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Yan Derelerde Erozyon Ve Rüsubat Kontrolü

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Yan Derelerde Erozyon Ve Rüsubat Kontrolü YAN DERELERDE EROZYON VE RÜSUBAT KONTROLÜ EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL IN TRIBUTARIES Yaşar DİNÇSOY Orman Mühendisi/Forest Engineer I YAN DERELERDE EROZYON VE RÜSUBAT KONTROLÜ EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL IN TRIBUTARIES Yaşar DİNÇSOY Orman Mühendisi/Forest Engineer yasard/dsi.gov.tr; [email protected] ANKARA-2013 II ÖNSÖZ 1 FOREWORD 1 Türkiye erozyondan en fazla etkilenen Turkey is a country that is highly affected by ülkelerden biridir. Erozyonun aktif olduğu soil erosion. The sediment caused by the kaynaklardan oluşan sediment dere sources where erosion is active accumulates yataklarında, taban tarım arazilerinde, baraj, in stream beds, agricultural lands, dams, gölet ve limanlarda birikmek suretiyle önemli ponds, and ports, causing major harm such as taşkın, drenaj ve rüsubat zararlarına sebep floods, drainage, and sedimentation. olmaktadır. Also, the dams and ponds built with big Ayrıca büyük yatırımlarla yapılan gölet ve investments encounter the danger of losing barajlar yüzey akışları ve nehirlerle taşınan their function before the end of their planned toprak materyali nedeniyle, fonksiyonlarını life span because of the soil material carried kaybedip ekonomik periyodlarından önce by rivers and surface flows. devre dışı kalma tehlikesiyle Sediment-cleaning works that The General karşılaşmaktadırlar. Directorate of State of Hydraulic Works (DSI) Yerleşim yerleri ile taban tarım arazilerinde has carried out in stream basins and irrigation, meydana gelen taşkın ve sediment zararları as well as the drying and draining of nedeniyle DSİ’nin dere yataklarında, sulama, waterways because of the damage caused by kurutma ve drenaj kanallarında yapmak floods and sediments occurring in settlements zorunda kaldığı sediment temizliği çalışmaları and bottom farm lands, have reached a very ekonomik olarak büyük miktarlara high economic cost. yükselmiştir. DSI, which is under the Ministry of Forestry Orman Ve Su İşleri Bakanlığına bağlı Devlet and Water Affairs, is the organization Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (DSİ), su responsible for the development and kaynaklarının geliştirilmesi ve yönetiminden management of water resources. sorumlu bir kuruluştur. DSI has always given careful attention to DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, erozyon ve rüsubat controlling erosion and sediment. In order to kontrolü konusunda daima hassas bir protect the current and future public yaklaşım içerisinde olmuştur. DSİ’ce su settlements and facilities owned by DSI or havzalarında yerleşim yerlerini, DSİ ve diger other governmental organizations, as well as kamu kuruluşlarına ait mevcut ve inşa agricultural lands, from flood and sediment edilecek tesisleri ve tarım arazilerini sel ve damage, DSI carries out studies at the primary rüsubat zararlarından korumak için ön investigation, master plan, and planning inceleme, master plan ve planlama levels, then it evaluates these studies, prepares seviyesinde etütler yapılmakta, bu çalışmalar project reports, and implements projects. değerlendirilmekte, proje raporları I would like to express that this book would hazırlanmakta ve uygulamaları be very useful for introduction to and gerçekleştirilmektedir. understanding of these works in this regard. Hazırlanan kitabın, bu konuda yapılan ve I would like to thank particularly forest yapılacak çalışmaların daha iyi anlaşılması ve engineer Yaşar DİNÇSOY and everyone who tanıtılmasında oldukça faydalı olacağını contributed to preparation of the book, and I belirtmek isterim. wish them continued success. Kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen başta Orman Mühendisi Yaşar Dinçsoy olmak üzere herkese teşekkür eder, başarılarının devamını dilerim. Salim FAKIOĞLU Etüt, Planlama ve Tahsisler Dairesi Başkanı Head of Investigation, Planning and Allocations Department II ÖNSÖZ 2 FOREWORD 2 Bir yan dere havzasında bitki, su ve toprak If the natural balance between the plants, arasındaki doğal denge, insanın havzaya water, and soil is disrupted in one tributary olumsuz müdahaleleri ve arazilerin due to negative interventions of humans in the niteliklerine uygun kullanılmaması basin and inappropriate use of land, surface dolayısıyla bozulduğu takdirde, oluşan runoff increases and the stability of stream sağanak yağışlarda yüzey akışları artmakta ve courses deteriorates rapidly with consistent mecralarda stabilite hızla bozulmaktadır. rainfall. Yan derelerden sellerle birlikte mansaba Water and sediments transported downstream taşınan rüsubat ve taşkın suları yerleşim by torrents damage settlements, facilities, and yerleri, tesisler ve tarım arazilerinde zarar agricultural lands and cause loss of lives and oluşturmakta ve can ve mal kayıplarına neden property. It is necessary to control erosion and olmaktadır. Kayıpları önlemek, toprak ve su limit the sediment movement in the river and kaynaklarını geliştirmek ve etkinliğini its tributaries in order to prevent such losses artırmak bakımından dere ve yan derelerde and to improve land and water resources. erozyonu kontrol etmek ve rüsubat akımını Therefore, it is critical to take measures to sınırlandırmak gerekmektedir. control erosion and sedimentation as soon as a Bu nedenle yan dere havzasında erozyon ve problem emerges in order to solve the rüsubat kontrolüne yönelik önlemlerin problem in a short time and with less cost. problemin başlangıcında alınması, kısa sürede In this book, Turkey's water and land ve daha az masrafla çözümlenmesinde resources, topics related to soil erosion and oldukça önemlidir. sediment, and measures aiming to control Bu kitap kapsamında Türkiye’ nin su ve erosion and sediment in tributaries are toprak kaynakları ile erozyon ve rüsubat explained without excessive technical details. konularından bahsedilmiş, yan derelerde Moreover, reclamation works in tributaries erozyon ve rüsubat kontrolüne yönelik carried out for more than 55 years in our önlemler teknik detaylara girmeden kısaca country are illustrated with pictures and açıklanmıştır. Ülkemizde 55 yıldan fazla bir sample projects. süredir yan derelerde yapılan ıslah çalışmaları I thank my Section Manager, Mr. İ. Biroğlu, görsel olarak resimlerle ve örnek projelerle and colleagues M. Çavusoglu, E. Yıldırım and desteklenerek verilmiş ve tanıtılmaya E. TEKER who assisted and supported me çalışılmıştır. during the preparation of this book. In Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında beni destekleyen addition, I would like to thank DSI for the ve gerekli yardımlarda bulunan Şube opportunity and support it has given me to Müdürüm İ. BİROĞLU, çalışma arkadaşlarım improve my knowledge to date. I hope that M. ÇAVUŞOĞLU, E. YILDIRIM ve E. the book will be useful to those whose TEKER’e teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca bugüne interests it attempts to address. kadar sağladığı olanak ve desteklerle bilgi gelişimime yardımcı olan Kurumum DSİ Genel Müdürlüğüne teşekkür ederim. Kitabın, konuyla ilgilenenlere yardımcı olması dileğimdir. ANKARA 2013 Yaşar DİNÇSOY Orman Mühendisi/Forest Engineer III KISALTMALAR / ABBREVIATIONS AGM :Ağaçlandırma ve Erozyon Kontrolu Genel Müdürlüğü General Directorate of Afforestation and Erosion Control ÇEM :Çölleşme ve Erozyonla Mücadele Genel Müdürlüğü General Directorate of Combatting Desertification and Erosion DSİ :Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works EİEİ :Elektirik İşleri Etüt İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü General Directorate of Electrical Power Resources and Development Administration OGM :Orman Genel Müdürlüğü General Directorate of Forestry IV İÇİNDEKİLER/CONTENTS Sayfa No/Page Number GİRİŞ 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 TÜRKİYE‘NİN TOPRAK KAYNAKLARI 3 LAND RESOURCES OF TURKEY 3 2 TÜRKIYE'NİN SU KAYNAKLARI 4 WATER RESOURCES OF TURKEY 4 3 EROZYON VE SEDİMENTASYONUN ÖNEMİ 6 THE IMPORTANCE OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 6 3.1 Erozyon ve Sellerin Sonuç ve Zararları 10 The Results of Erosion and Torrent and the Harm They Cause 10 3.2 Erozyon ve Rüsubat Kontrol Çalışmaları ve DSİ Faaliyetleri İlişkisi 12 Relation Between Erosion and Sediment-Control Projects and DSI’s Activities 12 3.3 Havzadaki Sediment Kaynakları 15 Sediment Resources of Watershed 15 4 EROZYON VE RÜSUBAT KONTROL ÖNLEMLERİ 18 EROSION AND SEDIMENT-CONTROL MEASURES 18 4.1 Teknik Önlemler 19 Technical Measures 19 4.1.1 Arazi Islahı Önlemleri 19 Land-Treatment Measures 19 4.1.1.1 Tarım Alanlarında 19 In Agricultural Areas 19 4.1.1.2 Mera Alanlarında 20 In Pasture Areas 20 4.1.1.3 Orman Alanlarında 20 In Forest Areas 20 4.1.2 Oyuntu ve Mecra Islahı Önlemleri 26 Gully and Streamcourse Improvement Measures 26 4.1.2.1 Bitkisel Önlemler 26 Vegetative Measures 26 4.1.2.2 Yapısal Önlemler 26 Structural Measures 26 V 4.1.2.2.1 Eşikler 27 Sills 27 4.1.2.2.2 Islah Sekileri 29 Check Dams 29 4.1.2.2.2.1 Geçirgen Islah Sekileri 39 Permeable Check Dams 39 4.1.2.2.2.2 Islah Sekileri ve Bitkisel Çalışmaların Kombinasyonu 40 Combination of Check Dams and Vegetative Works 40 4.1.2.2.3 Tersip Bentleri 45 Sediment-Storage Dams 45 4.1.2.2.3.1 Tersip Bentlerinin Sınıflandırılması 47 Classification of Sediment-Storage Dams 47 4.1.2.2.4 Taban Kuşakları 54 Ground Sills 54 4.1.2.2.5 Britler 55 Dwarf Walls 55 4.2 İdari Önlemler 56 Administrative Measures 56 5 BOYUNA YAPILAR 58 LONGITUDINAL STRUCTURES 58 6 ÖNERİLER 64 RECOMMENDATIONS 64 VI GİRİŞ INTRODUCTION Türkiye, kuzey yarımkürede 26º-45o doğu Turkey is located in the northern hemisphere boylamları ile 36o-42o kuzey enlemleri between 26o and 45o eastern longitude and 36o arasında yer almaktadır. Avrupa ve Asya and 42o northern latitude. She is on the kıtalarının birleşim yerinde ve Akdeniz ile crossroads of Europe and Asia and extends Karadeniz arasında doğal
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