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Distribution of Different Forms of Potassium in Relation to Soil Properties in Agricultural Entisols of Terai Region of West Bengal, India

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Distribution of Different Forms of Potassium in Relation to Soil Properties in Agricultural Entisols of Terai Region of West Bengal, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 860-868 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.110 Distribution of Different Forms of Potassium in Relation to Soil Properties in Agricultural Entisols of Terai Region of West Bengal, India N.K. Singh, G.C. Banik* and D. Mukhopadhyay Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal-736165, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Surface (0-20) and sub-surface (20-40) soils from six different administrative blocks (Dhuluabari, Pundibari, Toofanganj, Mathabhanga, K e yw or ds Dinhata and Sitai) of Cooch Behar district of West Bengal situated in terai region of Himalayan flood plain, India were analyzed to characterize the Forms of potassium, spatial distribution of different forms of potassium (K). The soils were Available K, acidic in nature, mostly sandy loam in texture and variable in organic Exchangeable K, Soil properties carbon content and CEC. The corresponding distribution of K forms did not much varied in soils of different blocks in both the layers. The total K and Article Info constituently structural K were found higher in Dinhata surface soils as Accepted: compared to other soils. However, available K was more in Toofanganj 10 November 2019 surface soils followed by Mathabhanga surface soils. All the K fractions Available Online: 10 December 2019 were much lower in sub-surface layer than surface layer may due to the lower organic carbon, clay and CEC as they exhibited significant positive correlation with different forms of K. Predictability of K forms was much dependent of soil properties, mostly on organic carbon, clay and CEC. Introduction the farmers supply imbalanced doses of major fertlizers in soil. The NPK use ratio in the Continuous following of high yielding country depleted fron 5.5:2.1:1 in 2007-08 to exhustive rice-based cropping systems in India 6.7:3.1:1 in 2011-12 which much differ from caused mining of soil nutrients far in excess of the believed ideal ration of 4:2:1. It is known external nutrients inputs in forms of fertlizer that the crops removes potassium (K) about resulting in negatve nutrient balance in soil. three to four times of the phosphorus removal According to the Department of Fertlizers, and is equal to that of nitrogen from soil. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India Hence continuous cropping with imbalanced 860 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 860-868 fertlization may lead to substantial depletion considered to be labile and meet the of reserve potassiuum in soil which would go immediate requirements of growing plants, unnoticed as per the conventional soil test i.e., while the last two are considered non-labile available-K (Sanyal, 2001). The lower use of and are responsible for the long-term supply potassium in soil leading to much drawal of of K to plants (Askegaard et al., 2003). inherent potassium reserve from soil is mainly due to the reluctance of farmers to use K- The different forms of soil potassium are in fertlizers, presumably on the common belief dynamic equilibrium (as stated earlier) and that the soils of West Bengal are rich in potash any depletion in a given K form is likely to (Sarkar et al., 2013). Such depletion of shift equilibrium in the direction to replenish it potassium gives us a omnious sign that if the (Ramamoorthy and Paliwal, 1976). The K strategies and policies are not formulate to status in soil and the potential of K supply to boost the K supply in soil, and this essential plant is very much related with the distribution nutrient remains neglected as in past, the of K forms in the soil and the equilibrium future sustainibility of agriculture is likely to between them (Pavlov, 2007) which is again be constrained. influenced by the various physical, chemical, properties such as clay minerals, texture, Based on degree of availability to crops, soil moisture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), potassium (K) can be partitioned into four pH, concentrations of other ions (Lalitha and forms, namely water soluble K, exchangeable Dhakshinamoorthy, 2014). K, non-exchangeable K and structural K which are in dynamic equilibrium with each The soils of terai region of West Bengal is of other (Tijjani and David, 2017).Water soluble recent origin (alluvium) and is derived from K (Kws) is usually considered the primary deposition of erosion products brought and source of K absorbed by plant roots; laid down by various river systems from exchangeable K (Kex) is held by the negative Himalayas. The dominant soil order is Entisol. charges on soil clay and organic matter The topsoil, in general, is shallow (0.2 — exchange sites. Non-exchangeable K (NEK) 1.5m) with the basic rock formation of (Knex) is held as fixed ions in the lattice igneous and/or metamorphic in origin. The structure of clay minerals and that forms part average annual rainfall in this region is about of the structures of minerals. Structural K (Ks) more than 3000 mm. For a critical appraisal of is found in K bearing minerals in soils potassium supplying capacity of soils, depending primarily on the source of the knowledge of different forms of potassium parent material (Rao and Brar, 2002). and conditions controlling their availability is Conversion of structural K to non- essential. Though adequate information is exchangeable form is very slow and it varies available on the forms of potassium and its with type of clay mineral and its condition of availability in the soils of adjoining state of weathering. Further, the contribution of Assam (Basumatary and Bordoloi 1992) very structural K to crop nutrition through little is known about this nutrient in the soils decomposition and re-synthesis process is of Cooch Behar of West Bengal. extremely low and negligible in a single crop growing season. Therefore, it is obvious that On such background the present study was K supply to plant from soil is a complex designed to ascertain distribution of different phenomenon, involving a dynamic forms of potassium in selected soils of Cooch equilibrium amongst its various chemical Behar district situated at terai region of West forms in soil. The first two forms of soil K are Bengal and their relation with soil properties. 861 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 860-868 Materials and Methods K extracted in this method minus K extracted by neutral normal Ammonium acetate Soil sampling and characterization (available K) gave the non-exchangeable K of the soil. Total K in soils was determined most Soil samples for the present investigation were conveniently by wet digestion of the soil collected from two soil depths, surface soil (0- sample with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and 20 cm) and sub-surface soil (20-40 cm), from perchloric acid (HClO4) as described by Pratt farmers’ fields of six different blocks of (1965). For total K determination 0.1 g. of Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, namely, finely ground soil sample (dried at 100°C for 2 Cooch Behar-I (Dhuluabari), Cooch behar-II hours) was placed in 30 ml platinum (Pt) (Pundibari), Toofanganj-I, Mathabhanga-I, crucible moistened with few drops (1-2 drops) Dinhata-I and Sitai. The lower depth soils of distilled water. After that 5 ml HF (48%) were excluded because of the high sand and and 0.5 ml HClO4 (60%) were added into it. less clay content. The collected soils from The crucible was then put on a sand bath, and different points of each location were nine-tenths of the crucible top was covered composited in a single sample. Each soil with a platinum lid. The crucible was then sample was gently broken down by hand, heated to 200-225°C until the acid evaporates being careful not to unnecessarily tear the to dryness. The content was cooled and 5 ml plant roots, then air-dried at 35°C to constant of distilled water and a few drops of HClO4 weight in the laboratory. The soil samples were added into it. The crucible was heated were then passed through a 2-mm brass sieve. again to boil the content which was The samples were then kept in laboratory in evaporated to dryness. The crucible content paper bags with proper label for further was again cooled and 5 ml of 6M HCl was 2 rd analysis. The important physico-chemical added and diluted it to /3 of crucible volume. properties of these soils (pH, EC. organic The content was allowed to boil gently until carbon, particle size distribution, CEC etc.) the residue was completely dissolved in acid were determined by following methods solution. The suspension was cooled, described by Jackson (1973). transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask, volume was making up and the K content in the Determination of different forms of solution was determined by a flame potassium photometer (Model: Systronics 128, Systronics, India). The water soluble K was measured by the method proposed by Grewal and Kanwar Statistical calculation (1966) by using the soil: water ratio of 1:5. The available K was determined by neutral Pearson correlation coefficient and step-down normal NH4OAc extractant in the ratio of 1:10 multiple regression equations were generated (soil: extractant) as outlined by Pratt (1965). using Microsoft office excel 2016. Exchangeable potassium was obtained from the difference between available and water Results and Discussion soluble potassium (Dhillon et al., 1985). Non- exchangeable K was determined by one time Soil characterization extraction of soil with boiling 1M HNO3 (Pratt, 1965).
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