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Diplomová Práce UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FARMACEUTICKÁ FAKULTA V HRADCI KRÁLOVÉ KATEDRA FARMACEUTICKÉ BOTANIKY A EKOLOGIE DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Fytochemický výzkum Helianthus annuus L. IV Phytochemical study of Helianthus annuus L. IV Hradec Králové 2008 Jana Podlipná Ráda bych touto cestou podkovala PharmDr. Jan Karlíkové, Ph.D. za odborné vedení, poskytnutí cenných rad a za všestrannou pomoc pi vypracování této diplomové práce. Dkuji PharmDr. Zuzan ehákové, Ing. Katein Macákové a Mgr. Jitce Vytlailové za pomoc pi testování extrakt a jednotlivých frakcí a také všem ostatním pracovníkm katedry farmaceutické botaniky a ekologie za vytvoení dobrých podmínek pro práci. Také bych chtla podkovat RNDr. Alen Tiché, Ph.D. z Geronto-metabolické kliniky Fakultní nemocnice v Hradci Králové za provedení GC/MS analýzy. 2 Tato práce vznikla za finanní podpory grantové agentury Univerzity Karlovy GA UK 118/2006/ B BIO. Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma „Fytochemický výzkum Helianthus annuus L. IV“ vypracovala samostatn a použila jsem jen pramen, které uvádím v piloženém seznamu literatury. 3 OBSAH: I. ÚVOD............................................................................................................................ 8 II. CÍL PRÁCE.................................................................................................................. 11 III. TEORETICKÁ ÁST.................................................................................................... 13 1. Botanická charakteristika ............................................................................................ 14 2. Indikace a využití ........................................................................................................ 16 3. Látky izolované z rzných ástí rodu Helianthus ......................................................... 18 A. KLÍKY .............................................................................................................. 18 3.A.1 Alkaloidy........................................................................................................... 18 3.A.2 Fenoly ............................................................................................................... 18 3.A.3 Acetyl-L-karnitin a L-karnitin............................................................................ 19 B. SLUPKY .............................................................................................................. 20 3.B.1 Potravinové antioxidanty.................................................................................... 20 3.B.2 Rostlinné oleje ................................................................................................... 21 C. LISTY.................................................................................................................. 22 3.C.1 Terpeny.............................................................................................................. 22 3.C.1.1 Seskviterpeny.............................................................................................. 22 3.C.1.1.1 Heliannany, helibisabonoly................................................................... 23 3.C.1.1.2 Germakranolidy.................................................................................... 26 3.C.1.1.3 Guajanolidy.......................................................................................... 29 3.C.1.1.4 Annuionony (apokarotenoidy) .............................................................. 29 3.C.1.1.5 Eudesmanolidy..................................................................................... 30 3.C.1.1.6 Heliespirony (spiroterpeny) .................................................................. 30 3.C.1.2 Diterpeny .................................................................................................... 30 3.C.1.3 Triterpeny ................................................................................................... 31 3.C.2 Flavonoidy......................................................................................................... 32 4. Biologická aktivita obsahových látek........................................................................... 35 4.1 Antioxidaní aktivita ............................................................................................. 37 4.1.1 Úvod............................................................................................................... 37 4.1.2 Stanovení antioxidaní aktivity pomocí DPPH radikálu .................................. 38 4.1.2.1 Princip ..................................................................................................... 38 4.1.2.2 Píprava roztok....................................................................................... 38 4.1.2.3 Pístroje ................................................................................................... 39 4 4.1.3 Antioxidaní aktivita FRAP ............................................................................ 39 4.1.3.1 Úvod........................................................................................................ 39 4.1.3.2 Princip metody......................................................................................... 40 4.1.3.3 Postup...................................................................................................... 40 4.1.3.4 Pístroje ................................................................................................... 41 4.1.4 Antioxidanty testované in vitro ....................................................................... 41 4.2 Antiflogistická aktivita .......................................................................................... 42 4.2.1 Zánt .............................................................................................................. 42 4.2.2 Modifikace cyklooxygenázové a lipoxygenázové aktivity pomocí Asteridae extrakt a boswellové kyseliny ....................................................................... 43 4.2.3 Léba a prevence zánt v místech leukocytární infiltrace .............................. 43 4.3 Alelopatická aktivita.............................................................................................. 44 4.4 Antimykotická a antimikrobiální aktivita ............................................................... 45 4.5 Akutní toxicita a fototoxicita ................................................................................. 46 4.5.1 Úvod............................................................................................................... 46 4.5.2 Popis testovaného organismu .......................................................................... 46 4.5.3 Metodika testování.......................................................................................... 47 4.5.3.1 Píprava testované látky ........................................................................... 47 4.5.3.2 Píprava experimentálního organismu ...................................................... 47 4.5.4 Postup............................................................................................................. 47 4.5.4.1 Pedbžné testy ........................................................................................ 47 4.5.4.2 Popis pracovního postupu vlastního testu ................................................. 48 4.5.5 Vyhodnocení .................................................................................................. 48 4.6 Aktivita karnitinu .................................................................................................. 48 IV. EXPERIMENTÁLNÍ ÁST A VÝSLEDKY .................................................................... 49 1. Všeobecné postupy...................................................................................................... 50 1.1 Extrakce ................................................................................................................ 50 1.1.1 Macerace ........................................................................................................ 50 1.1.2 Vytepávání .................................................................................................... 50 1.2 Filtrace .................................................................................................................. 50 1.3 Odpaování (zahušování) ..................................................................................... 51 1.4 Chromatografické metody ..................................................................................... 51 1.4.1 Tenkovrstvá chromatografie (Thin-Layer Chromatography, TLC) .................. 51 1.4.2 Sloupcová (kolonová) chromatografie............................................................. 52 5 2. Poteby........................................................................................................................ 53 2.1 Rozpouštdla......................................................................................................... 53 2.2 Chemikálie ............................................................................................................ 53 2.3 Detekní inidla..................................................................................................... 54 2.4 Vyvíjecí soustavy pro chromatografii .................................................................... 55 2.5 Chromatografické adsorbenty................................................................................ 55 2.6 Pístroje................................................................................................................
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