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Economic and Environmental Effects of Land Use on Water Yield and Sediment: a Case Study in Colombia

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Economic and Environmental Effects of Land Use on Water Yield and Sediment: a Case Study in Colombia ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT: A CASE STUDY IN COLOMBIA By MAURICIO ALVIAR Bachelor of Economics University of Antioquia Medellín, Colombia 1989 Master of Science Duke University Durham, North Carolina 1995 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JULY, 2004 ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT: A CASE STUDY IN COLOMBIA Thesis Approved: Dr. Arthur L. Stoecker Thesis Adviser Dr. Tracy Boyer Dr. David Lewis Dr. Larry Sanders Dr. Alfred Carlozzi Dean of the Graduate College ii PREFACE This study was conducted to provide further knowledge and insight with regard to the economic and environmental effects of land allocation in the Rionegro watershed located in the state of Antioquia (Colombia). This project would not have been possible without the support of Colciencias, the Fulbright Commission, the University of Antioquia, the Blackland Research Center, and the Department of Agricultural Economics at Oklahoma State University. The data provided by Cornare, and the state secretary of Agriculture, both in Colombia, were determinant for the success of this project. It is hoped that the results of this research will contribute to the economic development of the region through a more sound policy making process. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Arthur Stoecker for his advice and guidance during the research process. I also want to thank him and his wife Barbara for their kindness, support and hospitality. I also want to thank the members of my academic committee, Dr. Harry Mapp (q.e.p.d), Dr. David Lewis and Dr. Larry Sanders, and Dr. Tracy Boyer for their insight and expertise in the fields of agricultural economics, forest economics and natural resource economics, respectively. Special thanks to my father from whom I learned the value of science and who has been always a source of inspiration in my academic life. Without his support, ideas and encouragement this project would not have been possible. I also want to thank my mother (q.e.p.d), my brother and my sisters whose moral support and company were invaluable for these years far from home. I also wish to thank Jorge Hugo Barrientos for his assistance, support and dedication in collecting and analyzing the data. I also thank María Berrío and Gloria Cartagena, from Cornare, for their support and guidance in all matters related to ArcView and the digitized maps. I also want to express my gratitude to all people at the Blackland Research Center in Temple, Texas, for their kindness, and scientific support. Special thanks to Dr. Jeffrey Arnold, Nancy Sammons, Dr. Mauro Di Luzio, Dr. Paul Dyke, Dr. James Kiniry and Dr. Joaquin Zanabria. Thanks to all my good friends in Stillwater: Diego, Hitomi Kitagaki, Mohammad, Eric, John Buetner, and John iv Dole, because they made this experience more enjoyable. I also want to thank my friend Edwar who has supported me to finish this research. I dedicate this research to all the people who are working hard to make Colombia a better country to live, for us and for the generations to come. “Si las actividades económicas no son sostenibles la situación social se vuelve insostenible” Jairo Alviar R. “La mejor compensación para el sufrimiento de las víctimas y de las comunidades, y el mayor reconocimiento a sus esfuerzos, es la transformación de nuestra sociedad en una sociedad que haga de los derechos humanos por los que ellos lucharon, una realidad viva. Esto es, en concreto lo que significa perdonar pero no olvidar” Nelson Mandela v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND OBJECTIVES ...................................1 Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Background ..............................................................................................................4 Shifting Agriculture.......................................................................................... 14 Alternative land use for sustainability.............................................................. 15 Objectives...............................................................................................................16 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................17 Watershed Definitions............................................................................................17 Multiple Use Management.....................................................................................17 Land Management in the Tropics ..........................................................................18 Watershed and soil erosion management...............................................................19 Agroforestry Systems.............................................................................................23 Economic Benefits of watershed management ......................................................24 III. WATERSHED DESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ................28 Watershed Description...........................................................................................28 Climate...................................................................................................................30 Geomorphology .....................................................................................................31 Soils........................................................................................................................32 Current Land Use...................................................................................................35 Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 35 Livestock .......................................................................................................... 37 Forests .............................................................................................................. 38 Management Practices ...........................................................................................40 The Shifting Agriculture Scheme..................................................................... 41 Population..............................................................................................................44 Land distribution....................................................................................................46 Soil Resource Depletion.........................................................................................48 The Political Economy of Soil Erosion............................................................ 48 Agricultural Policies and Misallocation of Land ............................................. 51 IV. EPIC SIMULATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LAND USE............................................................................................................54 Findings in Tropical Humid Countries ..................................................................54 vi Erosion............................................................................................................. 55 Organic Carbon and Organic Matter................................................................ 56 Total Organic Carbon: Biomass, Soils, and Roots........................................... 63 Runoff............................................................................................................... 68 Shorter Fallow Lengths .................................................................................... 69 The EPIC Model....................................................................................................70 Simulation of Agricultural Practices................................................................ 71 EPIC Simulation Results........................................................................................72 Erosion............................................................................................................. 72 Organic Carbon and Organic Matter................................................................ 75 Total Organic Carbon: biomass, soils, and roots ............................................. 76 Erosion effects on organic carbon.................................................................... 81 Runoff............................................................................................................... 82 V. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LAND USE........................................................................................................................87 Economics of land use management practices.......................................................87 Private Net Returns in the Rionegro Watershed ....................................................94 The Model............................................................................................................100 Objective Function......................................................................................... 102 Area Constraints............................................................................................. 103 Average annual soil loss constraint................................................................ 105 Runoff constraints.........................................................................................
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