DOCSLIB.ORG

Nasionalisme Catalan Melalui Klub Sepakbola Fc Barcelona: Pembentukan Dan Penyebaran Menuju Kemerdekaan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nasionalisme Catalan Melalui Klub Sepakbola Fc Barcelona: Pembentukan Dan Penyebaran Menuju Kemerdekaan NASIONALISME CATALAN MELALUI KLUB SEPAKBOLA FC BARCELONA: PEMBENTUKAN DAN PENYEBARAN MENUJU KEMERDEKAAN Adityo Darmawan Sudagung, Arry Bainus dan Abdul Musyawardi Chalid Program Studi Hubungan Internasional, Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Bukit Dago Utara no. 25, Bandung Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Globalisation cause the spread of nationalism issue in international relations. One of interesting case abaout nationalism happens in Barcelona. The Catalan’s national identity that embeded with soccer club FC Barcelona was something interesting. This research explain the reproducing and spreading of nationalism with constructivism approach in international relations. We found that nationalism was reproducing through people interaction among the Catalan. Nationalism was consturcted by the share identity and interest.The spreading of nationalism globally by soccer club FC Barcelona. Keywords: nationalism, constructivism, FC Barcelona, Catalan Abstrak Fenomena globalisasi mengakibatkan menyebarnya isu nasionalisme dalam hubungan internasonal. Salah satu kasus yang menarik mengenai nasionalisme adalah kasus Barcelona. Melekatnya identitas nasional bangsa Catalonia terhadap klub sepakbola FC Barcelona menjadi suatu kasus yang menarik. Penelitian ini menjelaskan mengenai pembentukan dan penyebaran nasionalisme melalui pendekatan konstruktivisme dalam hubungan internasional. Peneliti menemukan bahwa nasionalisme dibentuk melalui interaksi antar masyarakat Catalonia. Nasionalisme ini dikonstuksi atas identitas dan kepentingan yang sama. Penyebaran secara global identitas nasional mereka dilakukan melalui klub sepakbola FC Barcelona. Kata Kunci: nasionalisme, konstruktivisme, FC Barcelona, Catalonia 1. Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang Nasionalisme merupakan konsep yang diperdebatkan bagaimana secara lebih berkaitan dengan identitas suatu bangsa jelasnya. Nasionalisme dapat juga dilihat dalam wilayah tertentu. Dalam ilmu sebagai pendorong bagaimana negara hubungan internasional pasca Perjanjian di berhubungan dengan negara lainnya. Westphalia 1648, dikenal konsepsi negara- Kepentingan negara yang menjadi dasar bangsa. Secara sekilas nasionalisme melakukan hubungan dengan negara lain mengarah kepada konsepsi negara-bangsa, juga merupakan bagian dari nasionalisme. namun konsepsi bangsa sendiri masih bisa Kemerdekaan bangsa-bangsa di dunia 44 setelah Perang Dunia ke-2 juga didasari otonomi terkaya di Spanyol oleh rasa kebangsaan yang tidak ingin danmenyumbang pendapatan per kapita dijajah. Keinginan bangsa-bangsa di dunia 18% lebih besar dari pendapatan nasional untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri. Hal Spanyol dan 70% lebih tinggi dari ini juga bagian dari diskusi mengenai Extramadura (daerah termiskin di nasionalisme dalam hubungan Spanyol).1 Pembangunan infrastruktur internasional. yang tidak merata akibat dari manajemen yang tidak baik dari pemerintah pusat Keberadaan globalisasi membawa Spanyol juga menjadi alasan Catalonia kebebasan informasi, kebebasan berpindah ingin merdeka, contohnya jalan, bandara, ruang bagi orang maupun barang dan jasa, jalan tol, dan pelabuhan yang tidak dan juga meleburkan batas-batas antar dikelola dengan baik.2 negara. Memberikan dua sikap bagi nasionalisme. Globalisasi bisa dilihat Faktor kedua menurut peneliti penting sebagai ancaman bagi keberadaan bangsa dalam membahas alasan kemerdekaan atau globalisasi membantu menguatkan Catalonia adalah faktor sejarah. keberadaan bangsa. Masuknya informasi Berdasarkan sejarahnya, daerah otonomi berupa nilai, budaya, kebiasaan ke Catalonia kehilangan keotonomiannya kelompok masyakarat tertentu secara terus setelah diduduki oleh tentara Spanyol pada menerus dan bebas dianggap mampu tahun 1714, di bawah pimpinan Earl of mengancam keberadaan identitas yang Berwick, serta mulai diterapkan telah ada di masyarakat tersebut. pelarangan penggunaan bahasa Catalan Contohnya penyebaran budaya berpakaian dan penggunaan bahasa Spanyol sebagai ala Barat yang minimalis dan bebas, bahasa resmi.3 Ditambah pula dengan mengganggu norma berpakaian yang penindasan rezim fasis Franco yang berlaku di negara Timur. Meskipun berkuasa pada 1989-1976. Pada masa itu demikian, penyebaran nilai yang juga terjadi pemaksaan atas budaya disebarkan oleh globalisasi juga Castilla (yang merupakan budaya memberikan dampak bagi pembentukan masyarakat Spanyol), bangsa Catalan negara pasca Perang Dingin. Banyak dilarang menggunakan bahasa Catalan, bangsa di negara-negara komunis, seperti mengadakan festival Catalan dan tidak Yugoslavia, Cekoslovakia, dan Uni Soviet diberi hak untuk melesarikan budayanya.4 yang menuntut adanya kemerdekaan. Pada masa itu juga terjadi pelarangan untuk mempelajari sejarah Catalan bahkan Dalam menjelaskan lebih jauh mereka dijejali dengan sejarah Castillan.5 mengenai isu nasionalisme dalam globalisasi, tulisan ini akan mengambil salah satu kasus di Spanyol. Kasus tersebut adalah konflik identitas bangsa Catalan 1 Jose Javier Ollivas, 2013, The Independence of Catalonia: dengan Spanyol, yang pada akhirnya ingin Jumping on A Bandwagon, dalam http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ideas/2013/09/the-independence-of- memerdekakan dirinya dari negara catalonia-jumping-on-a-bandwagon/ diakses pada tanggal 28 Spanyol, yang didasari oleh nasionalisme. Maret 2014. 2 Catalan Foreign Assemblies, Ten Good Reasons for Independence, dalamhttp://catalanassembly.org/why-support- Catalonia setidaknya memiliki dua catalonia/reasons/ diakses pada tanggal 28 Maret 2014. 3 Stephen Burgen, 2012, Catalan: a language that has survived faktor utama dalam memperjuangkan against the odds, dalam kemerdekaannya sebagai sebuah negara- http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/catalan- language-survived diakses pada tanggal 28 Maret 2014. bangsa. Faktor ekonomi yang paling 4 Rakshit Chopra, 2013, The Role of FC Barcelona in fueling mendorong masyarakat Catalonia ingin Catalan Nationalism, dalam http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-role-of-fc-barcelona- merdeka dan melepaskan diri dari Spanyol. in-fueling-catalan-nationalism/ diakses pada tanggal 28 Maret Catalonia adalah salah satu daerah 2014. 5 Ibid. 45 Masalah sejarah yang juga mencakup perkembangan ilmu hubungan faktor budaya menjadi alasan kuat kenapa internasional, khususnya mengenai Catalonia ingin merdeka. Keberadaan pendekatan teori konstruktivisme dan budaya Catalan yang mereka rawat konsep nasionalisme. menjadi terancam saat pemerintah pusat Spanyol melakukan pengekangan dan 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian pemaksaan terhadap budaya. Bahkan yang terbaru nantinya sejak September 2014 Kegunaan penelitian ini adalah akan diberlakukan Reformasi Pendidikan memberikan masukan kepada pembuat yang mewajibkan sekolah-sekolah di kebijakan di tingkat nasional, khususnya Spanyol untuk mengajarkan bahasa mengenai masalah separatisme dan Spanyol.6 Hal ini ditentang oleh nasionalisme di suatu negara. masyarakat Catalonia, khususnya oleh sekolah-sekolah yang merasa kebijakan tersebut sebagai lanjutan dari pemaksaan 2. Kajian Pustaka budaya Castillan dan mengekang kebebasan mereka untuk melestarikan Pembahasan akan dibantu dengan kebudayaan Catalan. menggunakan beberapa pendekatan dan konsep yang relevan dengan studi Berbagai upaya dilakukan dalam hubungan internasional. Pendekatan dan mendapatkan pengakuan atas identitas konsep yang digunakan dalam tulisan ini bangsa Catalan, salah satu yang paling adalah pendekatan konstruktivisme dan terkenal adalah melalui klub sepakbola FC konsep nasionalisme. Barcelona. Bagi bangsa Catalan, klub sepakbola ini adalah representasi identitas Pendekatan konstruktivisme dan harga diri mereka. FC Barcelona juga merupakan pendekatan dalam Hubungan merupakan salah satu klub terkenal di Internasional yang mencoba melihat suatu dunia dengan banyak prestasi internasional fenomena tidak begitu saja terjadi. Adler dan memiliki pemain-pemain dengan dalam Maja Zehfuss mendefiniskan reputasi yang baik di dunia. konstruktivisme sebagai; “a view that the manner in 1.2 Rumusan Masalah which the material world shapes and is shaped by human action Berdasarkan latar belakang, peneliti and interaction depends on akan melakukan penelitian dengan dynamics normative and rumusan masalah: Bagaimana epistemic interpretations of the pembentukan dan penyebaran material world”.7 nasionalisme Catalan melalui klub sepakbola FC Barcelona? Hopf juga mendefinisikan konstruktivisme dalam tulisannya sebagai; 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian “Understanding how identities Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk are constructed, what norms memberikan sumbangan pemikiran bagi and practices accompany their reproduction, and how they 6 Catalan News Agency, 2014, Catalan Education Minister construct each other is a major believes the Spanish Government's school reform can still be stopped, dalam http://www.catalannewsagency.com/society- science/item/catalan-education-minister-believes-the-spanish- 7 Maja Zehfuss, 2004, Constructivism in International Relations government-s-school-reform-can-still-be-stopped diakses pada The Politic of Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, tanggal 3 April 2014. hlm. 7 46 part of the constructivist menyikapi konflik identitas dan research program”.8 kepentingan dengan kelompok yang lain. Konstruktivisme tidak melupakan Pada prinsipnya pendekatan ini pembentukan identitas yang dimulai dari mengedepankan paham bahwa setiap rumah15 dan terpengaruh oleh keadaan kejadian sosial yang meliputi kerjasama, luar.16 Identitas bangsa merupakan bagian perang,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catalan in the Classroom: a Language Under Fire Sara Fowler
    Catalan in the Classroom: A Language Under Fire Sara Fowler Hawaii Pacific University Abstract This paper describes the role of Spain’s largest minority language, Catalan, in Spanish society, specifically in the classroom. Throughout its history, Catalan has gone through many cycles of oppression and revival. Currently, despite several decades of positive progress in its official role and a growing number of young speakers, Catalan is facing new challenges once again. Some members of the Spanish government believe that the language of instruction in Catalonia should be Castilian, a development which the citizens of Catalonia feel is an attack on their linguistic rights and identity. Catalan is a well-documented example of the tensions which can arise in a country with a minority language or languages. The Catalan case can also serve as a reminder to English teachers that the politics of language are often more complicated than they seem; teachers must be aware of and sensitive to the cultural and political backgrounds of their students. Introduction It is a fact that linguistic boundaries and political borders are not a perfect match; nevertheless, most people associate one language with one country. For example, the name Spain, for many people, brings to mind one language: Spanish. However, Spanish, or “Castilian” as it is more specifically called, is not the only language in Spain. There are 15 languages spoken in Spain—one official language and three other “co-official” languages, the largest of which is Catalan, spoken as a “mother tongue” by approximately nine percent of the population, compared to five percent speakers of Galician and a mere one percent who speak Euskera (Basque) as a mother tongue (Ethnologue, 2014; European Commission, 2006, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexible Training Models: a Response to the Current Needs
    FLEXIBLE TRAINING MODELS: A RESPONSE TO THE CURRENT NEEDS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE CATALAN NEWS AGENCY: A UNIQUE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING MODEL IN JOURNALISM TEACHING • Tulloch, Christopher Universitat Pompeu Fabra Departament de Comunicació Roc Boronat, 138, 08018 Barcelona (Espanya) [email protected] • Mas Manchón, Lluís Universitat Pompeu Fabra Departament de Comunicació Roc Boronat, 138, 08018 Barcelona (Espanya) [email protected] 1. ABSTRACT: In 2010 the Universitat Pompeu Fabra –a public university in the heart of Barcelona- embarked on a unique joint venture in the field of journalism training in conjunction with the Agència Catalana de Notícies, the Catalan government news agency. The idea behind the project was to offer an English-language wire service aimed mainly at foreign correspondents, investors and policymakers which would take a look at current events from a specifically Catalan standpoint. This paper analyses the first four years of the Catalan News Agency experiment from an educational, professional and journalism perspective. 2. RESUMEN: En el año 2010 la Universidad Pompeu Fabra –universidad pública emplazada en el corazón de Barcelona- se embarcó en una innovadora iniciativa de formación en periodismo con la Agència Catalana de Notícies, la agencia oficial del Gobierno catalán. El proyecto pretendía ofrecer un servicio de noticias en inglés dirigido principalmente a corresponsales extranjeros, inversores y legisladores, quienes dispondrían de una aproximación a los hechos noticiosos desde un punto de vista específicamente catalán. Esta comunicación analiza estos cuatro años de trabajo Revista CIDUI 2014 ISSN: 2385-6203 1 www.cidui.org/revistacidui FLEXIBLE TRAINING MODELS: A RESPONSE TO THE CURRENT NEEDS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- conjunto con la Catalan News Agency desde un punto de vista educativo, profesional y periodístico.
    [Show full text]
  • Communicating Catalan Culture in a Global Society
    G Model PUBREL-1408; No. of Pages 7 ARTICLE IN PRESS Public Relations Review xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Public Relations Review Communicating Catalan culture in a global society a,∗ b Melissa A. Johnson , Xavier Cester a Department of Communication, Campus Box 8104, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, USA b Catalan Institute for the Cultural Companies (ICEC), Rambla Santa Monica 8, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t This case study describes the communication objectives of the Catalan! Arts organization Keywords: based in the autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain. Best practices in public relations, Culture particularly in digital and social media, are described. The authors highlight the use of Public relations International public relations sound and bold visuals in public relations programming, and address the importance of Global communication interactive tactics. Program evaluation includes digital analytics plus an analysis of cultural Digital media industry export data and employment statistics in the creative industries. The case is an Social media example of identity-based communication in international public relations. It also adds to the literature on public relations in government and arts organizations. Published by Elsevier Inc. 1. Introduction One of the limitations of current research in international public relations is the centrality of the nation state in definitions of the field (e.g., Sriramesh, 2009). And according to Bardhan (2013), public relations discourse about globalization is rooted in Western and capitalist/corporate models. Thus, most international public relations research has focused on corporate public relations, usually based in English-speaking environs.
    [Show full text]
  • Business-Friendly and Investment-Ready Cities
    Business-Friendly and Investment-Ready Cities City Government and the Local Business Growth and Investment Climate September 2014 Author: Greg Clark Senior Fellow, ULI EMEA Case Studies: Gesine Kippenberg, ULI Europe Robert de Jong, ULI UK 1 Business-Friendly and Investment-Ready Cities About ULI The mission of the Urban Land Institute is to provide • Sharing knowledge through education, applied research, leadership in the responsible use of land and in creating publishing, and electronic media; and and sustaining thriving communities worldwide. ULI is • Sustaining a diverse global network of local practice committed to: and advisory efforts that address current and future • Bringing together leaders from across the fields of real challenges. estate and land use policy to exchange best practices and serve community needs; Established in 1936, the Institute today has more than 30,000 members worldwide, representing the entire • Fostering collaboration within and beyond ULI’s spectrum of the land use and development disciplines. membership through mentoring, dialogue, and problem ULI relies heavily on the experience of its members. It is solving; through member involvement and information resources • Exploring issues of urbanisation, conservation, that ULI has been able to set standards of excellence in regeneration, land use, capital formation, and development practice. The Institute has long been sustainable development; recognised as one of the world’s most respected and widely • Advancing land use policies and design practices that quoted sources of objective information on urban planning, respect the uniqueness of both the built and natural growth, and development. environment; To download information on ULI reports, events and activities please visit www.uli-europe.org Copyright ©2014 by ULI – the Urban Land Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. Spain’s rate of annual growth was bettered only by Ireland in this period, with both countries reflecting a wider trend within the EU: ‘for a decade, 1995– 2005, the countries of Europe’s “South” (Spain, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal) had growth rates almost one per cent higher than the countries of the “North” (Germany, Austria, Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands)’ (Husson, 2012: 331). 2. By late 2010, the OECD (2010) had already reported youth unemployment in Spain (then at 40.7 per cent) to be 22.2 per cent above the OECD average. 3. The rate of unemployment in the eurozone as a whole in June 2013 was 12.2 per cent, with youth unemployment then at 24.4 per cent (Elliott, 2013; Allen, 2013). 4. As the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, told the Bundestag during a debate on the Greek bailout: ‘This is about nothing less than the future of Europe and the future of Germany in Europe’ (quoted in Deutsche Welle, 2010). 5. By 2007, Irish banks’ liabilities were the equivalent of 75 per cent of GDP (World Policy Journal, 2011). Much of these were connected to speculative investment in the construction sector. 6. By June 2012, unemployment had more than doubled in Ireland from its pre- crisis level, to reach 14.8 per cent – the third highest rate in the EU after Spain and Greece at that time (Halpin, 2012). 7. Matsaganis (2012: 413) estimated that by the end of 2012 income losses in Greece had pushed 30 per cent of the population below the pre- crisis poverty line in terms of purchasing power.
    [Show full text]
  • Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
    ___________________________________________________________________ Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Application against Spain by Carles Puigdemont, President-Elect of Catalonia Lodged 1 March 2018 __________________________________________________________________ PUIGDEMONT -v- SPAIN SUMMARY: In this application Mr. Carles PUIGDEMONT alleges that Spain is guilty of violating its international treaty obligations through the cumulative imposition of disproportionate and unjustified restrictions with the exercise of his political rights under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”). Spain is a State Party to both treaties. It is also a signatory, without relevant reservations, to the Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, which provides for the right of individual petition. Spain has not notified any relevant derogation to the provisions of the ICCPR which thus remain fully in force. It is legally bound by treaty obligation to secure the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the ICCPR, throughout the territory of Spain, and to all those who fall within its jurisdiction. Mr. PUIGDEMONT brings this individual petition to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in order to vindicate his right to stand for elections (article 25, ICCPR); his right to freedom of association with other secessionist politicians and political parties in pursuit of a common goal of securing independence from Spain for Catalonia (article 22, ICCPR); and his right to freedom of peaceful political expression in support of the cause of independence for Catalonia (article 19, ICCPR). He invites the Committee to hold that these rights have been violated by cumulative and continuing conduct of the Kingdom of Spain.
    [Show full text]
  • Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union
    CONNOLLY MACRO CORRECTED CLEAN(DO NOT DELETE) 2/6/2014 12:55 PM INDEPENDENCE IN EUROPE: SECESSION, SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE EUROPEAN UNION CHRISTOPHER K. CONNOLLY* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 51 I. NATIONALISM IN EUROPE’S STATELESS NATIONS: IDENTITY, AUTONOMY, AND THE ECONOMY ..................................................... 55 A. Catalonia: Rising Separatist Sentiment .................................................. 55 B. Scotland: The Road to the Referendum .................................................. 59 C. Flanders: Breaking Up the Most Successful Failed State of All Time .................................................................................................... 62 II. SECESSION AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW ........................................................................................................... 67 A. Unilateral Secession: Limits on the Right to Self-Determination .......... 68 B. Negotiated Secession: Lessons from Quebec ......................................... 73 III. THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A FORUM FOR SELF- DETERMINATION CLAIMS .................................................................... 78 A. States and Regions ................................................................................. 79 B. The Membership Question ..................................................................... 84 C. The Eurozone Crisis ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Levelling the Playing Field Policy Paper on the “Sharing” Economy
    Levelling The Playing Field Policy Paper On The “Sharing” Economy HOTREC POLICY PAPER – NOVEMBER 2015 1 Methodology This policy paper has been conducted by desk research findings and the input of different stakeholders consulted through an online questionnaire. The sample of primary research was constituted of three target audiences: National associations of hotels and restaurants represented by HOTREC, tourism industry associations, NGOs, and peer-to-peer platforms and distribution platforms. We would like to address our warmest thanks to TOPOSOPHY for leading the whole process with the highest level of standards in the creation of this policy paper. 2 LEVELLING THE PLAYING FIELD Table of Content Foreword by HOTREC page 2 Foreword by UNWTO page 3 01 Introduction page 4 02 Terminology page 6 03 Situation Analysis page 8 Levelling the 04 Playing Field page 18 The Way Forward and 05 the HOTREC Chart page 24 HOTREC POLICY PAPER – NOVEMBER 2015 1 Foreword by HOTREC Dear Reader, Throughout the years, the tourism business model has tremendously changed, integrating new forms of tourist accommodation, therefore enriching the overall travel experience. The “sharing” economy has undoubtedly become one of those, and is here to stay. As a key stakeholder of the European tourism sector, HOTREC could not remain inert towards this phenomenon, which is often developing in an uncontrolled way and Susanne Kraus-Winkler Ramón Estalella does not comply with the rules that apply to the regulated President “Sharing” Economy Task Force Chair accommodation sector. This policy paper has been developed with a view to provide all parties involved with some of the key steps to be addressed in order to design the regulatory framework which will level the playing field for all players alike.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and Catalan Independence Ryan T
    South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business Volume 10 Article 6 Issue 2 Spring 2014 2014 Corruption and Catalan Independence Ryan T. Judd University of South Carolina School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/scjilb Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Judd, Ryan T. (2014) "Corruption and Catalan Independence," South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business: Vol. 10 : Iss. 2 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/scjilb/vol10/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you by the Law Reviews and Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CORRUPTION AND CATALAN INDEPENDENCE Ryan T. Judd* It pleases me to speak the language of those wise ones, Who filled the world with their customs and laws, The language of those strong ones who kings respected, They defended their rights, they avenged their injuries. Bonaventura Carles Aribaul INTRODUCTION Just over a decade through the doorway of the new millennium, rumblings of independence from territories within established European nations have steadily gathered into an ominous storm on the political horizon-such that the rest of the world cannot help but take notice. As Scotland moves steadily forward in its fight to secede from the United Kingdom, with an eye toward a referendum vote on independence in September 2014,2 its leaders simultaneously labor *J.D., Class of 2014, University of South Carolina School of Law; M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Q35 Portada EN.Indd
    QUADERNS ISSN (electronic): 2014-2242 / www.cac.cat DEL CAC BOYD-BARRET, O. (editor) News Agencies in the Turbulent Era of the Inter- net. Barcelona: Government of Catalonia, Catalan News Agency, 2010. (Col·lecció Lexikon; 5). 313 p. ISBN 978-84-393-8303-1 BY MARÍA JOSÉ PÉREZ DEL POZO Lecturer in International Relations at Universidad Complutense in Madrid News models to overcome technological and economic opment of multimedia services and their enterprising and pio- challenges neering nature in searching out highly specialised market seg- ments. Nevertheless, in spite of the agencies' capacity to adapt News agencies have been the focus of numerous studies since to all crises and to emulate their new environments, the author the mid-1970s, although not so much from a professional per- puts forward the threats, fundamentally economic, they will spective as from a political interpretation: their hierarchical, have to face in a near future that combines great potential with oligopolistic structure, the world expansion linked to the devel- equally great professional and economic uncertainties: the opment of capitalism, their already pioneering nature as a possible divide between users and agencies, the interdepend- global medium in the 19th century, their relationship with ence of old and new agencies in the BRIC countries (an states or influence on decisions regarding client media's news acronym for the emerging countries of Brazil, Russia, India and agendas have largely been the focus of attention. China), the analysis and self-criticism concerning how effective The academic and research career of the Irish professor, they are in giving a voice to new social groups and how to get Oliver Boyd-Barrett, editor of the book reviewed here, has been the most out of their historical brand image are just some of related to studies of international communication and particu- the issues these media will have to tackle over the next ten larly to the first thorough studies of international news agen- years.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Broadcast Information Portal Creative Common License
    Techniques For Information Research Written By David Childers www.radiosolution.info www.BroadcastingWorld.Com Global Broadcast Information Portal Creative Common License This body of work is released under the Attribution-ShareAlike version 3.0, Creative Common License. The work may be freely distributed or modified for commercial or non commercial purposes. If this work is modified, compliance with the Attribution-ShareAlike version 3.0, Creative Common License is required. These requirements include: - Any derivatives of this work must be attributed to David Childers. - Any derivatives of this work must reference any additional sources that may be used. - Alterations, transforming, or building upon this work requires distributing the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license. For the complete legal code, please refer here: http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode Cover graphic http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schlagwortkatalog.jpg Foreword graphic http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hazy_Crazy_Sunrise.jpg Voltaire graphic http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Sim%C3%A9on_Chardin_-_The_Attributes_of_Art_- _WGA04781.jpg Back graphic http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BATCO_facsimile.agr.tif Foreword Greetings once again, With the continued growth in information and data, knowing how to find this valuable treasure is vitally essential for the successful operation of a business or the completion of any project. Many resources exist that can be used for information research, and it is up to the individual to make the best use of these extensive options that are available. Knowledge is power, and knowing where and how to access that information is the key.
    [Show full text]
  • NEGOCIOS SUCIOS Los Bancos Españoles Financian a Productores De Armas
    NEGOCIOS SUCIOS Los bancos españoles financian a productores de armas Edita y coordina: SETEM - Finanzas Éticas www.setem.org www.finanzaseticas.org www.bancalimpia.com Consejo de Redacción e Investigación: Jan Willem van Gelder, Petra Spaargaren, Roderick Bouwers Traducción: Javier Gil González Diseño y maquetación: Elena Poncell Con el apoyo de la AECID: “Esta publicación ha sido realizada con el apoyo financiero de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). El contenido de dicha publicación es responsabilidad exclusiva de SETEM y no refleja necesari- amente la opinión de la AECID.” Versión final: 18 abril 2011 Jan Willem van Gelder Petra Spaargaren Roderick Bouwers Profundo Radarweg 60 1043 NT Ámsterdam Países Bajos Tel: +31-20-820 83 20 E-mail: [email protected] Sitio web: www.profundo.nl 2 Índice Capítulo 1 Metodología de investigación ........................7 Capítulo 4 Grupo Santander ...................................... 33 1.1 Objetivo ..............................................................................8 4.1 Introducción .....................................................................34 1.2 Armas controvertidas ........................................................8 4.2 Participaciones en acciones ........................................... 35 1.3 Productores de armas controvertidas ............................. 11 4.3 Emisión de acciones ........................................................38 1.4 Grupos bancarios españoles ............................................12
    [Show full text]