DOCSLIB.ORG

Oceanography Many Organisms, Including Humans, Depend on the Ocean for Their Survival

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oceanography Many Organisms, Including Humans, Depend on the Ocean for Their Survival 518-S1-MSS08 1/18/07 2:15 AM Page 540 S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in Earth’s processes. S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how Earth’s surface is formed. Also covers: S6CS1–6, 8–9 Oceanography Many organisms, including humans, depend on the ocean for their survival. SECTION 1 The Seafloor Main Idea Ocean basins, which are low areas of Earth that are filled with water, have many different features. SECTION 2 Life in the Ocean Main Idea Nearly all of the energy used by organisms in the ocean ultimately comes from the Sun. SECTION 3 Ocean Pollution Main Idea Pollutants from land eventually will reach the ocean. Marine Life This inch-long jelly drifts with ocean currents and uses stinging tentacles to capture small prey. Through a chemical process called bioluminescence it is able to produce light and glow in the dark. Science Journal Describe characteristics of three marine organisms you are familiar with. 540 (bkgd.)Bill Curtsinger/Getty Images Start-Up Activities The Seafloor Make the follow- ing Foldable to help you identify the features of the seafloor. How deep is the ocean? Sonar is used to measure ocean depth. You STEP 1 Fold a sheet of paper in half length- will model sonar in this lab. wise. Make the back edge about 1.25 cm longer than the front edge. 1. With one person holding each end, stretch a spring until it is taut. Mea- STEP 2 Fold in half, then fold sure the distance in half again to make three folds. between the ends. 2. Pinch two coils together. When the spring STEP 3 Unfold and cut only the top layer along is steady, release the coils to create a wave. the three folds to make four tabs. 3. Record the time it takes the wave to travel back and forth five times. Divide this number by five to calculate the time of one round trip. 4. Calculate the speed of the wave by multi- plying the distance by two and dividing STEP 4 Label the tabs as shown. this number by the time. 5. Move closer to your partner. Take in coils Abyssal Land Shelf Slope Plain to keep the spring at the same tension. Repeat steps 2 and 3. Find Main Ideas As you read the chapter, draw 6. Calculate the new distance by multiplying seafloor features on the front of the tabs and the new time by the speed from step 4, write information about them under the tabs. and then dividing this number by two. 7. Think Critically Write a paragraph in your Science Journal that describes how Preview this chapter’s content and activities at this lab models sonar. earth.msscience.com 541541 (bkgd.)Bill Curtsinger/Getty Images, (inset)Mark Burnett Learn It! Asking questions helps you to understand what you read. As you read, think about the questions you’d like answered. Often you can find the answer in the next paragraph or section. Learn to ask good questions by asking who, what, when, where, why, and how. Practice It! Read the following passage from Section 2. An estuary is an area where the mouth of a river opens into an ocean. … Rivers bring nutrients to estuaries. Areas with many nutrients usually have many phytoplankton, which form the base of the food chain. … Estuaries are an important habitat to many marine organisms. Newly hatched fish, shrimps, crabs, and other animals enter estu- aries as microscopic organisms and remain there until adulthood. For these vulnerable animals, fewer predators and more food are found in estuaries. —from page 556 Here are some questions you might ask about this paragraph: • What is an estuary? • What are phytoplankton? • Why are estuaries important? Apply It! As you read the chapter, look for answers to section headings that are in the form of questions. 542 A CHAPTER 19 Oceanography stions ate que rself.Cre Test you find answers and then read to Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter. to your own questions. Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements below on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper. • Write an A if you agree with the statement. • Write a D if you disagree with the statement. After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if you’ve changed your mind about any of the statements. • If any of your answers changed, explain why. • Change any false statements into true statements. • Use your revised statements as a study guide. Before You Read Statement After You Read A or D A or D 1 The continental shelf is always wider than 100 km. 2 A mid-ocean ridge is the area in an ocean basin where ocean floor is formed. 3 Mid-ocean ridges can be found at the bottom of all ocean basins. 4 Most ocean trenches are found in the Pacific Basin. 5 Chemosynthesis requires sunlight to change car- Print out a worksheet bon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen. of this page at earth.msscience.com 6 Most marine organisms live in the waters of the deep ocean or on the floor of the abyssal plains. 7 An estuary is an area where the mouth of a river opens into an ocean. 8 Air pollution does not affect ocean pollution. 9 Less than 5 percent of oil pollution that reaches the ocean comes from land. 10 Today, there is not a single area of the ocean that is not polluted in some way. 542 B 518-S1-MSS08 1/18/07 2:19 AM Page 542 S6E3d. Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides. S6E5f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruptions, gravity) on geological features including oceans (composition, currents, and tides). Also covers: S6CS5b, 9d The Seafloor The Ocean Basins Imagine yourself driving a deep-sea submersible along the ocean floor. Surrounded by cold, black water, the lights of your vessel reflect off of what looks like a mountain range ahead. As I Differentiate between a conti- nental shelf and a continental you continue, you find a huge opening in the seafloor—so deep slope. you can’t even see the bottom. What other ocean floor features I Describe a mid-ocean ridge, an can you find in Figure 1? abyssal plain, and an ocean Ocean basins, which are low areas of Earth that are filled trench. I Identify the mineral resources with water, have many different features. Beginning at the ocean found on the continental shelf shoreline is the continental shelf. The continental shelf is the and in the deep ocean. gradually sloping end of a continent that extends under the ocean. On some coasts, the continental shelf extends a long dis- tance. For instance, on North America’s Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Oceans cover nearly three fourths of it extends 100 km to 350 km into the sea. On the Pacific Coast, Earth’s surface. where the coastal range mountains are close to the shore, the shelf is only 10 km to 30 km wide. The ocean covering the con- Review Vocabulary magma: hot, melted rock tinental shelf can be as deep as 350 m. beneath Earth’s surface New Vocabulary • continental shelf • continental slope • abyssal plain • mid-ocean ridge • trench Kelvin Seamount e g Mariana id R Trench ic t n Hatteras a l Abyssal t A Plain - d Figure 1 This map shows fea- i tures of the ocean basins. Locate a Puerto Rico M Trench trench and a mid-ocean ridge. Demerara P e Abyssal M r u Plain i d - C - A h M i t l l i e d a T - n I r n e t d n i i c c a h R n O id cea ge ge n Rid 542 CHAPTER 19 Oceanography The Floor of the Oceans by Bruce C. Heezen and Marie Tharp, © 1977 by Marie Tharp. Reproduced by permission of Marie Tharp Sea surface Abyssal plain Continental Volcanic island shelf 200 m Continental slope Seamount 4,000 m 6,000 m Mid-ocean ridge Oceanic trench 10,000 m Figure 2 shows that beyond the shelf, the ocean floor drops Figure 2 Ocean basin features more steeply, forming the continental slope. The continental are continuous from shore to slope extends from the outer edge of the continental shelf down shore. (Features in this diagram to the ocean floor. Beyond the continental slope lie the trenches, are not to scale.) valleys, plains, mountains, and ridges of the ocean basin. Describe where the continental In the deep ocean, sediment, derived mostly from land, set- shelf ends and the continental tles constantly on the ocean floor. These deposits fill in valleys slope begins. and create flat seafloor areas called abyssal (uh BIH sul) plains. Abyssal plains are from 4,000 m to 6,000 m below the ocean surface. Can you locate the abyssal plain shown in Figure 2? In the Atlantic Ocean, areas of extremely flat abyssal plains can be large. One example is the Canary Aleutian Abyssal Plain Abyssal Plain, which has an area of Topic: Ocean Basins 2 Visit earth.msscience.com for Web Hatteras approximately 900,000 km .Other Abyssal abyssal plains found in the Atlantic links to information about ocean Plain Ocean include the Hatteras and basins. Demerara Abyssal Plains, both shown Activity Find five fun facts in Figure 1. Some areas of abyssal about ocean basins, such as the plains have small hills and seamounts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deep-Sea Life Issue 8, November 2016 Cruise News Going Deep: Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas by the Okeanos Explorer
    Deep-Sea Life Issue 8, November 2016 Welcome to the eighth edition of Deep-Sea Life: an informal publication about current affairs in the world of deep-sea biology. Once again we have a wealth of contributions from our fellow colleagues to enjoy concerning their current projects, news, meetings, cruises, new publications and so on. The cruise news section is particularly well-endowed this issue which is wonderful to see, with voyages of exploration from four of our five oceans from the Arctic, spanning north east, west, mid and south Atlantic, the north-west Pacific, and the Indian Ocean. Just imagine when all those data are in OBIS via the new deep-sea node…! (see page 24 for more information on this). The photo of the issue makes me smile. Angelika Brandt from the University of Hamburg, has been at sea once more with her happy-looking team! And no wonder they look so pleased with themselves; they have collected a wonderful array of life from one of the very deepest areas of our ocean in order to figure out more about the distribution of these abyssal organisms, and the factors that may limit their distribution within this region. Read more about the mission and their goals on page 5. I always appreciate feedback regarding any aspect of the publication, so that it may be improved as we go forward. Please circulate to your colleagues and students who may have an interest in life in the deep, and have them contact me if they wish to be placed on the mailing list for this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun
    OCEANOGRAPHY – Vol.II - Biological Oceanography - Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Legendre, Louis and Rassoulzadegan, Fereidoun Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, France. Keywords: Algae, allochthonous nutrient, aphotic zone, autochthonous nutrient, Auxotrophs, bacteria, bacterioplankton, benthos, carbon dioxide, carnivory, chelator, chemoautotrophs, ciliates, coastal eutrophication, coccolithophores, convection, crustaceans, cyanobacteria, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates, disphotic zone, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic matter (DOM), ecosystem, eukaryotes, euphotic zone, eutrophic, excretion, exoenzymes, exudation, fecal pellet, femtoplankton, fish, fish lavae, flagellates, food web, foraminifers, fungi, harmful algal blooms (HABs), herbivorous food web, herbivory, heterotrophs, holoplankton, ichthyoplankton, irradiance, labile, large planktonic microphages, lysis, macroplankton, marine snow, megaplankton, meroplankton, mesoplankton, metazoan, metazooplankton, microbial food web, microbial loop, microheterotrophs, microplankton, mixotrophs, mollusks, multivorous food web, mutualism, mycoplankton, nanoplankton, nekton, net community production (NCP), neuston, new production, nutrient limitation, nutrient (macro-, micro-, inorganic, organic), oligotrophic, omnivory, osmotrophs, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic matter (POM), pelagic, phagocytosis, phagotrophs, photoautotorphs, photosynthesis, phytoplankton, phytoplankton bloom, picoplankton, plankton,
    [Show full text]
  • Abundance of Gelatinous Carnivores in the Nekton Community of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone in Summer 1994
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 141: 139-147, 1996 Published October 3 ' Mar Ecol Prog Ser I Abundance of gelatinous carnivores in the nekton community of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone in summer 1994 'Alfred-Wegener-Institut fiir Polar- und Meeresforschung. ColumbusstraBe, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 'British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road. Cambridge CB3 OET, United Kingdom ABSTRACT The species composition, abundance, vertical distribution, biovolume and carbon content of gelatinous nekton in the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone are described from a series of RMT25 hauls collected from a series of 200 m depth layers between 0 and 1000 m. In total. 13 species of medusa, 6 species of siphonophore, 3 species of ctenophore and 1 species of salp and nemertean were ~dentified. On average gelatinous organisms contributed 69 3% to the biovolume and 30.3% to the carbon content of the samples, although the ranges were high (0 to 98.9":) and 0 to 62 G"/;,respectively). The most important contributor to the biovolume and carbon content was the scyphomedusan Pel-iphylla peri- phylla. Some specific assoc~ationsand restricted vertlcal d~stl-ibut~ons\vcrc related to trophic interac- tions among ostracods, amphipods and cnidarians. Observations made near South Georgla showed that medusae ancl ctenophores were preyed upon by albatrosses and notothen~oidflsh respectively. The results support the premise that gelatinous organisms are a major and, at tlmes, are the main compo- nent of the oceanic macroplankton/nekton community 111 the Southern Ocean KEY WORDS: Gelatinous nekton Southern Ocean Wet biomass Carbon content. Assemblages INTRODUCTION suspension feeding pelagic tunicates (salps), become dominant (Huntley et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Censusing Non-Fish Nekton
    WORKSHOP SYNOPSIS Censusing Non-Fish Nekton Carohln Levi, Gregory Stone and Jerry R. Schubel New England Aquarium ° Boston, Massachusetts USA his is a brief summary of a "Non-Fish SUMMARIES OF WORKING GROUPS Nekton" workshop held on 10-11 December 1997 at the New England Aquarium. The overall goals Cephalopods were: (1) to assess the feasibility of conducting a census New higher-level taxa are yet to be discovered, of life in the sea, (2) to identify the strategies and especially among coleoid cephalopods, which are components of such a census, (3) to assess whether a undergoing rapid evolutionary radiation. There are periodic census would generate scientifically worth- great gaps in natural history and ecosystem function- while results, and (4) to determine the level of interest ing, with even major commercial species largely of the scientific community in participating in the unknown. This is particularly, complex, since these design and conduct of a census of life in the sea. short-lived, rapidly growing animals move up through This workshop focused on "non-fish nekton," which trophic levels in a single season. were defined to include: marine mammals, marine reptiles, cephalopods and "other invertebrates." During . Early consolidation of existing cephalopod data is the course of the workshop, it was suggested that a needed, including the vast literatures in Japanese more appropriate phase for "other invertebrates" is and Russian. Access to and evaluation of historical invertebrate micronekton. Throughout the report we survey, catch, biological and video image data sets have used the latter terminology. and collections is needed. An Internet-based reposi- Birds were omitted only because of lack of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Marine Biodiversity
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292115665 Arctic marine biodiversity CHAPTER · JANUARY 2016 READS 142 12 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Lis Lindal Jørgensen Philippe Archambault Institute of Marine Research in Norway Université du Québec à Rimouski UQAR 36 PUBLICATIONS 285 CITATIONS 137 PUBLICATIONS 1,574 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Dieter Piepenburg Jake Rice Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Fisheries and Oceans Canada 71 PUBLICATIONS 1,705 CITATIONS 67 PUBLICATIONS 2,279 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Andrey V. Dolgov letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 19 February 2016 Chapter 36G. Arctic Ocean Contributors: Lis Lindal Jørgensen, Philippe Archambault, Claire Armstrong, Andrey Dolgov, Evan Edinger, Tony Gaston, Jon Hildebrand, Dieter Piepenburg, Walker Smith, Cecilie von Quillfeldt, Michael Vecchione, Jake Rice (Lead member) Referees: Arne Bjørge, Charles Hannah. 1. Introduction 1.1 State The Central Arctic Ocean and the marginal seas such as the Chukchi, East Siberian, Laptev, Kara, White, Greenland, Beaufort, and Bering Seas, Baffin Bay and the Canadian Archipelago (Figure 1) are among the least-known basins and bodies of water in the world ocean, because of their remoteness, hostile weather, and the multi-year (i.e., perennial) or seasonal ice cover. Even the well-studied Barents and Norwegian Seas are partly ice covered during winter and information during this period is sparse or lacking. The Arctic has warmed at twice the global rate, with sea- ice loss accelerating (Figure 2, ACIA, 2004; Stroeve et al., 2012, Chapter 46 in this report), especially along the coasts of Russia, Alaska, and the Canadian Archipelago (Post et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12 Lecture
    ChapterChapter 1 12 Clickers Lecture Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Marine Life and the Marine Environment Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Overview • Living organisms, including marine species, are classified by characteristics. • Marine organisms are adapted to the ocean’s physical properties. • The marine environment has distinct divisions. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life • Classification based on physical characteristics • DNA sequencing allows genetic comparison. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life • Living and nonliving things made of atoms • Life consumes energy from environment. • NASA’s definition encompasses potential for extraterrestrial life. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life • Working definition of life • Living things can – Capture, store, and transmit energy – Reproduce – Adapt to environment – Change over time © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life • Three domains or superkingdoms • Bacteria – simple life forms without nuclei • Archaea – simple, microscopic creatures • Eukarya – complex, multicellular organisms – Plants and animals – DNA in discrete nucleus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Living Organisms • Five kingdoms – Monera – Protoctista – Fungi – Plantae – Animalia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Five Kingdoms of Organisms • Monera – Simplest organisms, single-celled – Cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea • Protoctista – Single- and multicelled with nucleus –
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15 Marrone
    Chapter 15 Life Near the Surface Pelagic Zone • Pelagic Zone – The vast open sea – Contains almost all of the liquid water on earth Pelagic Zone • Pelagic zone benefits – Regulates our climate – Provides food. • Pelagic organisms live suspended in the water • Lacks the solid substrate provided by the bottom • No place for attachment, no bottom for burrowing, nothing to hide behind Epipelagic Zone • Epipelagic – Upper pelagic – Zone from the surface down to a given depth commonly 200 m (650 ft) – Warmest – Best lit • The photic zone - area where photosynthesis can occur Epipelagic Zone • The epipelagic zone has two main components • Coastal or Nertic – epipelagic waters that lie over the continental shelf – Lies close to shore – Supports most of the world’s marine fisheries production • Oceanic part – Waters beyond the continental shelf The Organisms of the Epipelagic The Epipelagic Zone • Fueled by solar energy captured in photosynthesis • Nearly all primary production takes place within the epiplagic zone. • Supplies food to other communities The Epipelagic Zone • Lacks deposit feeders • Suspension feeders are very common • There are also many large predators like fishes, squids and marine mammals • Plankton is abundant Plankton Plankton • Plankton - live in the water column and cannot swim against the current. • Phytoplankton are autotrophs. – Perform photosynthesis • Zooplankton – are heterotrophs • Plankton can be grouped based on their size – Picoplankton – smallest – Nanoplankton – Microplankton – Mesoplankton – Macroplankton –
    [Show full text]
  • Deep-Sea Life Issue 14, January 2020 Cruise News E/V Nautilus Telepresence Exploration of the U.S
    Deep-Sea Life Issue 14, January 2020 Welcome to the 14th edition of Deep-Sea Life (a little later than anticipated… such is life). As always there is bound to be something in here for everyone. Illustrated by stunning photography throughout, learn about the deep-water canyons of Lebanon, remote Pacific Island seamounts, deep coral habitats of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Southeast USA and the North Atlantic (with good, bad and ugly news), first trials of BioCam 3D imaging technology (very clever stuff), new deep pelagic and benthic discoveries from the Bahamas, high-risk explorations under ice in the Arctic (with a spot of astrobiology thrown in), deep-sea fauna sensitivity assessments happening in the UK and a new photo ID guide for mesopelagic fish. Read about new projects to study unexplored areas of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Azores Plateau, plans to develop a water-column exploration programme, and assessment of effects of ice shelf collapse on faunal assemblages in the Antarctic. You may also be interested in ongoing projects to address and respond to governance issues and marine conservation. It’s all here folks! There are also reports from past meetings and workshops related to deep seabed mining, deep-water corals, deep-water sharks and rays and information about upcoming events in 2020. Glance over the many interesting new papers for 2019 you may have missed, the scientist profiles, job and publishing opportunities and the wanted section – please help your colleagues if you can. There are brief updates from the Deep- Ocean Stewardship Initiative and for the deep-sea ecologists amongst you, do browse the Deep-Sea Biology Society president’s letter.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary Animal Physiology
    Limnology 1 Weisse - WS99/00 Glossary Limnology 1 Biological Zonation of a lentic System: Most organisms can be classified on the basis of their typical habitat. Benthos: The community of plants and animals that live permanently in or on the sea bottom. Littoral (intertidal zone): The trophogenic zone along the shore till the compensation depth where NPP occurs. It is rich in species diversity and number - especially algae and higher plants. • Epilittoral: Sedentary organisms of the shoreline; e.g. macrophytes, diatoms, etc. • Profundal: Depths of 180m and deeper. Limnion: Temperature related zonation of the open water body of lentic systems; i.e. summer stratification due to solar radiation produces several trophic zones - see also ecological aspects - depth zones. • Epilimnion: The upper warm and illuminated surface layer of a lake; narrower than the trophogenic zone. • Metalimnion: The transitional zone between epi- and hypolimnion; i.e. the zone of the thermocline. • Hypolimnion: The cool and poorly illuminated bottom layer of a lake, below the thermocline. Nekton: Pelagic animals that are active swimmers; i.e. most of the adult fishes. Pelagial: The environment of the open water of a lake, away from the bottom, and not in close proximity to the shoreline. It is Lower in species number and diversity than the benthos. The pelagial of rivers exhibits a directed and continuos flux (spatial relocation = amountH2O/cross-surface area). Plankton: Passively drifting or weakly swimming organisms in fresh waters; i.e. microscopic plants, eggs, larval stages of the nekton and benthos (such as phyto-plankton, zoo-plankton). • Neuston: The epipelagic zone few centimeters below the waterline; i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles and Detrital Matter
    Biogeosciences, 7, 2851–2899, 2010 www.biogeosciences.net/7/2851/2010/ Biogeosciences doi:10.5194/bg-7-2851-2010 © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Deep, diverse and definitely different: unique attributes of the world’s largest ecosystem E. Ramirez-Llodra1, A. Brandt2, R. Danovaro3, B. De Mol4, E. Escobar5, C. R. German6, L. A. Levin7, P. Martinez Arbizu8, L. Menot9, P. Buhl-Mortensen10, B. E. Narayanaswamy11, C. R. Smith12, D. P. Tittensor13, P. A. Tyler14, A. Vanreusel15, and M. Vecchione16 1Institut de Ciencies` del Mar, CSIC. Passeig Mar´ıtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 2Biocentrum Grindel and Zoological Museum, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany 3Department of Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy 4GRC Geociencies` Marines, Parc Cient´ıfic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Adolf Florensa 8, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico,´ Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog´ıa, A.P. 70-305 Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico,` Mexico´ 6Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #24, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 7Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA 8Deutsches Zentrum fur¨ Marine Biodiversitatsforschung,¨ Sudstrand¨ 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany 9Ifremer Brest, DEEP/LEP, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France 10Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway 11Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban,
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Life • There Are More Than 250,000 Identified Marine Species
    Marine Life • There are more than 250,000 identified marine species. • Most live in sunlit surface seawater. Think about it…. What zone of the ocean would you expect most life to live in??? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Marine Life • A species’ success depends on the ability to – find food, – avoid predation, – reproduce, and – cope with physical barriers to movement. • Marine organisms are adapted to the ocean’s physical properties. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Marine Organisms • Plankton (floaters) • Nekton (swimmers) • Benthos (bottom dwellers) © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Plankton • Organisms that live in large bodies of water and are unable to swim against the current. • Include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa and small floating animals • Defined by niche not taxonomy *Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Plankton • Phytoplankton – Autotrophic – Makes own food (photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis • Zooplankton – Heterotrophic – Gets energy from eating things © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton • Independent swimmers • Most adult fish and squid • Marine mammals • Marine reptiles © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos • Epifauna live on the surface of the sea floor. • Infauna live buried in sediments. • Benthos are most abundant in shallower water. • Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Life Cycle of a Squid © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations of Marine Organisms • The marine environment is more stable than land. • Organisms in the ocean are less able to withstand environmental changes. • Marine animals do not risk desiccation. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptations of Marine Organisms • Physical support – Buoyancy – How to resist sinking – Different support structures in cold (fewer) rather than warm (more appendages) seawater – Smaller size © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Zooplankton and Nekton
    Editorial: Zooplankton and Nekton: Gatekeepers of the Biological Pump Rainer Kiko, Daniele Bianchi, Christian Grenz, Helena Hauss, Morten Iversen, Sanjeev Kumar, Amy Maas, Carol Robinson To cite this version: Rainer Kiko, Daniele Bianchi, Christian Grenz, Helena Hauss, Morten Iversen, et al.. Editorial: Zooplankton and Nekton: Gatekeepers of the Biological Pump. Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media, 2020, 7, 10.3389/fmars.2020.00545. hal-02900036 HAL Id: hal-02900036 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02900036 Submitted on 15 Jul 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License EDITORIAL published: 15 July 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00545 Editorial: Zooplankton and Nekton: Gatekeepers of the Biological Pump Rainer Kiko 1*, Daniele Bianchi 2, Christian Grenz 3, Helena Hauss 4, Morten Iversen 5,6, Sanjeev Kumar 7, Amy Maas 8 and Carol Robinson 9 1 Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Océanologie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, 2 Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 3 Aix Marseille Université, Université Toulon, CNRS/INSU, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography MIO UM 110, Marseille, France, 4 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 5 Polar Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institut, Bremerhaven, Germany, 6 MARUM and University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, 7 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India, 8 Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St.
    [Show full text]