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Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, JTMM Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Canada.ca Services Departments Français Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Refugee Claims Refugee Appeals Admissibility Hearings Detention Reviews HomeImmigrationResearch Appeals Program Responses to Information Requests National Responses to Information Requests Documentation Packages Recent Research Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the Responses to refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven-year Information Requests archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment, please email the Knowledge and Information Management Unit. 9 September 2016 NPL105604.E Nepal: Information on the Democratic Terai Liberation Front (Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, JTMM), including origins, structure, and activities (2002-September 2016) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview Sources describe the Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha (JTMM) as an "illegal armed group" (UN 17 Jan. 2007, para. 38) or an "armed Madheshi group" (AI 28 May 2008). Sources indicate that the group was founded by Jaya Krishna Goit in 2004, as a split-off from the Communist Party of Nepal - Maoist (CPN-M) (SATP n.d.a; UN 17 Jan 2007, para. 38; Development Professional 29 Aug. 2016), reportedly due to the CPN-M's lack of commitment to the development of the Terai region [1] of Nepal (ibid.; SATP n.d.a). For further information on the CPN-M and other Maoist groups in Nepal, see Responses to Information Requests NPL105360 of November 2015 and NPL104890 of June 2014. Sources indicate that the JTMM sought to establish independence for the Terai region from Nepal (SATP n.d.a; PHW 2015, 1038; Development Professional 29 Aug. 2016). A 2007 UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) report also states that the JTMM advocated for the "armed struggle for self-determination of the Madhesi community, which has been traditionally marginalized in Nepalese society" (UN 17 Jan. 2007, para. 38). According to the Political Handbook of the World (PHW) 2015, the JTMM was a "principal instigator of the insurgency in the Terai," which started in 2007 (2015, 1038). In correspondence with the Research Directorate, a development professional who works on peacebuilding, conflict and context assessments of Nepal and is currently employed by Saferworld in Nepal, an "independent http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456677&pls=1[3/23/2018 11:06:27 AM] Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada international organisation" that undertakes research and analysis on violent conflict (Saferworld n.d.), noted that to his personal knowledge, although the JTMM claims to be a political organization, "it seem[s] more [like] a violent criminal organization than political" (29 Aug. 2016). Similarly, a report by Small Arms Survey, a Geneva-based think tank that undertakes research on small arms and armed violence (Small Arms Survey n.d.), states that the JTMM "is now believed to be motivated largely by economic interests rather than political objectives" (ibid. May 2013, 13). 2. Factions Sources indicate that the JTMM splintered into "several" factions (Rawski 2009, 614; Small Arms Survey May 2013, 9; PHW 2015, 1038). According to a 2010 International Crisis Group report, in 2007 there were a "handful" of active groups including JTMM factions, but by 2010, there were "dozens of groups, frequently merging and splintering and therefore nearly impossible to track" (29 Sept. 2010, 14). In an article published in the International Organizations Law Review journal, Frederick Rawski, the Coordinator of Accountability and Rule of Law at the UN OHCHR in Kathmandu, states that as of 2008, these factions each have "a slightly different articulation of the JTMM platform" (2009, 614). Sources indicate that in 2006, Nagendra [Kumar] Paswan [also known as Jwala Singh (Nepali Times 2 Mar. 2007-8 Mar. 2007; PRIO 2008, 15)] split from the JTMM and created the Jwala faction of the JTMM (JTMM-J) after disagreeing with Goit's political agenda and strategies for the Terai region (SATP n.d.b; Development Professional 29 Aug. 2016). In January 2008, Nepali Times reported that the JTMM-J emerged as "the most powerful armed group" in the Terai region (4 Jan. 2008-10 Jan. 2008). The same source indicates that the JTMM-J consists "largely [of] Dalit and non-Yadav upper and intermediate castes" (ibid.). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), a Norway-based organization that "conducts research on the conditions for peaceful relations between states, groups and people" (PRIO n.d.), characterizes the JTTM-J as a "criminal Madhesi organization" (ibid. 20 July 2008, 9). According to the Development Professional, in 2007-2008, the JTTM-J became the "most ferocious" of the JTMM factions (29 Aug. 2016). In a 2007 article, Nepali Times similarly describes JTMM-J as "the most violent-but not the most important or largest- faction of the JTMM" (2 Mar. 2007-8 Mar. 2007). The Development Professional indicated that another JTMM faction, led by Rajiv Jha [Ranjit Jha], was created in 2008 (29 Aug. 2016). República, a Nepal- based newspaper, reports that Jha formed the JTMM-Rajan Mukti after separating from the JTMM-J over disputes on the ransoms extorted by the group; the article notes that Jha’s faction "soon" outdid "all other armed outfits in murder, kidnap, extortions, and bomb blasts in the Terai" (1 May 2012). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. Other JTMM factions reported by sources include: JTMM-Prithivi (Rawski 2009, 614); JTMM-Bisfot (ibid.); JTMM (Jhawar Shah Pratap) (The Kathmandu Post 4 Mar. 2012); JTMM (Bhagat Singh) (The Himalayan Times 17 June 2012); JTMM (Krantikari) (ibid. 14 June 2016); JTMM Revolutionary, led by Krishna Goit (The Kathmandu Post 14 June 2016). Additional information on these factions could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456677&pls=1[3/23/2018 11:06:27 AM] Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 3. Structure, Size, and Location of JTMM Factions The Development Professional stated that both the JTTM-G [Goit's faction] and JTMM-J factions were organized similar to the CPN-M, with a "central committee," "regional committee," "district" and "village committees", and "cell committees" (29 Aug. 2016). The South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), a New Delhi-based online database on terrorism and low intensity warfare in South Asia (SATP n.d.c), similarly indicates that the JTMM-J's organisational structure resembles the CPN-Maoist's, with a "central committee, central and district level governments, a Terai Liberation Army and district committees" (ibid. n.d.b). SATP also indicates that the JTMM-G has a "central committee, East and West Terai Regional Bureaus, village, ward and cell committees, and a parallel military organisation" (ibid. n.d.a). The Development Professional noted that to his knowledge however, at their peak, the groups were unable to have a fully functional structure; the source indicated that "currently" these factions "probably only have a central committee and a few district committees with occasional presence in village committees" (29 Aug. 2016). Additional information on the structure of these factions and information on the structure of other JTMM factions could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. According to SATP, it is "difficult to estimate [the size of the JTTM-G], though unconfirmed reports suggest a support base of a thousand, including hard- core cadres and sympathisers" (SATP n.d.a). The same source indicates that the size of the JTTM-J is "a few hundred," while the JTTM-J itself claims that it has armed militias present in 12 of the 20 districts in Terai (ibid. n.d.b). In March 2007, Nepali Times cites the JTMM-J as stating that "it ha[d] 'full strength' in 13 districts and 'agents' in five more" (Nepali Times 2 Mar. 2007-8 Mar. 2007). In January 2008, the same source reported that the JTMM-J claimed to have 25,000 people, while unnamed sources indicated that "they do have about 500 people each in several of the sensitive districts as active cadres and part time sympathisers" (ibid. 4 Jan. 2008-10 Jan. 2008). Further and corroborating information on the size of JTMM and its factions could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. In January 2007, the UN OHCHR report noted that the JTMM had "extended its influence from a few Eastern Terai districts to other districts in the Eastern, Central and possibly Mid-Western regions" (17 Jan. 2007, para. 39). The Development Professional also stated that the JTMM was active in ten Terai districts, including Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusha, Mahottrai, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu (29 Aug. 2016). According to SATP, the JTMM-G is active in the districts of Siraha, Dhanusha, Morang, Sarlahi, Bara, Saptari, Mohattari, Laliptur, and Rautahat (SATP n.d.a). The same source also states that, except for Laliptur, the JTTM-J is active in the same areas as well as in Birgunj, (ibid.
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