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L'asie Du Sud-Est Dans Le « Siècle Chinois

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L'asie Du Sud-Est Dans Le « Siècle Chinois L’ASIE DU SUD-EST DANS LE « SIÈCLE CHINOIS » (CAMBODGE, LAOS ET VIÊT NAM) 1 Danielle Tan est docteur en science politique (Sciences Po Paris 2011). Spécialiste de l’Asie du Sud-Est, ses principaux axes de recherche portent sur l’économie politique de la péninsule indochinoise, en particulier les dynamiques transnationales, ainsi que les transformations politiques, socio-économiques et territoriales qui résultent de la globalisation et de l’influence croissante de la Chine dans la région. Elle a commencé ses recherches au Cambodge en retraçant l’histoire de sa diaspora chinoise et a ensuite exploré le rôle joué par les réseaux transnationaux chinois dans la transformation de l’État au Laos. Ses recherches postdoctorales s’orientent désormais vers une analyse comparée des transformations contemporaines survenant dans les « enclaves chinoises » du Triangle d’or (nord de la Thaïlande et du Laos, État Shan en Birmanie). Après deux postdoctorats à ANU (Australian National University, Canberra) et à IIAS (International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden), elle occupe actuellement un poste d’ATER à Sciences Po Lyon, et est rattachée à l’IAO (Institut d’Asie Orientale – CNRS, ENS Lyon). Elle est également chercheure associée à l’Irasec. Avec la contribution de Caroline Grillot Caroline Grillot est anthropologue (Paris X-Nanterre) et sinologue (Inalco). Elle a passé plus de dix ans en Chine où elle a étudié le chinois à l’Université du Shandong (1994-1995) et du Sichuan (1998-2000) grâce au soutien du ministère des Affaires Étrangères et Européennes. Elle a également travaillé dans divers domaines, assistant notamment le bureau de l’Unesco à Pékin dans la mise en place de programmes en sciences sociales. Ses recherches se concentrent principalement sur les marges sociales en Chine et en Asie du Sud-Est. Elle a récemment obtenu une thèse en anthropologie sociale, en co-tutelle entre Macquarie university (Sydney) et Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam), sous la direction des Prof. Lisa Wynn et Pál Nyíri. Ses axes de recherche portent sur les mariages transfrontaliers entre les Vietnamiennes et les Chinois dans les régions frontalières, un sujet qui a déjà fait l’objet d’un livre, Volées, Envolées, Convolées, publié en 2010. Elle est actuellement postdoctorante au Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Halle, Allemagne) et chercheure associée à l’Irasec et à l’IAO (Institut d’Asie Orientale – CNRS, ENS Lyon). Couverture et mise en page: Mikael Brodu Élements graphiques: Mikael Brodu d’après Danielle Tan Photos (dont la couverture): Danielle Tan Couverture: Nouveau marché chinois de Sanjiang à Vientiane, Laos. ISBN 978-616-7571-18-8 © IRASEC, June 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or means, without prior permission of the author or the publisher. The opinions expressed in these papers are solely those of the author(s). 2 L’Asie du Sud-Est dans le « siècle chinois » (Cambodge, Laos et Viêt Nam) Par Danielle Tan et Caroline Grillot Carnet de l’Irasec / Occasional Paper Série Observatoire / Observatory Series n° 06 3 L’observatoire (FSP Mékong) se concentre depuis 2008 sur l’analyse des activités et des mouvements transfrontaliers illicites en Asie du Sud-Est continentale par le biais de programmes de recherche et d’analyses académiques ou stratégiques. Il est accueilli au sein de l’IRASEC à Bangkok. L’Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine (USR 3142 – UMIFRE 22 CNRS MAEE) s’intéresse depuis 2001 aux évolutions politiques, sociales et environ- nementales en cours dans les onze pays de la région. Basé à Bangkok, l’Institut fait appel à des chercheurs de tous horizons disciplinaires et académiques qu’il associe au gré des problématiques. Il privilégie autant que possible les démarches transversales. The Observatory (FSP Mékong) is in charge since 2008 of the analysis of illicit cross-border movements within mainland Southeast Asia. It supports research programmes and publishes both academic and strategic works. It is based within the Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia in Bangkok. The Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia,, based in Bangkok, Thailand, calls on specialists from all academic fields to study the important social, political, economic and environmental developments that affect, together or separately, the eleven countries of the region (Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor- Leste and Viet Nam). 4 (CAMBODGE, LAOS ET VIÊT NAM) Table des matières Introduction ........................................................................ 7 Par Danielle Tan L’émergence de la Chine : un sujet de débat croissant ........................................... 7 Évolution des études sur la diaspora chinoise et de ses problématiques.......... 13 Les études sur la migration chinoise aujourd’hui : un enjeu géopolitique ...... 24 Hypothèse et questionnements................................................................................. 27 Première Partie - L’évolution de la migration chinoise en Asie du Sud-Est : le cas du Cambodge ....................... 31 Par Danielle Tan 1 - La première phase de migration : les commerçants du Nanyang .................. 32 L’intégration silencieuse des vagues successives de migrants chinois.......... 32 La reconnaissance du rôle modernisateur des Chinois ................................... 36 2 - La deuxième phase de migration : la traite des coolies par les empires coloniaux .................................................. 40 Une politique coloniale ambivalente face aux Chinois.................................... 40 Le profil des coolies.............................................................................................. 49 La période coloniale ou la rupture dans le processus d’assimilation ............ 51 La naissance d’un « problème chinois » ............................................................ 54 3 - La migration chinoise aujourd’hui...................................................................... 58 Le réveil des communautés chinoises en Asie du Sud-Est.............................. 58 Les nouveaux visages de la migration chinoise................................................ 61 L’attitude de la Chine à l’égard de ses migrants .............................................. 65 Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 71 Deuxième Partie - L’Autre, ce voisin. Remarques sur les perceptions chinoises des Vietnamiens, frein au développement des échanges commerciaux ............................................. 75 Par Caroline Grillot 1 - Les Vietnamiens, ces familiers dont on se méfie.............................................. 76 2 - Discours folklorique et question de classe........................................................ 77 Migrants chinois et voisins vietnamiens............................................................ 78 Lao Zhou................................................................................................................ 81 5 L’ASIE DU SUD-EST DANS LE « SIÈCLE CHINOIS » 3 - Quelques explications sur la pérennité des représentations sociales ...........85 L’approche idéologique........................................................................................85 L’expérience individuelle.....................................................................................86 4 - Comment la position et le traitement réservés aux femmes déprécient l’image des Vietnamiens.............................................87 Approcher les Vietnamiennes .............................................................................87 Le machisme vietnamien en question ................................................................89 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................90 Troisième Partie - La Chine au Laos : développement, colonialisme intérieur ou néo-colonialisme ?....................................................... 93 Par Danielle Tan 1 - Évolution de la présence chinoise au Laos.........................................................98 Le Laos, une exception dans l’histoire de la diaspora chinoise Asie du Sud-Est.................................................................................98 La nouvelle géographie de la présence chinoise au Laos ..............................102 2 - Les réseaux transnationaux chinois : les partenaires clés de la stratégie d’extraversion du régime laotien........................................................................111 Le « colonialisme intérieur » par les réseaux chinois ou la mise en valeur du territoire tant attendue.........................................112 Les zones économiques spéciales : une tentative de reterritorialisation du pouvoir de l’État dans les marges ..........................................................115 Le registre de la « mission civilisatrice »..........................................................129 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................133 Conclusion générale ....................................................... 137 Par Danielle Tan Bibliographie................................................................... 141 6 (CAMBODGE, LAOS ET VIÊT NAM) Introduction L’émergence de la Chine : un sujet de débat croissant En quelques décennies, la Chine
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