Tese 5648 Dissertação Thais Oliveira

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Tese 5648 Dissertação Thais Oliveira SUMÁRIO 1 – INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................... 2 2 – A ECONOMIA INSTITUCIONAL EVOLUCIONÁRIA PROPOSTA POR THORSTEIN VEBLEN E AUTORES VEBLENIANOS ................................................. 5 2.1 – Princípios da Economia Institucional Original ................................................. 6 2.2 – O comportamento humano formado por instintos e hábitos ............................ 8 2.3 – A concepção de instituições da Escola Institucionalista Original .................. 20 2.4 – A retomada do conceito de instituições da Escola Original nos trabalhos de Neale, Bush, Hodgson e Chang ............................................................................. 25 2.5 – Considerações finais ..................................................................................... 31 3 – O PROCESSO DE MUDANÇA INSTITUCIONAL ............................................... 33 3.1 – Caracterização do processo de mudança institucional enquanto um processo evolutivo ................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 – As causas da mudança institucional ............................................................. 45 3.3 – O processo de habituação explicado a partir do Modelo de Seleção por Consequências ...................................................................................................... 55 3.4 – Considerações finais ..................................................................................... 68 4 – CRESCIMENTO E DESENVOLVIMENTO SOB UMA PERSPECTIVA INSTITUCIONALISTA ............................................................................................... 71 4.1 – Uma breve exposição do contexto histórico-econômico à época do surgimento da Economia do Desenvolvimento ...................................................... 72 4.2 – Uma análise institucionalista da concepção de desenvolvimento econômico a partir de autores selecionados ............................................................................... 77 4.2.1 – Paul Rosenstein-Rodan ........................................................................ 77 4.2.2 – Ragnar Nurkse ...................................................................................... 80 4.2.3 – Arthur Lewis .......................................................................................... 84 4.2.4 – Simon Kuznets ...................................................................................... 95 4.2.5 – Charles Kindleberger .......................................................................... 102 4.3 – Instituições e desenvolvimento ................................................................... 104 4.4 – Considerações finais ................................................................................... 106 5 – UMA LEITURA INSTITUCIONALISTA DA ABORDAGEM PROPOSTA PELA ECONOMIA ECOLÓGICA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL ......... 109 5.1 – A preocupação com o meio ambiente na agenda global ........................... 113 5.2 – Desenvolvimento sustentável na perspectiva da Economia Ecológica ....... 119 5.3 – Duas instituições fundamentais para o capitalismo no século XXI: o crescimento como objetivo primordial de política e o hiperconsumo ................... 141 5.4 – Instituições e desenvolvimento sustentável ................................................ 150 5.5 – Considerações finais ................................................................................... 162 6 – CONCLUSÃO .................................................................................................... 166 7 – REFERÊNCIAS ................................................................................................. 169 1. INTRODUÇÃO Um dos grandes desafios para humanidade no século XXI está relacionado às questões ambientais. As atividades humanas de produção e consumo têm causado impactos prejudiciais à manutenção da vida, como por exemplo, esgotamento de recursos naturais, poluição e pressão sobre os serviços ecossistêmicos. Devido à intensificação desses impactos, a discussão em relação aos limites impostos pela natureza tem se aprofundado em diversas esferas, inclusive na teoria econômica. O presente trabalho examina e discute a relação entre instituições e desenvolvimento assim como analisa o desenvolvimento sustentável sob a perspectiva da Economia Institucional Original. A relação entre instituições, desenvolvimento e sustentabilidade é investigada no intuito de analisar o papel das instituições na conformação do modelo de desenvolvimento que considera a sustentabilidade como fator chave para a melhoria e manutenção da qualidade de vida da humanidade. Este trabalho situa-se dentro de um arcabouço composto por abordagens não convencionais, pois examina as instituições segundo a tradição institucionalista original, o desenvolvimento sob a perspectiva de autores desenvolvimentistas do pós Segunda Guerra, e o desenvolvimento sustentável a partir da abordagem da Economia Ecológica. Tem caráter teórico e é constituído pelo estudo da relação entre desenvolvimento sustentável e instituições, justapondo os conceitos provenientes da Economia Institucional e Economia Ecológica, sendo também é um estudo exploratório a respeito do processo de mudanças institucionais necessário ao desenvolvimento sustentável. A relevância desta pesquisa está em buscar estabelecer uma ponte teórica entre a Economia Institucional e a Economia Ecológica a fim de tratar o desenvolvimento 2 sob uma perspectiva institucionalista, ressaltando a importância que os hábitos de pensamento incorporados e compartilhados têm no processo de desenvolvimento. O objetivo geral é investigar o papel das instituições no processo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Argumenta-se que este desenvolvimento requer mudança em instituições fundamentais que governam as atividades de produção e consumo no esquema institucional capitalista do século XXI. Pretende-se mostrar que esse processo é social e culturalmente determinado através dos hábitos de pensamentos compartilhados em cada comunidade. Para cumprir o objetivo proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes além desta introdução e da conclusão. Tendo por base a obra de Veblen e de economistas ligados à tradição vebleniana, o primeiro capítulo apresenta a ontologia do homem e o conceito de instituições, e defende que as instituições são valores incorporados e compartilhados socialmente que desempenham papel constitutivo sobre o comportamento, conformando assim a vida humana. O segundo capítulo deste trabalho analisa o processo de mudança institucional conforme a tradição teórica do Institucionalismo Original. Define a mudança institucional como um processo evolutivo, investiga suas causas e os mecanismos que fazem os hábitos serem incorporados e compartilhados. O capítulo seguinte investiga a relação entre instituições e desenvolvimento econômico extraída de autores selecionados da Economia do Desenvolvimento. Este capítulo servirá como uma primeira aproximação sobre a relação entre instituições e desenvolvimento, permitindo assim tratar o desenvolvimento sob uma perspectiva institucionalista. Após essa discussão, o trabalho segue apresentando os princípios da Economia Ecológica e fazendo uma leitura institucionalista do desenvolvimento sustentável 3 defendido por autores ligados a essa vertente. A fim de relacionar as proposições deste novo modelo de desenvolvimento com o esquema institucional atual, serão caracterizadas duas instituições fundamentais para o capitalismo no século XXI e analisada a relação delas com o conjunto de propostas para um desenvolvimento que considere não só a viabilidade econômica e equidade social, mas que também tenha por princípio a sustentabilidade ambiental. 4 2. A ECONOMIA INSTITUCIONAL EVOLUCIONÁRIA PROPOSTA POR THORSTEIN VEBLEN E AUTORES VEBLENIANOS O presente capítulo constitui uma revisão de literatura e tem por objetivo apresentar os princípios fundamentais que estruturam a Economia Institucional Original e que permeiam os desenvolvimentos dos economistas institucionalistas ligados à tradição vebleniana (tais desenvolvimentos também são conhecidos como Neo- Institucionalismo)1. A perspectiva teórica institucionalista aqui exposta constitui a base teórica primordial que guiará a análise em relação ao desenvolvimento econômico que se fará nos capítulos posteriores. A seção 2.1 inicia-se com uma breve discussão da visão da Economia Institucional a respeito do processo econômico enquanto processo dinâmico e evolucionário. A seguir trata-se da constituição do homem conforme a perspectiva institucionalista, que caracteriza o comportamento humano com base em instintos e hábitos. A seção 2.3 apresenta e relaciona o conceito de instituição para vários autores desta escola. A retomada do conceito de instituições no desenvolvimento teórico de autores recentes é apresentada na seção 2.4. Por fim, o capítulo termina com considerações finais. 1 Três abordagens reivindicam o qualificativo institucionalista em sua denominação: o Antigo Institucionalismo ou Institucionalismo Original, o Neo-Institucionalismo e a Nova Economia Institucional (CONCEIÇÂO, 2002a). O Antigo Institucionalismo é considerado a matriz da escola institucionalista. Tem como principais autores Veblen, Commons e Mitchell, e surgiu no final do século XIX. O Neo-Institucionalismo é um resgate conceitual do Institucionalismo Original ocorrido a partir da década de 1960, e tem por expoentes Galbraith, Hodgson,
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