the watchword for international policy in the twenty first Century.

Our Call to Action develops this theme. We think there are new European opportunities to focus on shared challenges; to make a fresh start after 2015 and the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals. The report highlights three priorities for development:

• Inclusive global action to generate jobs and livelihoods • Sustainability programmes to counter environmental threats • Coordinated policy on security in a world of new challenges and different dangers

We are optimistic about the future. We think European citizens, European countries and the European Union can all play their part. As Europeans we have a unique range of resources available to us. A new shared vision for development can reinvigorate the shared ideals and aspirations for which our international cooperation was established.

Baroness Margaret Jay Chair

iii Members of the Independent Vision Group

Thijs Berman Member of the European Parliament since 2004, belonging Netherlands to the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. Head of the Dutch Delegation of the S-D Group. He was the Rapporteur in the European Parliament, leading work on the Regulation covering the Development Cooperation Instrument for the period 2014-20.

Bengt Braun Vice-chair, Bonnier AB. Former President & CEO of Sweden Bonnier AB and former Chair and now Senior Ambassador of World Association of Newspapers.

Baroness Margaret Jay Former UK Cabinet Minister. Former Chair of the UK Overseas Development Institute. Founder Director of the National Aids Trust.

Filip Kaczmarek Member of the European Parliament since 2004, belonging Poland to the European People’s Party. Since 2009 he has been an EPP coordinator in the Development Committee and ACP- EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. He was an EP rapporteur on the post-2015 development framework and represented the EP as a Head of the Delegation to UNGA’s Special Event to follow up efforts made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Louka Katseli Professor of International Economics and Development at Greece the Department of Economics of the National Kapodistrian University of Athens (1987-present). She has served as Greece’s Minister of Labor and Social Security (2010–2011), Minister of Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping (2009–2010) and a member of the Hellenic Parliament (2007-2012). She has served as Director of the OECD Development Centre (2003-2007), member and vice- president of the UN Committee for Development Policy (1996–1999) and Director of the Centre for Planning and Economic Research (1983-1986). She has been elected President of a new party in Greece, “The Social Pact”.

iv Simon Maxwell Former Director, Overseas Development Institute (1997- UK 2009). Worked overseas for ten years, in Kenya, India and Bolivia, and for fifteen years at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Member, World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Poverty and Sustainable Development. Former President of the Development Studies Association of the UK and Ireland.

Dirk Messner Director, German Development Institute, Co-Director of Germany the Centre for Advanced Studies on Global Cooperation Research at the University Duisburg-Essen, Co-Chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU).

Ana Palacio Former Member of the European Parliament (1994-2002). Spain She was Minister of Foreign Affairs (2002-2004) and Senior Vice-President and General Counsel of the World Bank (2006 – 2008).

Laurence Tubiana Director, Institut du Développement Durable et des France Relations Internationales, Paris, and Professor at the School of International Affairs of Sciences Po, Paris. She chairs the Board of the Agence Francaise de Développement.

Kevin Watkins Executive Director, Overseas Development Institute, UK London. He was Head of Research at Oxfam UK and from 2004-2008 Director of the United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report.

Special thanks to:

Mikaela Gavas Research Fellow, Overseas Development Institute, Cyprus London, UK

Note: All members of the Independent Vision Group contribute in their personal capacities. v 1. Introduction

In this paper we make an argument so can countries in the EU. Growth in about the global role of the European developing countries creates markets. Union (EU), especially in its relations Inclusive development promotes human with the developing world. These are security. The strengthening of institutions a source of strength for Europe and a in developing countries increases the major determinant of our own future probability that the environment will welfare and resilience. The EU needs be well-managed. A more cohesive and a new beginning which recognises the cooperative international community reality of mutual inter-dependence and decreases the contagion of conflict, the benefits of more effective and global the spread of disease or the disruption collective action. caused by financial crises. Migration from developing countries, suitably managed, brings to Europe the benefit of skills, The EU needs a new innovation and entrepreneurship.

beginning which This suggests a new approach to recognises the reality of international development. The moment is right, as a new global framework is mutual inter-dependence being designed for the period after and the benefits of more 2015, a successor framework to the effective and global Millennium Development Goals. collective action. Poverty reduction in the poorest countries remains the core priority. However, there are fewer such Europe is making only a slow and countries and they are more likely to tentative recovery from the financial crisis, be characterised by conflict or state and is fearful of external risks - economic, fragility. There are only 36 countries environmental and political. This is on the World Bank’s list of low income reflected in worries about migration, countries, and the number is falling conflict and trade, all of which distort steadily. At the same time, new priorities domestic policies in several countries. have emerged, like rising inequality, There is also concern that Europe will financial instability and climate change, carry a large share of the responsibility for which are cross-country in nature curbing carbon emissions. and affect rich and middle income as well as poor countries. The focus of However, a more positive attitude is development cooperation is beginning justified. Just as developing countries can to shift - from targeted poverty achieve sustainable development when programmes to addressing the global the external environment is favourable, problems which affect us all.

1 We see three of these global problems necessarily the only opportunity – to confronting the world in the coming amplify influence and use it more decades. effectively. But benign outcomes are not pre-determined. The EU can make First, the challenge of building a world positive contributions. It has taken economy which creates livelihoods for initiatives across a range of policy areas, all – an inclusive globalisation which from trade to foreign policy, and its aid allows people everywhere to fulfil programmes score well in international their aspirations. comparisons. However, it will need to re-think and re-organise to make sure it Second, the challenge of sustainability, is relevant for the future. dealing with climate change, but also protecting water supplies, air quality, oceans, forests and biodiversity. For countries in Europe, joint action

Third, the challenge of security, in within the context of the European the broadest sense: whether tackling Union provides an opportunity – violence in all its forms, building defences against natural disasters, or not necessarily the only opportunity protecting populations from financial, – to amplify influence and use it food or fuel shocks that undermine welfare and reverse progress. more effectively.

These are priorities shared with emerging economies, which have The time is right to re-think. In become the motor of global growth, 2014, European citizens will elect a as well as significant players in global new European Parliament, and the institutions. The growing importance of Parliament in turn will approve a new the G20 illustrates the change in global leadership team, including the President dynamics. The role of India, China and of the European Commission and the other large developing countries has High Representative for Foreign Affairs been pivotal in the UN climate talks. and Security Policy. In 2015, the world At the same time, countries like China, will be asked to agree global goals to India, Brazil, Turkey, and those in the succeed the Millennium Development Gulf have become important aid donors. Goals, and will face a make-or-break moment for the climate at the UN talks New partnerships must be central. in Paris. For countries in Europe, joint action within the context of the European Union provides an opportunity – not

2 2. Europe’s challenge

Six years into an unprecedented European members of the Eurozone, financial and economic crisis, Europe to perceptions that citizens are paying is at a critical juncture. The unity a high bill to bail out their profligate and solidarity of the EU has been European Southern co-members, while weakened by recent crises. While trust they themselves have to cope with in national governments has fallen by 11 difficult economic conditions. percentage points since the beginning of the crisis in the autumn of 2008, the To address these challenges effectively, drop has been even more pronounced Europe needs to develop a coherent for European Union institutions. Only European strategy for stabilization and 31% of respondents say that they trust growth that is consistent with European European institutions today, as opposed citizens’ aspirations as to what makes the to 47% in 20081. European project worthwhile. Europe needs to regain the moral force of its At the same time, xenophobia and democratic and social paradigm. It Euroscepticism are on the rise needs to develop a new shared vision of throughout Europe. They are fed by what constitutes ‘the European Social a growing perception among people Model’ , based on the core principles - 66% of respondents in the latest on which the European project was Euro-barometer opinion polls - that built: those of human and social rights, ‘the citizen’s voice does not count’2. the importance of a social compact, In Southern Europe, such attitudes equality of opportunity, and the are linked to worsening economic supremacy of democratic principles. conditions, social polarization and And it needs to express the vision political instability; in Northern abroad as well as at home.

Europe needs to regain the moral force of its democratic and social paradigm, based on the core principles on which the European project was built: those of human and social rights, the importance of a social compact, equality of opportunity, and the supremacy of democratic principles.

1 Pew Research, May 2013 (http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/05/13/the-new-sick-man-of-europe-the-european-union/). 2 Eurobarometer, December 2013 (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm) 3 3. The changing face of international development

For a generation, international Meanwhile, a new class of requirements development has focused on the has appeared in development, the need reduction of poverty in the poorest to tackle the under-provision of global countries. This still needs to be the case. public goods (GPGs). These include Today, more than a billion people still climate change, financial stability, the live in absolute poverty, on less than $US global trading system, and peace and 1.25 per day. Of all child deaths in the security4. developing world, 45% can be attributed to malnutrition. And 300,000 women a year still die in childbirth. Today, more than a billion people still live in absolute poverty, on less than Tackling these problems must remain central in new sustainable development $US 1.25 per day. Of all child deaths goals for the period after 2015: tackling in the developing world, 45% can be inequality, ‘leaving no-one behind’ and ‘Getting to Zero’ in terms of poverty. attributed to malnutrition. And 300,000 women a year still die in childbirth. At the same time, the traditional ‘case-load’ is beginning to decline. On World Bank data, the number of All these topics warrant global, regional extremely poor people has fallen by and national collective action. Financing 721m since 19803. of these different needs will come from diverse sources and in diverse forms. Domestic finance will be the main source A new class of in all countries, especially if reform of tax collection enables revenues to requirements has appeared be increased. The remaining gap will in development: climate be filled by traditional and innovative financial instruments, including change, financial stability, remittances, foreign direct investment, the global trading system, bond issues and aid from new as well as and peace and security. old sources.

3 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPREMNET/Resources/EP125.pdf 4 International Task Force on Global Public Goods, 2006, ‘Meeting Global Challenges: International Cooperation in the National Interest’, Summary Report of the International Task Force on Global Public Goods (http://www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/40-summary-report-of-the- international-task-force-on-global-public-goods ) 4 4. A new agenda: Europe’s role

A new development agenda, with a From a development perspective, the greater focus on global public goods causes of weakening multilateralism alongside poverty reduction and a include the rise of emerging powers larger and more diversified set of actors as well as a lack of trust, caused inter implies a greater need for cooperative alia by the invasion of Iraq, failure action and multilateral solutions. to provide emerging markets with a stronger voice at the IMF-WB, failure of trade rounds to deliver tangible No other agent in the development gains, non-delivery of climate finance, and delayed action on multilateral sphere has tax evasion. the range of resources Europe can help to overcome these available to the EU. This problems and brings many assets: gives it a unique role. shared values and approaches, long- standing partnerships with developing countries and regions, and significant No other agent in the multilateral sphere resources for development. In addition, has the range of resources available to the structures established by the Lisbon the EU. The World Bank and the other Treaty offer possibilities, especially multilateral development banks have the creation of the post of High the financial resources, but not the voice Representative for Foreign Affairs and on trade, nor the authority to speak on Security Policy, leading the European human rights, nor the role in foreign and External Action Service (EEAS). security policy. The UN has the normative and political role, but not the capacity to In working internationally, it is important disburse on the same scale or with the to remember that the European Union variety of instruments available to the EU. has varied competence, as per the This gives the EU a unique role. figure below. Thus, it has exclusive competence in the area of trade, but not Multilateralism, however, is far from an in development policy or foreign and easy project, in the EU as elsewhere. security policy. Even in areas where the Seasoned observers have recently EU has no exclusive competence, the remarked that ‘global politics is grid- EU can and should assume a leadership locked’5 and that ‘the enduring viscosity role in forging alliances and promoting of international decision-making puts coherent and well- coordinated policy into question the efficiency of the priorities. international system’6.

5 Goldin, Ian, 2013, Divided Nations: Why Global Governance is Failing, and What We Can Do About it’, Oxford University Press 6 Pascal Lamy, cited by Goldin (ibid) 5 Figure 1: EU competence in different policy fields

Development Trade Foreign Policy/ Environment / Cooperation Security Climate Change Competence Shared (EU Exclusive for National Shared policy alongside goods and most but with Member States’ services Commission policies) responsibilities

In the following paragraphs, we examine the priority areas for action. We do not set out to provide a comprehensive analysis. Common themes, however, are that Europe must act internally as well as externally, acting in a coherent way across instruments, and involving both the EU and the Member States.

(a) An inclusive globalisation markets, to maintain an open and fair trade regime, to regulate tax heavens, to The first challenge is how to sustain an enforce transparency in banking practices, inclusive globalisation. This will require: to apply internationally agreed rules of conduct for multinational enterprises, and • Growth in developed and developing avoid transfer pricing. countries, • Led by a responsible private sector, The health of the private sector will committed to high standards of social be a crucial ingredient, internally and and environmental responsibility, externally. It will provide jobs and tax • Combined with sustainable revenues. However, in the words of a investments in social services and recent UNIDO report, ‘jobs do not fall social protection to reduce poverty, like manna from heaven’7. There will • Underpinned by a favourable global need to be attention to the promotion economic environment, of investment and innovation, the • With resilience built in, availability of finance and training, and, • And with the capacity to manage importantly, the rule of law and the fight financial or natural resource shocks. against corruption.

To achieve these objectives, macroeconomic adjustment across surplus The health of the private sector will be and deficit countries needs to become more symmetrical. In the presence of a crucial ingredient, internally and open financial markets, coordination and externally. It will provide jobs, foreign timely action is needed to manage debt problems effectively and avoid speculative exchange and tax revenues. attacks on currencies and bond or stock

7 UNIDO, 2013 Industrial Development Report 2013, ‘Sustaining Employment Growth: The Role of Manufacturing and Structural Change’, Vienna 6 It will be necessary for all EU Member equal opportunities, and inclusive and States to take action to enhance growth sustainable growth. and reduce unemployment, most notably among the young. Better financial When it comes to trade, the EU both market regulation will be required. More contributes to and benefits from trade- resource transfers will be needed from based growth in developing countries. richer to poorer members, especially Low Income Countries alone constitute within the Eurozone. Social provision will a market worth €20bn a year to the EU. need to be reviewed in order to maintain When they grow, the EU also benefits: a social protection floor. in fact, aid to developing countries more than pays for itself in this way. To maximise the mutual benefit, the In aid, added value is to EU will need to maintain its position as an open market for developing be found in the potential countries, including duty-free and political weight of the quota-free access for Least Developed Countries under the Everything But 28 Member States as Arms provision. Equitable arrangements a Union. will need to be made as Fair Trade Agreements and Economic Partnership Agreements are further developed – We single out three issues for special and it will be important to ensure that attention: aid, trade and migration. the interests of developing countries are not side-lined as the EU progresses In international aid, the priority will major regional agreements, such as be better and more focused aid. A the proposed Transatlantic Trade and surprisingly smooth consensus between Investment Partnership (TTIP). Such Council and European Parliament will agreements can have the effect of raising allow the EU in the future to benefit global standards across the board. more from its added value. Apart from the expected efficiency gains through Businesses will be the agents of growing coordination, this added value is to be trade: the EU must take steps to found in the potential political weight of encourage high standards of corporate the 28 Member States as a Union. Rather responsibility, promoting fair trade than providing grants to construct roads practices and transparency with regard and other infrastructure to which the to taxation. Member States and other donors can devote their efforts, the EU will focus As to migration, its benefits to developing on more ‘political’ fields of cooperation, countries are widely recognised: in 2012, with the ambition to contribute to to cite just one statistic, remittances allowing every citizen to participate fully: to developing countries amounted to human rights, democracy, Rule of Law, $US 401 bn8. There are also benefits

8 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/04/19/world-bank-launches-initiative-on-migration-releases- new-projections-on-remittance-flows 7 to recipient countries, in terms of (b) Sustainability skills, innovation and often investment. Diaspora communities play an important Sustainability is an essential building part in creating networks between block of future policy – and will be sending and receiving countries. central to the post-2015 framework. However, there are sometimes felt to be negative effects, for example on the Climate change is especially important. wages of unskilled labour. The EU needs At the Copenhagen climate talks in to adopt a global approach so as to 2009, the world agreed to limit global manage more effectively a global mobility warming to 2˚C. But recent reports system which is becoming increasingly show that carbon emissions are still more complex as European population increasing. The Inter-Governmental is ageing, skill requirements change with Panel on Climate Change has issued productive relocations, and technological urgent warnings about the speed innovation and illegal flows continue to and impact of global warming9. Crop rise. Mobility partnerships need to be yields will fall and growth rates will concluded, visas and permits need to be affected. Extreme weather linked become more flexible to allow for short to climate change will cause more term mobility, and integration policies disasters. Up to 325 million extremely need constantly to be reviewed. poor people will be living in the 49 most hazard-prone countries in 2030, the majority in South Asia and sub- The EU needs to adopt a Saharan Africa10.

global approach so as to More generally, the Stockholm manage more effectively Resilience Institute has identified nine planetary boundaries that the a global mobility system world is in danger of transgressing11. which is becoming Biodiversity loss and the nitrogen cycle are most at risk, though others are not increasingly more complex. far behind. If planetary boundaries are transgressed, then all will be affected. Climate change, for example, will Tackling these issues, not an exhaustive affect rich countries as much as list, would transform the European Union poor ones. For that reason, green into the pro-active actor we want it to be: transformation in Europe itself is a strong defender of a sustainable future, essential, and a major contribution to with equal chances in a world order based the multilateral bargain that will be on universal rights of people, respectful of needed to preserve the planet. nature and the environment.

9 http://www.ipcc.ch/ 10 See http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7491-geography-poverty-disasters-climate-change-2030 11 See the work of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, at http://www.stockholmresilience.org/21/ research/research-programmes/planetary-boundaries.html 8 appropriate finance, regulation and Green transformation in knowledge sharing); • Increasing efficiency (e.g. technology Europe itself is essential, transfer, national innovation systems); and a major contribution and to the multilateral bargain • Increasing resilience against shocks and benefits for the poorest (e.g. that will be needed to benefit-sharing, social protection, preserve the planet. Corporate Social Responsibility, inclusive land policy)

With regard to water and energy, the There is no scorecard on how Europe EU should take the initiative for a fair has performed against these criteria. distribution (and recycling) of resources, However, and to take one example, the and should not allow the world to EU has been at the forefront of global succumb to an ever more dangerous commitments on climate. Independent competition between the strongest, of evaluation has shown that the EU has which the weakest will inevitably be been progressive at climate change the main victims, leaving an exhausted talks13. On the other hand, reform of conflict-ridden world to future the biofuel mandate, which may harm generations. Increasing resilience, the developing countries, has not yet capacity of countries and regions to happened14. It is also notable that climate react to opportunities and challenges, finance has not been formally renewed is also essential, in order to avoid some since the end of the fast start period. of the consequences of disasters and to increase future possibilities for younger generations seeking livelihoods. (c) Security

The European Report on Development The need to stand for democracy and of 2012 looked specifically at the respect of human rights for the sake sustainability12. It concluded that action of long term stability and of the intrinsic was required on four pillars: value of these objectives themselves, is now widely accepted after the Arab • Influencing demand patterns to reflect Spring. And yet, it has still not been scarcity (e.g. sustainable consumption sufficiently incorporated in EU foreign and production by cutting waste and policies. It would need a strong coalition changing lifestyles); with other major actors on the world • Improving the quantity and quality of stage, in particular with the US and supply (e.g. partnerships on renewable emerging economies such as Brazil, to energy, soils, water storage through alter this step by step.

12 European Report on Development 2012: ‘Confronting Scarcity: Managing Water, Energy and Land for inclusive and sustainable growth’ http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/development-policies/research-development/erd-2011- 2012_en.htm 13 Van Schaik, L, 2012, ‘The EU and the progressive alliance negotiating in Durban: saving the climate?’, ODI and CDKN ( http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7845.pdf) 14 http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/2013/october/biofuel-reform-delayed-indefinitely/78485.aspx 9 Respect for human rights leads to long Security issues do loom large in term stability. Inversely, the denial European policy-making – as recent of universal rights by small power crises in Syria, the Sahel, South Sudan, circles eventually leads to the collapse the Central African Republic, and of governments and economies. Ukraine, all demonstrate. National Strengthening democracy and its interests are often dominant, but the institutions starting at a grassroots Treaty on European Union gives the EU level is even more urgent in a rapidly competence to define and implement urbanising world, where people can a common foreign and security policy, no longer rely on the variety of more including the progressive framing of a traditional forms of participatory common defence policy. There have, decision-making schemes still in use for example, been more than 30 civilian in many rural areas. Likewise, in crisis management missions in rule Europe we have to address the needs of of law, security sector reform, border vulnerable minorities better - take the assistance or post-conflict monitoring –in Roma population as an example. locations ranging from Kosovo to Aceh in Indonesia.

Respect for human More generally, the recent annual publication from the European rights leads to long term Council on Foreign Relations15 looks stability. Inversely, the at European performance with respect to pivotal regional actors such as Iran, denial of universal rights Russia and Turkey and at the projection eventually leads to the of external powers in the regions surrounding Europe. It is not (yet) very collapse of governments encouraging (Figure 2). and economies. As power balances shift and the demand for change meets new obstacles in the The political dimensions of development extended neighbourhood, the EU are especially evident in fragile states. and its member states should jointly At present, too much depends on the advance reform and prosperity where resolve of the rare member states willing possible, and counter threats where to engage themselves in peace operations necessary, in partnership with others. with uncertain time frames and In a more fragmented and competitive outcomes. A more coordinated approach neighbourhood, they will need to is needed. Looking ahead, however, the reconcile strategic vision and policy EU will need to recognise that there will flexibility in 2014 and beyond. be no simple black-and-white dichotomy separating fragile from non-fragile states. A recurrent theme is not just working It will need to explore a diverse range better within the EU Institutions, of aid instruments tailored to delivering but also as between the EU and the support on a flexible basis. Member States.

15 http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard/2014 10 Figure 2: Score Card of EU Foreign Policy

CHINA RUSSIA UNITED STATES B- Performance in relations C+ Performance in relations B- 2013 was a year of with China improved after a with Russia worsened as breakthroughs in the successful EU-China summit Europeans struggled to transatlantic relationship, and promising co-operation respond to increasing with the launch of TTIP on Syria, Mali and the pressure on Eastern negotiations and co- Iranian nuclear problem. But the solar panel case Neighbourhood states. operation on an Iran showed member states were European resolve nuclear deal. But a failure willing to undermine the on energy issues did to work together on European Commission on not lead to successful the Syria crisis and the economic issues. diversification of energy. fallout of the Snowden revelations cancelled out the positive developments in overall performance. MIDDLE EAST MULTILATERAL WIDER EUROPE & NORTH AFRICA ISSUES B- Performance improved this B- Except for involvement B- Fast-moving crises and year as Croatia joined the of the E3+3 in successful complex multilateral EU and High Representative nuclear negotiations negotiations tested Ashton facilitated a historic with Iran, European Europeans in 2013. agreement between Kosovo performance in the France intervened in and Serbia. Relations with Turkey were also mildly southern Mediterranean Mali and CAR but only encouraging, but setbacks in was disappointing got limited support from negotiations with Ukraine again. The irrelevance other member states. and Armenia showed that of the ENP to major Diplomatic efforts on Syria Europe needs to find a developments in the and climate issues were way to respond to Russian region became clear, disappointing and there pressure. especially in Syria and were new challenges in Egypt. crisis management.

Source: ECFR16

16 http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard/2014 11 5. Conclusion

As Europe begins to recover from the • First, the challenge of building a world global financial crisis, slowly, unevenly economy which creates livelihoods for and often inequitably, we see clearly that all – an inclusive globalisation which our well-being is more and more shaped allows people everywhere to fulfil their by changes in the rest of the world. aspirations, providing opportunities This could make us fearful and inward- for poor countries to eliminate looking – or determined to look outwards, absolute poverty in all its dimensions, building new partnerships and new and fulfil the right to education, jobs, global ways of working. Is that a choice? health and livelihood, for all women, We think not. Europe’s history and men and children. culture lead it to be global in its outlook, motivated by altruism as well as by self- • Second, the challenge of sustainability, interest. As Europeans, we are inevitably dealing with climate change, but also members of a global community. protecting water supplies, air quality, oceans, forests and biodiversity, in Europe also brings many strengths a planet increasingly threatening to to the work of building the future. overstep the planetary boundaries. Our economic success over many generations. Our commitment to • Third, the challenge of security, democracy, human rights, the right to whether tackling violence in all its free expression, and the rule of law. forms, building defences against Our social safety nets and commitment natural disasters, or protecting to social inclusion. Our tolerance everyone from financial, food or fuel and diversity. Europe is a leader in shocks that undermine welfare and international development and in global reverse progress – for households as institutions. We need to regain the well as for nations. moral force of our democratic and social paradigm. The time is right for the EU to face up to these challenges. In 2014, the Facing outwards to the world, we European Union will elect a new see three big challenges which will parliament and appoint a new set determine all our futures, and which of leaders. Together, they have a European values and resources can help responsibility and an opportunity to to solve: renew Europe’s commitment to global citizenship and partnership.

In 2014, the European Union will elect a new parliament and appoint a new set of leaders. Together, they have a responsibility and an opportunity to renew Europe’s commitment to global citizenship and partnership.