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“Avrupa'da Yükselen Mikro Milliyetçilik AVRPA BİRİİ POİTİKAARI DERGİSİ YAYINAYAN Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi A.Ş YAYIN & İDARİ KR (BİLGESAM) Euro Politika Dergisi Yayın Türü ISSN No İmtiyaz Sahibi & Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Yaygın Süreli / 2149-9217 Yusuf ERTUĞRAL Euro Politika Misafir Yazarlar Editörler Ayhan KAYA Ali İzzet KEÇECİ Karel VALANSİ İlkay TÜRKEŞ Sezin ÖNEY İlhan ARAS Editör Yardımcıları Özgür ÜNAL ERİŞ Ertuğrul ÇAVUŞOĞLU Ronja KEMPIN Şevval KOÇAK Barbara KUNZ Okan VATANSEVER Dani BARAN Mert EKE Halkla İlişkiler & Tanıtım Sorumlusu Dergideki yazılar izin alınıp kaynak gösterilerek, kısmen veya Sedanur ASLAN tamamen yayımlanabilir. Dergide yayımlanan makaleler ve katkılarda yazarlar Görsel Yönetmen tarafından açıklanan görüşler, ERO Politika Dergisi’nin Sertaç DURMAZ yayın kurulularının, yayıncının veya editörlerinin görüşlerini yansıtmamaktadır. Bilgi ve görüşlerin sorumluluğu tamamen yazarlara aittir. luslararası İlişkiler Koordinatörü Büşra Nur BULUN Baskı: Ege eklam ve Basım Sanatları San. Tic. td. ti. Esatpaşa Mah. Ziyapaşa Caddesi No4 Ataşehir İstanbul Proje Sorumlusu Tel 021 470 44 70 Faks 021 472 4 05 www.egebasim.com.tr Sertifika No 124 Rabia GÜNGÖRSEN İdari Merkez: Esentepe Mahallesi 1. Gazeteciler Sitesi Dergiler Sokağı No1 Kat3 Daire7 Şişli europolitikacom europolitikacom İstanbul Turkey Tel: 90 212 217 5 91 Fax: 90 212 217 5 93 Web: www.europolitika.com e-posta: editoreuropolitika.com infoeuropolitika.com KATKILARIYLA YAYINLANMIŞTIR DERGİ VE KİTAP DANIŞMA KURULU (Alfabetik Sıra ile) Ayhan KAYA Nergiz ÖZKURAL KÖROĞLU İ Burak Bilgehan ÖZPEK Ozan ÖRMECİ Burak KÜNTAY Özgür ÜNAL ERİŞ İ Cem TOKER Selcen ÖNER Çiğdem NAS Serhat GÜVENÇ İ Ebru CANAN SOKULLU Sezgin MERCAN İlhan ARAS Yonca ÖZER N Mert BİLGİN Zeynep ALEMDAR İ 1 EUROLİİA Editörden Kısa bir aradan sonra yeniden sizlerle birlikte olmanın mutluluğunu yaşadığımız bu sayıda, yine birbirinden önemli kalemlerin ufuk açıcı ve derinlemesine bilgilendirici makale ve değer- lendirme yazıları ile karşınızdayız. Türkiye’nin AB serüveni her ne kadar bir önceki yıla göre eksi yönde ilerleme! Sağlasa da, bizler yayın ekibi ve yazar kadrosu olarak AB ve politikaları üzerinde durmaya devam etmekteyiz. Bu sayımızda kapak konusu olarak belirlediğimiz “Avrupa’da Yükselen Mikro Milliyetçilik” ana başlığı ve alt başlıklar aslında kıta Avrupa’sının çokta yabancı olmadığı kavramlardır. Fransız İhtilali gibi tarihi önemi büyük bir olayın kıta Avrupa’sında başlayan ve tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan sonuçları hala siyasi hafızamızda tazeliğini korumaktadır. yle ki; Bu başlığın alt başlıkları olarak bu sayıda yer verdiğimiz ve kapakta da yer alan “De- mokrasi, Tiran, Politika, Devlet, Hukuk ve Güç” gibi kavramların doğum yerinin antik Yunan ve Roma medeniyetleri olduğunu hatırlarsak bu konuda haklı olduğumuz anlaşılacaktır. Avrupa Birliği’nin büyük bir savaşın sonunda yine büyük bir barış ve işbirliği ideali anlayışı çerçevesinde kurulduğunu anımsadığımız şu günlerde, kimi AB ülkelerinde yaşanan ayrılık- çı ve milliyetçi eylemler, kimi ülkelerde ise komşu ülkeler ile yaşanan sınır ve etnik meseleler sebebiyle yükselen milliyetçilik üzerinde durmayı önemli bularak bu konu üzerinde durduk. Yazarlarımız ve kaleme aldıkları konu başlıkları; Avrupa’da Popülist Sağın Yükselişi Popü- lizm Nedir (Prof. Dr. Ayhan KAYA), Doğu Akdeniz Odaklı E. Büyükelçimizle Daryal BATIBAY ile söyleşi (İlkay TRKEŞ), Prof. Dr. Serhat GVENÇ ile Avrupa Ordusu üzerine Söyleşi (Se- danur ASAN), Almanya’da Yükselen Milliyetçilik Olgusu Sebepleri ve Olası Etkileri (Doç. Dr. zgür NA ERİŞ), Avrupa Birliği’nin Bir Başarı Hikayesine İhtiyacı Var (Karel VAANSİ), Breit is Bullshit (Doç. Dr. İlhan ARAS), Kuzey İrlanda rneği Barışın Günlük Referandumu (Sezin NEY), Avrupa’da iberalizm zerine Cem Toker ile Söyleşi (Yusuf ERTRA), Doğu Akdeniz Doğalgazı ve İsrail’in AB Piyasasına Etkileri (Dani Danış BARAN), Kuzey Makedonya Meselesi Sürecinde Yükselen Yunan Milliyetçiliği (Ali İzzet KEÇECİ), Avrupa İçin Yeni Bir Sınama Ayrılıkçılık ve Katalonya (Dr. S. Sezgin MERCAN & Birlik BİGİSEVEN), Mayıs 2019 Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçimleri (Şevval KOÇAK), Fransa İtalya Krizinin Perde Arkası (Okan VATANSEVER), Avrupa Birliği’nin Demokrasi Açığı (Ertuğrul ÇAVŞO), Aachen Antlaşması “FransaAlmanya Savunma İşbirliği İçin Yeni Bir İvme Mi” (Ronja KEM- PIN & Barbara KNZ) ve Avrupa’da Demokrasi Neden Kıymetli (Mert EKE). Birleşmeden ayrışmaya Avrupa Birliği serüveni bu denli etkili kalemlerin etkili yazıları ile an- latılmaya ve sizlere sunulmaya çalışıldı. Her milliyetçiliğin kötü olduğu ya da her ayrılıkçı hareketin zararlı olduğu gibi bir çıkarımda bulunmadan tamamen objektif değerlendirme ve incelemelerle aktarılmaya çalışıldı. Milliyetçilik kavramının doğum yeri de acaba antik Yunan olabilir mi Sorusunu dahi sorduğumuz ve cevap- ladığımız bu sayı, sizlere keyifi ve bilgi dolu okumalar sağlayacaktır. Bu sayımızda da bizlere desteğini esirgemeyen Friedrich Nau- mann Vakfı’na teşekkürü bir borç biliriz. Bahar aylarının baş- ladığı bu günlerde başta ülkemiz olmak üzere tüm dünyaya barışın hâkim olması ise en temel isteğimizdir. Faydası olması dileğiyle, iyi okumalar dileriz. Ali İzzet KEECİ 2 İÇİNDEKİLER Prof. Dr. Ayhan KAYA Dr. Sezgin MECAN Avrupa’da Popülist Bilgin BİİKSEEN Sağın Yükselişi 5 63 Avrupa İçin Yeni Bir Popülizm Nedir Sınama Ayrılıkçılık ve Katalonya E. Büyükelçi Ali İzzet KEECİ Kuzey Makedonya Daryal Batıbay ile 73 Doğu Akdeniz Odaklı 35 Meselesi Sürecinde Söyleşi Yükselen Yunan Milliyetçiliği Doç. Dr. zgür NA Eİ Okan ATANSEE Avrupa’da Popülist 39 Sağın Yükselişi 76 Fransaİtalya Krizinin Popülizm Nedir Perde Arkası Avrupa’da iberalizm evval KOAK zerine 43 80 Mayıs 2019 Cem TOKE ile Söyleşi Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçimleri Karel AANSİ Avrupa Birliği’nin 48 Ertuğrul AO Bir Başarı Hikayesine 83 Avrupa Birliği’nin İhtiyacı Var Demokrasi Açığı Dani BAAN Doç. Dr. İlhan AAS Doğu Akdeniz Doğalgazı Breit is Bullshit 52 87 ve İsrail’in AB Piyasasına Etkileri Dr. Barbara KNZ Avrupa Ordusu zerine Dr. ona KEMPIN Prof. Dr. Serhat GEN 55 91 Aachen Antlaşması İle Söyleşi FransaAlmanya Savunma İşbirliği İçin Yeni Bir İvme Mi Sezin NEY Mert EKE Kuzey İrlanda rneği 60 94 Avrupa’da Demokrasi Barışın Günlük Neden Kıymetli Referandumu 3 EUROLİİA İtalya’da, koalisyon hükümetinin ortağı 201 yılında İngiltere’de yapılan AB aşırı sağcı ig Partisinden milletvekili ve referandumunda halkın yüzde 52’si- Meclis Bütçe Komisyonu Başkanı olan Kuzey İrlanda Breit müzakerelerinde nin Breit’ten yana oy kullanmasıyla Claudio Borghi, 2 Mayıs’taki Avrupa İrlanda ile K. İrlanda arasındaki sınır ko- İngiltere’nin, Avrupa Birliği’nden ayrılma Parlamentosu (AP) seçimlerinin İtalya nusu için anlaşma sağlanamadı. T. May (Breit) sürecini resmen başlatacak olan açısından bir yenilik getirmemesi halinde “tedbir maddesini” değiştirmeyi planlıyor. izbon Antlaşması’nda ki 50. maddeyi Avrupa Birliği’nden (AB) çıkmayı tartış- (Ocak 2019) 29 Mart’ta resmen işletecek. maya açacaklarını belirtti. (Şubat 2019) İspanya’da merkezi hükümetin, Barselo- Almanya Başbakanı Angela Merkel ile Fransa na’da yaptığı Bakanlar Kurulu toplantısını Cumhurbaşkanı Emmanuel Macron, iki ülke arasında “provokasyon” olarak değerlendirilen tarihi öneme sahip 22 Ocak 193 tarihli Elysee Kasım 201’de Fransa’daki akaryakıt bağımsızlık yanlısı Katalanların gösterileri- Antlaşması’nın 5. yıl dönümünde, anlaşmanın zamlarını ve hayat pahalılığını protesto ne polis sert müdahalede bulundu. Gös- günümüz şartlarına göre güncellenmesi amacıyla yeni ile başlayan Sarı Yelekliler eylemleri farklı tericiler ve polis arasında çıkan kargaşa bir AlmanFransız iş birliği anlaşmasını imzalayarak siyasi görüşlerden protestocuların katılı- da ülke de hayat durdu. Çıkan olaylarda bağımsız bir Avrupa Ordusu’nun ilk adımları atıldı. Aa- mıyla ülkedeki işsizlik sorunu, gelir ada- 35’i Katalonya yerel polisi olmak üzere chen Antlşması’nın imzalanmasıyla iki ülke savunma letsizliği, Macron hükümetinin politikaları 77 kişi yaralandı ve sağlık durumu ciddi ve kalkınma politikalarında ortak bir kültür ve işbirliği da hedef haline geldi ve Cumhurbaşkanı kimsenin bulunmadığı bildirildi.Ayrıca 12 geliştirmeyi taahhüt ediyor. (22 ocak 2019) gösterici4 de gözaltına alındı.( 21 Aralık Macron’un istifası istenmeye başlandı. 5 201) Ayhan KAYA Prof. Dr., İstanbul Bilgi niversitesi Avrupa’da Popülist Sağın Yükselişi Popülizm Nedir? lara, mültecilere ve göçmenlere yönelik kor kunun; bireysel temsilciler tarafından korkuyu Bu makale, çeşitli sosyalekonomik ve finansal aşmak için muhtemel olarak kültüreldinseluy sıkıntılar nedeniyle, korkunun ve önyargının et garlıksal tözselleşmeye (reification) ve siyasi ra nokültürel ve dinsel olarak farklı olan “ötekilere” dikalleşmeye dönüştürüleceği yönündedir. Bu karşı tırmandığı Avrupa Birliği’nde, popülist ha bağlamda mevcut çalışma, yükselen popülist reketlerin ve siyasi partilerin mevcut durumunu hareketleri beş AB ülkesinde (Almanya, Fransa, daha iyi anlamak için teorik tartışmaları tasvir Yunanistan, İtalya ve Hollanda) ve Türkiye’de etmek üzere tasarlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın te karşılaştırmak için bir dizi teorik araçlar sunan mel önerisi, AB’de süregelen sosyalpolitike ve halihazırda devam eden çalışmanın (Co konomik ve finansal değişikliğin sebep olduğu, HERE Projesi kapsamında Çalışma Paketi 2) bilinmeyene, yani örneğin İslama, Müslüman 5 AKAMK A ilk kısmını oluşturmaktadır.1 Makale, teorik bir Çığır açan bu konferansın dikkate değer so perspektiften çağdaş popülizm eylemlerini de nuçlarından birisi de Isaiah Berlin’in konferans taylı bir biçimde ele alarak başlayacaktır. Bura sırasında araya girerek yaptığı
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