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Sport Clubs in France Koski P, Ofsport and Physi- Cal a Kuntaliitto (2014) Kuntaliiton Verkkosivut: Kaupunkien Ja Kuntien Lukumäärä

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Sport Clubs in France Koski P, Ofsport and Physi- Cal a Kuntaliitto (2014) Kuntaliiton Verkkosivut: Kaupunkien Ja Kuntien Lukumäärä r. .s.osKr e[ a¡. Koski P (2013b) Liikuntaja urheiluseuroja koskeva tietopohjaja sen kehittäminen. [Basic infor- L0 mati minnan tietopohja. Chapter valti lB42 Sport Clubs in France Koski P, ofsport and physi- cal a Kuntaliitto (2014) Kuntaliiton verkkosivut: Kaupunkien ja kuntien lukumäärä. [The number of towns and municipalities in Finlandl. www.kunnat.nelfiltietopankit/tilastolaluejaot/kuntien- Sabine Chavinier-Réla, Emmanuel Bayle, and Eric Barget lukumaa¡a./Sivuldefault.aspx. Accessed 27 Jan 2014 Kärkkäinen P ( I 992) Voimainkoetuksiaja kisailuja. [Trials of strengths and frolics]. In: pyykkönen T (ed) Suomi uskoi urheiluun. Suomen urheilun ja liikunnan historia. Liikuntatieteellisen Seuranjulkaisu nro. Liikuntatieteellinen Seura, Heliinki, p l3l Lehtonen K(2012) Nuorten harrasteliikunnan kehittäminen 1999-2011. [The developments of the recreational youth sportsl. Valtion liikuntaneuvosto, Helsinki Lehtonen K, Hakonen H (2013) Basic information on civic activity in Finnish sports: Participation and volunteer work in sports clubs. LINET research unit. http://\,/ww.likes.fi/filebanlc/803- Civic_activity_english_summary_l I 201 3.pdf. Accessed 27 Jan 2014 Lehtonen K, Paukku J, Hakamäki M, Laine K (2014) Seuratuki 2013. Haku-ja jakoprosessin arvio- inti. [Club subsidies in 2013. The evaluation of the application and distribuiion processes]. 10.1 Introduction LIKES, Jyväskylä Lämsä J (20 I 2) Finnish elite sport - from class-based tensions to pluralist complexity. In: Andersen SS' Ronglan LT (eds) Nordic elite sport. Same ambitions - different tracks. Universitetsforlaget, France is a unitary constitutional republic which has a parliamentary system with a Oslo, pp 83-106 semi-presidential tendency. Historically, the country has defended democratic, non- Lámsä J, Mäenpää P (2002) Kuinka moni lopettaa? Tietoja ja näkemyksiä nuorten urheilu- religious and republican values. Its motto Liberté, égalité,frøtemité. means Líberty, hanastuksen aloittamisesta ja lopettamisesta. [How many quii? Facts and outlooks youth about and France Paris, French being the official sport participationl. Nuori Suomi, Helsinki equality fraternity. The capital of is OKM (201 3) Liikuntatoimi tilastojen valossa. Perustilastoja vuodelta language with the euro as its currency. 2012. [Basic statistics of the 'Western field of sporrs in Finland inz0r2l. operus-ja kulttuuriministeriö, Helsinki The major part of the French territory and population is located in Puronaho K (2014) Drop-out vai throw-out. Tutkimus lasten ja nuorten liikunnanharrastusten Europe. However, owing to its colonial heritage, France also comprises several kustannuksista. [Drop-out or throw-out. A study about the cósts of sport participation of chil- overseas regions and territories worldwide. V/ith a population approaching 67 mil- dren and yourhl. Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö, Helsinki SLU (2010) lion people, it is the largest country in the European Union (EU) and the third in Kansallinen liikuntatutkimus 2009-2010: Aikuiset. [National sports survey 2009- 201 0. Adult populationl. Finnish Sport Federation, Helsinki Europe. Sports Act. www.finlex.fi/fi/l akilajantasallggg/l 99g 1 054. Accessed 27 Jan 2014 Stenius (1977) H Järjestö-Suomen kehityspiirteitä. [Development features of rhe Organisational Finlandl.In: Kuusi M, Alapuro R, Klinge M (eds) Maailmankuvan muutoksen kehityspiirteita. Keuruu, Otava,ppTT-97 Tilastokeskus (2007) Rahanarvonkerroin lg60-2007. [coefficient of monerary value lg6G_ 2ÙO7l.httpilwww.stat.fi/til/khi/2007/khi-2007-2008-01-14_rau_00l.html. Accessed 27 Jan S. Chavinier-Réla (E) 2014 Centre de Droit et d'Economie du Sport, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France Vasara (2004) E Valtion liikuntahallinnon historia. [History of State Sport Governance]. e-mail: [email protected] Liikun tatieteellinen Seu¡a. Helsinki E. Bayle Institut en sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland e-mail : [email protected] E. Barget OMIJ CDES fuuipe d'Accueil3111 , Université de Limoges, Limoges, France e-mail: eric.barget@ unilim.fr O Springer International Publishing Switzerland 20 I 5 t6t C. Breuer et al. (eds.), Sport Clubs ín Europe, Sports Economics, t62 S. Chavi nier-Réla et al. l0 France 163 10.2 Ilistory and Context all the sporting practices, whether they have the same affinitiesr or not (Délétang 1986). Then, during rhe Second vy'orld war, the vichy govemment helped to 10.2.1 Origin of Sport Clubs increase the number of sport associations (Garrigou 1986). During the second part of the twentieth century, an evolution of social demand quickened. Throughout the advent of the leisure civilisation (Dumazedier 1962),fhe At their early stages, the French sport clubs got directly inspired from a strong expectations of the French population towards Sport competition turned into new Anglo-Saxon influence. They were initially established in Paris and in the major aspirations related to sensations (Loret 1995) but also to health concerns. The cities of the country. Their members were exclusively well-bred students. Then, Eurobaromere r 412 (2014) has thus highlighted that the motivations of the French during the last third of the nineteenth century, physical and sporting activities started to practise a physical or sporting activity are mainly related to their will of improv- to set up massively in France. This is how a physical culture was born first. ing their shape, rel Originally, such a physical culture did not have unity. We could identify a value A quick analysi t history seems to be repeating itself. system and,/or a set of objectives for each social group (Arnaud and Camy 1986). The origin of the s has merged with the history of asso- There were different types of practices: playful, sporting, gymnastic, competitive, ciations. In the nineteenth century the associations were multifunctional, and then athletic, etc., depending on the groups that could localised and identified. be they became monofunctional during the twentieth century (Agulhon 1978). But' Sociability with peers was a core issue but each set of sport clubs was pursuing its during the twenty-first century expectations towards associations have been multi- own goals. For instance, Catholic sport was considered as a means to master moder- functional again, the only difference being that a strong demand for synergies and nity and it met a need to compensate for the Church which was affected by the social pafnerships has been observed. While the expansion of sport associations is one of and political changes (Lagrée 1986). the effects of the predominance of sporting ends and sport competition, their future The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the advent of a fundamen- seems now to be depending on their ability to fulfil social functions (integration, tal law for sport clubs. On 1st July 1901, Piene Waldeck-Rousseau passed the law education, inclusion, cohesion), health functions (against obesity, epidemics, fight- related to the contract of associatioz. Its scope is as guarantees significant it one of ing chronic diseases) and economical functions (professionalisation, financial the greatest republican freedoms. Every citizen has the right to freedom of associa- impacts of events, lever of territorial development). From the bourgeois, male stu- tion without prior authorisation. The following decree, on 16th August 1901, repre- dent of the Parisian universities to the millions of sport club members and people sents the basis of the functioning of French associations. For the sport association practising a sporting activity, the evolution is significant. However, the transition to movement, the effects of those laws were observed as of from 1910 (Garrigou sport for alt is still unachieved. Given the societal challenges, the French public 1986). authorities have been encouraging sport associations to welcome new members and The sport clubs were gradually established in rural areas in the course of a diffu- adapt their offers to people still remote from sport. Different priority target groups sion phenomenon including the republic, the school, the labour unions and the agri- have thus been identified and public funding is oriented towards specific actions that cultural cooperatives (Garrier 1986). The sport associations were considered as the sport clubs can implement for them. institutional intermediaries for education with a specific role in the "republicanisation process" in France (Arnaud and Camy 1986, p. 408). The competition between young Catholic, Protestant and lay youth groups favoured the spreading of sport associations, as shown by Jean-Pierre Augustin (Augustin 1992) with the example 10.2.2 A Brief Overview of Position of Sport Clubs Within of basketball in the Chalosse region (south-west of France). Thereafte¡ the First the Nationøl Sport Structure world war played a significant role in increasing the number of sport clubs, as shown by Pierre Lanfranchi in the case of football in the Languedoc region The position of the French sport clubs is part of a vertical organisation, which is a (Lanfranchi 1986) or by Sabine chavinier-Réla with the example of basketball a sport association movement. A network of 164,131 around the American bases. reflection of highly structured sport clubs thus forms the base of a pyramid on top of which are the national sports During the twentieth century, a period of internationalism contributed to the federations and the French National Olympic Committee (CNOSF). modernisation of the sport association movement (Arnaud and camy 1986).
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