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Les Médecins De Langue Allemande À Paris Au Xixe Siècle : 1803

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Les Médecins De Langue Allemande À Paris Au Xixe Siècle : 1803 Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Sciences Historiques et Philologiques Les médecins de langue allemande à Paris au XIXe siècle 1803-1871 Thèse présentée par Jean- Marie Mouthon pour l’obtention du Diplôme de l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Le 14 Juin 2010 Tome 1 Sous la direction de Monsieur Jacques Le Rider Directeur d’Etudes à l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Remerciements Au terme de cette thèse, mes remerciements s’adressent d’abord à : - Monsieur Jacques Le Rider, directeur d’études à L’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, qui a accepté de me diriger, dans la recherche et la rédaction : il a su avec bienveillance et indulgence me donner conseils, suggestions et directives. - Monsieur Frédéric Barbier, directeur d’études à l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes et directeur de recherche au CNRS, qui par sa courtoisie, son savoir et son élan communicatif, m’a donné idées et énergie au cours de ces années. - Monsieur Joël Coste, directeur d’études à l’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, qui par sa double culture médicale et historique, m’a permis de bénéficier de son expérience, en m’apportant bien des éléments qui me manquaient dans ce long cheminement. - Monsieur Michel Espagne, directeur de recherche au CNRS, qui m’a toujours accueilli avec chaleur et sympathie, et a su me faire de judicieuses suggestions tant pour la recherche que la rédaction. - Madame Mareike Koenig, Chargée de recherche pour le XIXe siècle à l’Institut Historique Allemand de Paris, qui fut la première à m’inciter à la réalisation d’un tel travail. Je la remercie d’avoir bien voulu aussi me conseiller pour les recherches biblio et biographiques allemandes. J’adresse également mes vifs remerciements à Madame Bernadette Molitor, bibliothécaire à la Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine (BIUM), qui a su me guider avec bonheur dans mes recherches médicales françaises et allemandes, les publications en langues germaniques y étant particulièrement nombreuses. Elle a su m’aider à réaliser une enquête diversifiée, qui témoignait de ses vastes connaissances. Je lui en sais gré, ainsi qu’à ses collègues. Je suis reconnaissant à Monsieur Philippe Landau, Conservateur des Archives du Consistoire de Paris, de m’avoir permis de consulter les documents du XIXe siècle. De plus la disponibilité et les conseils de son collaborateur, Monsieur Levy, furent précieux. Mes remerciements vont aussi aux bibliothécaires de l’Académie de médecine, du Val de Grâce, des Archives nationales et de l’Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, parmi les principaux établissements consultés. Enfin il me faut remercier plusieurs de mes proches, qui m’ont aidé efficacement dans la rédaction notamment informatique : Jérôme, Xavier et Sophie, Etienne et Luc, sans oublier Jeanne-Marie, qui a accepté les échanges d’idées sur le sujet traité et la lecture attentive, au fur et à mesure de la rédaction. Je sais combien je leur dois. I Tome 1 Sommaire I, II, III, IV & V Introduction 1 Chapitre 1 : la Société médicale allemande de Paris, 1844-1871 6 1-Naissance, fonctionnement et buts de la Societas medicorum Germanicorum Parisiensis 6 2-Membres, bureaux et présidents de cette Société 9 3-Financement et budget de fonctionnement de la Société et de sa bibliothèque 16 4-Les publications 17 5-Les absents remarqués : les femmes et les officiers de santé 21 6-Célébrités et personnalités médicales de langue allemande, qui ont été membres de cette Société 23 7-Essor et déclin 25 Chapitre 2 : un répertoire biographique des médecins de langue allemande à Paris au XIXe siècle 28 1-Nécessité, sources, difficultés de sa réalisation 28 2-Médecins de langue allemande à Paris au XIXe siècle : les jeunes et la place du voyage scientifique dans le cursus universitaire des différents pays d’origine, conditions du séjour et buts poursuivis, récits et compte-rendus 29 3-Le passage à Paris : obligé ou souhaitable, pour devenir « chercheur » et/ou clinicien en pathologie interne (médecine), médecine opératoire (chirurgie), accouchements ? Tentatives de réponses 51 a- A Paris, seul Laennec a tenu une liste des médecins venus dans son service 51 b- Membres de l’Académie de médecine 53 c- Membres de l’Académie Leopoldino Carolina 56 d- Membres de l’Académie des Sciences 58 e- Médecins qui ont eu un mandat électif 59 II 4-Année de thèse et Universités 60 5-Principaux lieux d’implantation de ces médecins 63 6-Relevé des différents enseignants en Université 64 7-Développement progressif de certaines spécialités dans la formation et l’exercice médical durant la période 1803-1871 64 a- Un seul n’a pas exercé 67 b- La médecine ou pathologie interne 67 c- La chirurgie ou pathologie externe 69 d- La gynécologie- obstétrique 71 e- Les médecins de cures thermales 75 f- La physiologie 78 g- La psychiatrie 81 h- L’anatomo-pathologie 85 i- La dermatologie 88 j- La pédiatrie 91 k- La chimie et la biochimie 94 l- L’ORL 97 m- Les médecins militaires 100 n- La neurologie 103 o- La médecine légale 106 p- L’urologie 109 q- La botanique 111 r- Les compétences exceptionnelles 114 s- L’ophtalmologie 121 III Chapitre 3 : Les médecins de langue allemande qui ont exercé à Paris au XIXe siècle 130 1-Conditions pour obtenir le droit d’exercer : 130 a- La loi du 19 Ventôse an XI (10 Mars 1803) 130 b- L’autorisation d’exercer accordée suivant certaines conditions 131 c- Soutenir une thèse de médecine devant une des trois facultés françaises, après une première thèse à l’étranger 139 d- Une thèse soutenue dans une faculté française 151 2- L’Adressbuch der Deutschen in Paris von 1854 158 3- Autres sources : 164 a- Congrès médical de 1845 : membres exerçant dans le département de la Seine 165 b- Société phrénologique de Paris 165 c- Société d’homéopathie 166 d- Annales de la Société d’hydrologie 167 e- Société de médecine de l’arrondissement de l’Elysée 168 f- Société médicale d’Emulation de Paris 169 g- Société de médecine de Paris 174 4- David Koreff 174 5- David Gruby 185 6- Naturalisations 192 7- médecins de langue allemande morts à Paris 194 8- Médecins de langue allemande et de religion juive, connus du Consistoire de Paris, ou non 197 - établis à Paris 197 - venus et repartis 205 IV 9- Interactions médicales franco-allemandes à Paris au XIXe siècle, concernant la démarche anatomo-clinique, la progression des connaissances scientifiques à l’aide des techniques de laboratoire et d’explorations endoscopiques, la thérapeutique 210 Conclusion 221 Sources 227 Index des noms 244 Résumé en anglais 256 Mots clés 257 Liste des membres de la Société médicale allemande de Paris établie en 1865 (Recueil des travaux de la Société, Paris, Victor Masson, 1865), I à XIX 258 Cartes, documents, graphiques, illustrations et portraits : Année 1870, M. de Bismark, par Gill, caricature 2 a Ecole de médecine de Paris 6 a Denkschrift zur Feier des zehnjähriges Stiftungsfestes des Vereins deutscher Aerzte in Paris 8 a C.A. Wunderlich, portrait 32 a G. Andral, portrait 42 a Traité de l’auscultation médiate, Laennec 51 a L’Académie Leopoldino- Carolina 57 a Année de thèse, graphique 60 a Lieu d’exercice, graphique 63 a Carte de l’Europe en 1830 63 b Carte des facultés de médecine de langue allemande au début des années 1830 63 c Carte : Strassen im deutschen Zollverein 1848 63 d Grades universitaires, graphique 64 a Spécialités médicales, graphique 66 a Virchow, portrait 86 a Hebra, portrait 89 a Berlin : der Pariser Platz im Jahre 1818 124 a V La pathologie cellulaire, par R. Virchow, traduit de l’allemand par P. Picard 142 a Le Dr. Gall et ses disciples, par Rowlandsohn, caricature 165 a David Ferdinand Koreff, portrait 174 a David Gruby, portrait 185 a Karl Rokitansky, portrait 208 a Tome 2 Un répertoire biographique des médecins de langue allemande à Paris au XIXe siècle 1 Tableaux synoptiques 372 à 385 Introduction Auditeur lors des conférences faites par Madame le Dr. Mareike Koenig sur les Allemands à Paris au XIXe siècle1, et après échanges d’idées, le sujet de cette étude a émergé. La population de langue allemande fut particulièrement nombreuse durant cette période, atteignant certaines années jusqu’à 10% des habitants de la capitale2. C’est dire que ces médecins parlant la même langue ou un dialecte, furent concernés, ne serait- ce que pour soigner leurs compatriotes, comme en témoigne l’Adressbuch de 18543 : on y identifie soixante cinq médecins sur 4.772 allemands recensés, toutes professions confondues. Bien d’autres, et c’était évidemment le plus grand nombre comme nous le verrons, venaient compléter l’enseignement reçu dans leurs facultés d’origine par un séjour à Paris dont la durée était variable, courte souvent, ne dépassant pas quelques semaines, atteignant parfois plusieurs mois, voire même une année ou plus. Il ne fallait pas omettre enfin ceux qui restaient à Paris pour y exercer, parfois jusqu’à la fin de leur carrière, avant d’y mourir. Ces jeunes étudiants en médecine venaient de régions ou pays divers, où prédominaient la Prusse, la Bavière parmi les multiples états allemands de l’époque. S’y ajoutaient l’Autriche, la Hongrie, Vienne et Pest étant villes universitaires réputées, sans oublier Prague. L’influence de la langue allemande s’étendait jusqu’à Dorpat, nom allemand de Tartu, seconde ville d’Estonie, la plus ancienne Université des pays baltes (1632) où existait une importante faculté de médecine, ainsi que celles de Saint Petersbourg et Varsovie. Le dénominateur commun de ces médecins était la langue, qui englobait aussi la Confédération Helvétique avec les facultés de Bâle, Zurich et Berne, le Luxembourg et même les Pays-Bas (Leyde et Utrecht).
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