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Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kuzia, Michał; Przybyłowski, Adam Article Challenges for urban sustainable mobility: Gdynia Maritime University case study Economic and Environmental Studies (E&ES) Provided in Cooperation with: Opole University Suggested Citation: Kuzia, Michał; Przybyłowski, Adam (2017) : Challenges for urban sustainable mobility: Gdynia Maritime University case study, Economic and Environmental Studies (E&ES), ISSN 2081-8319, Opole University, Faculty of Economics, Opole, Vol. 17, Iss. 4, pp. 1071-1085, http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ees.2017.44.27 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193060 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu www.ees.uni.opole.pl ISSN paper version 1642-2597 ISSN electronic version 2081-8319 Economic and Environmental Studies Vol. 17, No. 4 (44/2017), 1071-1085, December 2017 Challenges for Urban Sustainable Mobility – Gdynia Maritime University Case Study Michał KUZIA and Adam PRZYBYŁOWSKI Gdynia Maritime University, Poland Abstract: The sustainable development of the cities represents one of the major challenges for the future of the planet in the 21st century, relatively to the contribution and adaptation to climate change, natural resources con- sumption, energetic transition, population mobility, welfare and security, pollution, the global economic growth. Tri-City, as many of contemporary agglomerations, faces lots of challenges connected with human negative impact on the environment, health and the city space. The mobility of people is one of them. The quality of transport in Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot is getting worse because of the excessive use of cars, non-integrated public transport system, insufficient use of ecological transport, as well as uncontrolled urban sprawl. The objective of the paper is to present sustainable mobility planning challenges in the agglomerations at the example of seaport city Gdynia. To check the necessity of creating a new mobility pattern for important traffic generators, a research study has been carried out. The pilot survey research has been made among the staff and students of one of the biggest institutions in the city - Gdynia Maritime University. The research tool was based on an anonymous questionnaire containing a set of questions such as: the use of mode of transport, transit and parking problems, as well as the awareness of sustainable mobility. The survey results indicate that there is an unsustainable model of travelling among the academic community and transport’s behavior should be changed in order to implement the sustainable mobility concept in practice. Keywords: contemporary agglomerations’ challenges, sustainable development, urban mobility, transport system. JEL codes: N74, O18, R11, R41, R42 https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2017.44.27 1. Introduction Development of civilizations has some negative impacts on the society nowadays. One of the biggest challenges is the increasing mobility of people and goods, caused by technical and economic developments during the last decades of the millennium (WUP-2014 2016). The transport sector has contributed to major external costs expansion during this period (Niches, 2016). As a result, modern agglomerations and cities face many challenges such as congestion, Correspondence Address: Michał Kuzia, Department of Logistics and Transport System, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality Science, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-87 Morska Str. 81-255 Gdynia, Poland. Tel.: +585586516 E-mail: [email protected] © 2017 University of Opole MICHAŁ KUZIA AND ADAM PRZYBYŁOWSKI growth of number of cars or non-integrated and non-green public transport(Allen & Browne, 2016). Furthermore, there are some processes like urbanization, suburbanization or urban sprawl that are not connected to transport directly, but making the situation more dramatic. Tri-city (Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot) face all of these problems. Despite the extensive public transport network and the promotion of alternative ways of traveling, for example, cycling, congestion is maintained at a high level. The number of trips made by car increases, however, the number of bicycle trips too. Not the best effectiveness and attractiveness of public transport is caused by insufficient number of connections and their scheduled integration, as well as the lack of full ticketing integration. The objective of the paper is to present sustainable mobility planning challenges in the agglomerations at the example of seaport city Gdynia A research study has been carried out among the staff and students of one of the biggest institutions in the city - Gdynia Maritime University. The results of the study indicate many challenges with regard to sustainable mobil- ity, however, leave a chance to meet them. 2. 21st century agglomerations mobility challenges Nowadays, many contemporary agglomerations face lots of challenges connected with human negative impact on the environment, health and the city space (McLaren D and Agyeman, 2015). Transport, industry, agriculture, power plants, household and waste management all con- tribute to air pollution (White Paper, 2011). The mobile sources such as cars, buses, planes, trucks and trains account for 68,9% of CO2 emissions in Europe (European Environment Agency, 2008:7). Although emission of variety of chemical elements have diminished since 1990, not all compounds’ emissions have sufficiently decreased to meet air quality standards in many urban areas, for example nitrogen oxides (European Environment Agency, 2015:9). Moreover emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) from transport is still high, meeting the 2050 EU transport policy target implies a reduction of two-thirds from current levels (European En- vironment Agency, 2016: 9). Road transport accounts for more than 72% of the transport GHG emissions (figure 1). 1072 CHALLENGES FOR URBAN SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY – GDYNIA MARITIME UNIVERSITY CASE STUDY Figure 1. Share of EU-28 transport GHG emissions by mode in 2014 Source: European Environment Agency, 2016:17. Transport in the EU is dominated by motorized modes, the private cars and trucks. Eu- ropean cities have multiple related transport problems specific to local context. Both noise pol- lution and poor air quality have become severe problems that concern over 50% of European cites, however the biggest challenge is congestion, often located in and around urban areas (figure 2). The European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development pointed transport con- gestion as one of the main threats of unsustainable trends (European Platform, 2016). The doc- ument encourages use of more environmentally-friendly modes of transport (Commission of the European Communities, 2001: 4-6). However, congestion in Europe has been increasing and costs nearly EUR 100 billion, or 1% of the EU’s GDP, annually (European Commission, 2017). Many factors contribute to growing traffic, the most significant of them are: growth in the number of inhabitants living in cities and suburbs; urban sprawl and suburbanization process; growth in the number of cars, both private’s cars and heavy duty vehicles; growth of demand for journeys and commodity’s drops; extension and modernizations of transport infrastructure. 1073 MICHAŁ KUZIA AND ADAM PRZYBYŁOWSKI Figure 2. Transport problems in European cities Source: European Platform of Mobility Management. Because of urbanization process millions of people have migrated to the cities since the first decade of the 20th century. In the result new trends have appeared: urban sprawl and suburban- ization. Both of them are related to each other. Urban sprawl describes the spreading of urban development into neighboring regions (undeveloped land near a city). Suburbanization is re- lated to urbanization – population migrates from central urban areas into suburbs. The inhabit- ants living in neighboring regions often start to use cars to journeys because of convenience or lack of proper public transportation connections (figure 3). That process causes many problems like congestion, noise, pollution etc. 1074 CHALLENGES FOR URBAN SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY – GDYNIA MARITIME UNIVERSITY CASE STUDY Figure 3. Use of automobile and sprawl Source: Bekele, 2005:9. The issue of high level of air and noise pollution in agglomerations has forced to create new regulations and norms regarding to the environment. European Union leads many projects (f.ex. Flow, Segment, Enter.hub) and
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