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Research at Boston University 2001 Research at Boston University 2001 ON THE COVER The Boston University Photonics Center,with its Research 80-foot “photonics mast,”an extended source of at Boston University Gene Hunting Examining Society uniform linear light.The center accelerates the 2 26 transition from research to the development and The successful mapping and sequencing of the human Boston University social scientists examine the many faces commercialization of new products and compa- of society to discover the socioeconomic impact of factors nies based on the technology of light.With a genome has yielded bountiful information. Researchers at strong focus on creating new telecommunica- Boston University are taking a multitude of promising ranging from globalization to urbanization. tions and biomedical technologies,the center approaches to use this new knowledge to prevent and cure develops future industry leaders by engaging disease. Bridging Academia and Industry 2001 students in a challenging and relevant learning 30 environment and involving them directly in the Boston University turns the results of its research to the dynamic process of high-tech innovation that Contributing to Our Health drives today’s world economy. 6 benefit of society, forging strong links with industry to Research in the Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and facilitate the transition of ideas to real-world applications. Dental Medicine contributes to some of the most impor- tant health discoveries of our time. New Directions Research at Boston University is published annually PHOTOGRAPHY 34 by the Office of the Provost.The publication draws Principal photography: Researchers at Boston University are leading a host of new from the enormous range of current research at Boston University Photo Services The Body’s Dynamics Boston University,comprising diverse projects Additional images: 10 multi-institutional, multidisciplinary endeavors encom- supported by more than $200 million in funding DNA model,courtesy of Thomas Tullius (page 2) Using innovative approaches, Boston University scientists passing business, industry, and community to address some in FY 2000.Opinions expressed do not reflect the Photo of Charles DeLisi and President Bill Clinton, are coming to radical new understandings about how we of the major issues of our technologically advanced era. official views of the University.Use of trade names courtesy of the White House Press Office (page 3) think, move, and perceive. implies no endorsement by Boston University.For Laura MacLatchy and Uganda team,courtesy of permission to reprint text from Research at Boston John Kingston,Anthropology Department,Emory 38 Students Investigating University, contact the Office of the Associate University (page 12) Creating New Technologies Provost for Research and Graduate Education at Antarctica photos,courtesy of David Marchant 14 Boston University students—both graduate and under- 617/353-6851, [email protected], or 143 Bay and Mark Dubois;Satellite image of vegetation From quantum optics to DNA computing, researchers are graduate—significantly contribute to important discoveries State Road,Boston,Massachusetts 02215. coverage,courtesy of Ranga Myneni;Wildflowers, creating the tools, techniques, and products that are shap- in an array of disciplines. by Richard Primack;Tiputini photos,courtesy of For more information about research at Boston Thomas H.Kunz and Carlos Klein (pages 18–21) ing our future. University,please see www.bu.edu/research. Milky Way Galaxy,by Jason Cook;Super-K image, 44 Research by the Numbers courtesy of ICRR (Insitute for Cosmic Ray Exploring the Planet UNIVERSITY PROVOST Research),University of Tokyo;Aurora,by Frank 18 Dennis D.Berkey Sienkiewicz;Aurora,by Matrix;Galaxy cluster,Abell Boston University biologists, earth scientists, and ecologists 2218,courtesy of NASA and the Hubble Heritage investigate around the globe to increase understanding of ASSOCIATE PROVOST FOR RESEARCH Team (STScl/AURA) (pages 22–25) AND GRADUATE EDUCATION Photo of Glenn Loury,by Len Rubinstein (page 29) our environment. Carol Simpson BioSquare,courtesy of Educational Media Center/BUSM (page 31) Understanding the Universe EDITOR Entangled photon,courtesy Bahaa Saleh;Linea 22 Jean Hennelly Keith Australis,by Deborah Cornell (pages 35–36) SPECTRE launch photos courtesy of NASA,Wallops Physicists and astronomers are making enormous strides in SENIOR WRITER Flight Facility (page 41) unlocking the very nature of our universe and how it Joan Schwartz affects life on Earth. Boston University’s policies provide for equal CONTRIBUTING WRITERS opportunity and affirmative action in employ- Ryan Asmussen,Georgiana Cohen,David Craig, ment and admission to all programs of the Lesleigh Cushing,Brian Fitzgerald,Hope Green, University. Eric McHenry Produced by the Office of Publications Production COPY EDITOR and the Publications Group of the Office of Cynthia K.Buccini Development and Alumni Relations. PV H01 648771 1 Gene Hunting The successful mapping and sequencing of the human genome has put unprecedented quantities of biological information in the hands of scientists. The enormous task of learning how best to use this informa- tion to prevent and cure disease has really just begun. Researchers at Boston University are employing a variety of promising approaches to unravel the mystery of genetics for the benefit of humanity. Bioinformatics—where biology and computation meet Bioinformatics involves the application of advanced mathematical and computational methods to questions of biology and genetics, focusing on the molecular biology and physics of the cell. With an innovative program in bioinformatics and the recent acquisition of an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer, Boston University is exceptionally well prepared to analyze, understand, and apply that information. Drawing principally upon the faculty and resources of three departments and four interdepartmental centers, the new Bioinformatics Graduate Program is thoroughly interdisciplinary. Charles DeLisi, Arthur G. B. Metcalf Professor of Science and Engineering and one of the founders of the national Human Genome Project, codirects the program with Geoffrey Cooper, chairman of biology, and Thomas Tullius, chairman of chemistry. The program was estab- lished with a five-year, $2.5 million grant from the National ➤ Science Foundation. Chemistry professor Thomas Tullius The bioinformatics program has full access to a wealth checks experimental results with doctoral of computational resources worldwide through the University’s student Betty Blanco.Tullius explores partnership in the National Computational Science Alliance and ways to make images of DNA structure, its direct connection to the Alliance’s Access Grid. To learn such as using ionizing radiation to pro- more, see www.bu.edu/bioinformatics. ➤ In January 2001 Dean Emeritus Charles DeLisi received the duce a hydroxyl radical within a living cell Presidential Citizens Medal from President Bill Clinton for his and yield a high-resolution image of a visionary work in outlining the feasibility, goals, and parame- protein bound to a site on the cell’s DNA. ters of the Human Genome Project, and for his help in galva- nizing an international team of researchers to pool resources, ➤ create new technologies, and launch the monumental task of The colored areas on this model of DNA gene mapping and sequencing. surfaces represent hydrogen atoms detected using hydroxyl radical chemistry. 2 Research at Boston University 2001 3 Gene Hunting Closing in on Crohn’s disease Mapping the genetics of Alzheimer’s Recently, Salomon Amar, of the Goldman School of Dental Alzheimer’s disease is as complex as it is devastating. Lindsay Medicine, discovered a gene that may be involved in the onset Farrer, chief of the genetics program and professor of medicine, of a variety of inflammatory diseases, including periodontal dis- neurology, and public health, is making significant contributions ease, septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, diabetes, and to understanding the genetic underpinnings of the disease Crohn’s disease. alongside other variables such as gender, age, ethnicity, and a The gene, LITAF, controls production of Tumor range of exposure and lifestyle factors. He is principal investiga- Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF), a protein the human body pro- tor of the MIRAGE Project, a multicenter study of Alzheimer’s duces when it needs to clear itself of viral infections and abnor- disease funded by the National Institute on Aging that examines mal cell growth, including some cancers. When TNF is some 2,000 Alzheimer’s patients. overproduced, however, the results can be harmful and even Farrer and his collaborators identified and mapped the deadly, as the body literally attacks itself. presenilin-1 gene, which may be responsible for up to 70 per- Experts believe that the identification of the trigger cent of early-onset, classically inherited Alzheimer’s. They have gene LITAF is an important step in understanding why TNF recently localized another gene, implicated in late-onset behaves differently in different people. Amar’s work may lead to Alzheimer’s. For further information, see biochem1.bumc.bu. new treatments for pernicious diseases caused when TNF doesn’t edu/polgarlab/farrer.htm. know when to stop pumping out its genetic code. For more information, see www.bu.edu/features/special/sciencecoalition/ gene.html. Bioinformatics faculty member Zhiping Weng develops new computational tools to discover the complex mechanisms