Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes Im Auftrag der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft herausgegeben von Florian C. Reiter

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Board of Advisers: Christian Bauer (Berlin) Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst (Berlin) Lutz Edzard (Oslo/Erlangen) Jürgen Hanneder (Marburg) Herrmann Jungraithmayr (Marburg) Karénina Kollmar-Paulenz (Bern) Jens Peter Laut (Göttingen) Joachim Friedrich Quack (Heidelberg) Michael Streck (Leipzig)

2015 Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden Stephen L. Field

The Duke of Zhou Changes A Study and Annotated Translation of the Zhouyi 周易

2015 Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.

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Contents

Introduction ...... 1

Chinese Periods and Dynasties ...... 3

Part 1. The Origin of the Zhouyi ...... 5

1.1 A Short History of the Ancient Chinese ...... 5 1.1.1 Prehistoric Chinese Culture ...... 5 1.1.2 Shang Culture ...... 9 1.1.3 The House of Ji ...... 11 1.1.4 The Early Zhou Dynasty ...... 14 1.1.5 The Duke of Zhou ...... 16 1.2 Ancient Chinese Divination ...... 18 1.2.1 Forms of Divination: Portents ...... 18 1.2.2 Forms of Divination: Augury ...... 19 1.2.3 Forms of Divination: Oracles ...... 21 1.3 The Mythical Origins of the Yijing ...... 32 1.3.1 The Sibling Gods, Fuxi and Nüwa ...... 32 1.3.2 The Invention of the Bagua 八卦 ...... 34 1.3.3 The Hetu 河圖, or River Diagram ...... 34 1.3.4 The Luoshu 洛書, or Luo River Writing ...... 36 1.3.5 The Bagua ...... 38 1.3.6 Bagua Sequences ...... 42 1.4 The Historical Origin of the Yijing ...... 47 1.4.1 The Author of the Zhouyi ...... 47 1.4.2 The Naming of the Zhouyi ...... 48

Part 2. The Hexagram Texts ...... 59

1. Qian, The Vigorous ...... 62 2. Kun, The Compliant ...... 65 3. Tun, A Bunch ...... 68 4. Meng, Ignorance ...... 71 VI Contents

5. Xu, A Drenching ...... 74 6. Song, Litigation ...... 77 7. Shi, Army Troops ...... 80 8. Bi, Alliance ...... 83 9. Xiao Chu, Lesser Stock ...... 86 10. Lü, Walking ...... 89 11. Tai, Grandeur ...... 92 12. Pi, Wrongdoing ...... 95 13. Tong Ren, Assembled Men ...... 98 14. Da You, Possessing Greatness ...... 101 15. Qian, The Wedwing ...... 104 16. Yu, The Elephant ...... 107 17. Sui, Pursuit ...... 110 18. Gu, Curse ...... 113 19. Lin, Wailing ...... 116 20. Guan, Observation ...... 119 21. Shi He, Bite and Chew ...... 122 22. Bi, Adornment ...... 125 23. Bo, Cutting ...... 127 24. Fu, Return ...... 130 25. Wu Wang, Pestilence ...... 133 26. Da Chu, Greater Stock ...... 136 27. Yi, Jawbones ...... 139 28. Da Guo, The Old Surpass ...... 142 29. Kan, The Pit ...... 144 30. Li, The Lia-bird ...... 147 31. Xian, Chopping Off ...... 150 32. Heng, Constancy ...... 153 33. Dun, A Suckling Pig ...... 156 34. Da Zhuang, The Strongman ...... 158 35. Jin, Advance Against ...... 161 36. Ming Yi, The Calling Arrow-Bird ...... 164 37. Jia Ren, Home and Family ...... 167 38. Kui, A Sighting ...... 170 39. Jian, Stumbling ...... 173 40. Jie, Loosening ...... 176 41. Sun, Decrease ...... 178 42. Yi, Increase ...... 181 43. Jue, Haste ...... 184 44. Gou, Encounter ...... 187 Contents VII

45. Cui, Suffering ...... 190 46. Sheng, The Climb ...... 193 47. Kun, Distress ...... 196 48. Jing, The Well ...... 199 49. Ge, Molting ...... 202 50. Ding, The Cauldron ...... 205 51. Zhen, Earthquake ...... 208 52. Gen, Obstruction ...... 211 53. Jian, Progression ...... 214 54. Gui Mei, The Young Bride ...... 217 55. Feng, The Royal Capital ...... 220 56. Lü, The Traveler ...... 223 57. Xun, Crouching ...... 226 58. Dui, Discussions ...... 229 59. Huan, Overflow ...... 231 60. Jie, Stem Nodes ...... 234 61. Zhong Fu, Score the Capture ...... 237 62. Xiao Guo, The Young Surpass ...... 240 63. Ji Ji, Across the Stream ...... 243 64. Wei Ji, Not Yet Across the Stream ...... 246

Part 3. Practical Applications ...... 249

3.1 Casting the Yijing ...... 249 3.1.1 Preparing for the Ritual ...... 249 3.1.2 Formulating the Question ...... 250 3.1.3 How to Cast the Milfoil ...... 250 3.1.4 How to Cast the Coin Oracle ...... 252 3.2 How to Interpret a Reading ...... 256 Glossary ...... 259 Bibliography ...... 265 1. Primary Sources ...... 265 2. Secondary Sources ...... 266 Index ...... 273 Hexagram Location Chart ...... 283