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University of California, San Diego UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Political Discourses, Territorial Configuration and Taxation: Conflicts in Antioquia and Cauca, Colombia (1850-1899) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Ricardo José Kerguelén Méndez Committee in charge: Professor Christine Hunefeldt, Chair Professor Everard Meade Professor Michael Monteón Professor Peter Smith Professor Eric Van Young 2014 Copyright Ricardo José Kerguelén Méndez, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Ricardo José Kerguelén Méndez is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii DEDICATION For Rocío, Ana and FZ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page …………………………………………………………………… iii Dedication ……………………………………………………………………….. iv Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………… v List of Maps …………………..…………………………………………………. vii List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………. viii List of Graphs …………………………………………………………………… ix Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………… x Vita …………………………………………………………………………….… xiv Abstract of the Dissertation …………………………………………………….. xvi Introduction ………………………………………….………………………….. 1 Part One: Colombia, an Overview (1849-1899) ……………….………….. 14 Chapter 1: Not Even Twenty Years of Peace ………………….………. 15 Chapter 2: Building a Nation-State from Scratch …………………...…. 50 Part Two: Decentralization and Recentralization (1821-1899) ……..…….. 92 Chapter 3: Colombia, 1821 to 1863: The Rough Road to Federation….. 93 Chapter 4: Swinging Back and Forth: Decentralization and Recentralization in Colombia (1863-1899) ………………… 150 Part Three: Territorial Reorganization (1821-1910) ………………………. 194 Chapter 5: The Calm before the Storm: Provinces (1821-1854) ……… 195 Chapter 6: Reigning and Ruling - Nine Subnational Territories (1855-1905/10) ….………………………………………. 251 Chapter 7: New Spaces, New Territorialities: a Nineteenth Century Colombian Tale, The Aldea María.…………………..… 307 v Part Four: Taxation and State-Building …….…………………………. 349 Chapter 8: Similar Taxation System, Dissimilar Outcomes: Antioquia And Cauca (1857-1895) …...…………………………… 350 Conclusions .………………………………….…………...………………… 384 Appendices A-D ……………………………………………………………. 407 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………... 415 vi LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Colombia (1861-1904) ……………………………………….. 57 Map 2: Gran Colombia, 1828 ………………………………………… 202 Map 3: Provinces of Antioquia, Córdova and Medellín (1851) ……... 237 Map 4: Colombia (1828) – Urabá in Antioquia……………………… 244 Map 5: Map of Antioquia (1864) – Urabá in Cauca …………………. 249 Map 6: United States of Colombia (1863-1885) …………………….. 254 Map 7: Border between Antioquia and Cauca, Detail (1863) ……….. 309 Map 8: Province of Córdova produced by the Chorographic Commission, Detail (1852) ………………………………….. 326 Map 9: Northern Cauca ……………………………………………… 336 Map 10: United States of Colombia (1874) ………………………….. 357 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Civil Wars and Coups in Colombia (1839-1902) ……………… 30 Table 2: Regional Civil Wars and Coups in Colombia (1832-1899) …… 46 Table 3: Territorial Configuration, New Granada (1821-1831) ………... 204 Table 4: Territorial Configuration, Southern Colombia (1832-1849) …... 206 Table 5: Territorial Configuration, Colombia (1847) …………………… 223 Table 6: Creation and Suppression of Provinces (1849-1857) ……… 231 Table 7: Territorial Reconfiguration Bill (1855) …………………….…... 263 Table 8: Territorial Reconfiguration, Rodríguez de la Torre Bill (1857) ... 271 Table 9: Territorial Reconfiguration, Senator J. M. Gómez Bill (1857) …. 274 Table 10: Territorial Reconfiguration, States Created in 1857 ……………. 279 Table 11: Colombia, Judicial Districts (1832/34-1845) …………………… 282 Table 12: Nine Federal States, Extension and Population (1851-1879) ……………………………………………………... 283 Table 13: Territorial Reconfiguration, Colombia (1905) …………………. 301 Table 14: Territorial Reconfiguration, Colombia (1908) …………………. 303 Table 15: María, Chronology of Events (1849-1870) …………………….. 310 Table 16: Population (in thousands), Antioquia and Cauca (1843-1898) …………………………………………………… 354 viii LIST OF GRAPHS Graph 1: Tax Revenues, Antioquia and Cauca (1856-1894) ………………. 373 Graph 2: Tax Revenues Per Capita, Antioquia and Cauca (1856-1895) ….. 376 Graph 3: Tax Revenues Share, Antioquia (1856-1895) …………………… 380 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS So many years have passed since I decided to apply for a Ph.D. program in Latin American History that attempting to thank those who helped me along the way is daunting. My family is first. Words are not enough to thank my mother for helping me to achieve my goals in life. Doña Rocío has encouraged me in every way ever since I can remember. I am not sure I would have made it this far without her love and support. Special thanks go to my maternal grandmother, doña María Teresa Méndez. In addition to being the most inspiring and intelligent person, she is an amazing storyteller. With her delightful stories about her family and about a bygone era, she instigated my passion for history reading. She also gave me my first book on Colombia’s history, a gift that I will forever treasure. To my siblings, Enrique and Ana, whom I cherish deeply, wholehearted thanks. I am especially grateful for my sister Ana’s boundless love and continuous support. One of the most wonderful gifts life has given me is my friend and brother Francisco Zarur. Although he is slightly younger, he behaves like an older brother, protecting and caring for me ever since we met a long, long time ago. I appreciate his support and company throughout this venture. My deepest thanks go to him. To doña Rosa, my late beloved paternal grandmother, go my warmest thanks. I evoke with fondness all the time I spent with her. Her memory will be with me always. A special word goes also to her sister, my late aunt Sofía. These two amazing women made me feel loved and provided the best role models any person could get. x Several persons and institutions have made this journey possible. My warmest thanks go to the members of my doctoral committee. The generous support of my advisor Christine Hunefeldt has being crucial for achieving my academic goals. Our regular meetings, either in San Diego or in Aguanga, were intellectually challenging and gratifying experiences. Professor Hunefedlt’s comments greatly contributed to enrich my dissertation; her guidance will always be appreciated. Moreover, throughout this long journey, Christine also became a friend; my deepest thanks to her. I would also specially thank history professors Michael Monteon, Eric Van Young and Everard Meade. Throughout these years, they frequently gave me insightful guidance and comments on my work. They generously offered their advice, friendship and expertise in so many occasions that I find no appropriate words to express my gratitude to them. I also worked with Professor Van Young in the preparation of the colonial minor. I have the fondest memories from our regular meeting, usually in Park Boulevard’s Twiggs. I am very grateful to Eric for his dedication and generous support. In addition to them, I would also like to thank Sebastian Saiegh, an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, who guided me in the development of my second minor paper. Many institutions provided me with funds to pursue my Ph.D. program and for my research project. Foremost, my most sincere gratitude goes to Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá (Colombia) and to the Fulbright Commission. At Uniandes, special thanks to Carlos Angulo Galvis, Juan Carlos Echeverry and José Rafael Toro for making this journey possible, and to Ana María Ibáñez for her patience. I would also like to thank LASPAU for its support during the first three years of graduate school. The Linguistics xi Language Program at UCSD offered me teaching assistantships for six years. I not only enjoyed my time working there but met wonderful people, friends for life. I am grateful for the assistance provided by Vicky King and staff members at the LLP. For six years, the Department of History at UCSD has provided me with continuous support. Particularly, I am grateful for the help provided by Maureen McCormack, Susan Bernal and Nadyne Nawar. A special word goes to Carol Larkin, the wonderful person who guided me through my first two years of graduate school. I would also like to say thank you to the staff and voluntaries at the UCSD International Center. The grants I received from the Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies (CILAS) and the Department of History at UCSD were crucial for funding my eleven- month research in archives and libraries in Bogotá, Medellín and Popayán. To finish, Francisco Zarur, María Claudia Cuartas and Ignacio Restrepo and Martha Méndez offered me a place to stay while doing my archival research in Bogotá, Medellín and Popayán respectively, my deepest thanks to them. Archivists and Librarians in Bogotá, Medellín and Popayán made this work possible. In Bogotá, thanks to all the personnel in the Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia, Academia Colombiana de Historia, Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango and the Biblioteca of Universidad
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