Memorial to Louis Lamy Ray 1909-1975

FRANK C. WHITMORE, JR. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

Louis Lamy Ray was born on July 26, 1909, in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Louis Lamy Ray and Vio La Roy Kercheval Ray. He died in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 1975. Louis was proud of his descent from two families that had settled in the Louisiana Territory early in the nineteenth century. On his father’s side he was de­ scended from seventeenth-century English settlers in Maryland. His great-grandfather, John Ray, left Maryland for Kentucky, where he served in the state legislature. He migrated from Kentucky to Missouri in 1811. John Ray was a member of the first Missouri legislature, and Ray County, Missouri, is named after him. Louis’s grandfather, also named John Ray, migrated to Louisiana in 1835 at the age of nineteen. There he read law under Louis F. Lamy, Judge of Ouachita Parish, and practiced law in Louisiana for fifty years. He was a state senator from 1868 to 1872 and was the author of Ray’s Digest of Louisiana Law. Louis Ray’s father was named after Judge Lamy. On his mother’s side, Louis was descended from John Kercheval, who brought his family over the mountains to settle in Clarke County, Virginia, in 1773. John’s son Samuel was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Hampshire County (now in West Virginia) from 1828 to 1830. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and wrote A History o f the Valley o f Virginia (1833), a book that drew mainly on oral history related by the settlers. Another son, Louis’s ancestor, pioneered in Kentucky and then settled in southern Indiana along the Ohio River; this had a significant effect upon Louis Ray’s life and geological career. His grandfather, Samuel E. Kercheval, settled in Rockport, Indiana, in 1869, in a house that had been built in 1854 high on the Ohio River bluff. Louis inherited the house in 1953 and used it for years as his field headquarters while he worked on the geomorphology of the Ohio Valley. There Louis was most at home, and there he and his wife Eleanor loved to entertain their friends. During our first visit there Louis, not wanting us to miss anything, woke us at 2:00 a.m. to see the Delta Queen coming down the long, straight stretch of the river upstream from the house. Louis’s family consciousness and the old house explain his lifelong interest in architectural history. Working briefly as a real-estate salesman in St. Louis after college, Louis was fascinated by the old houses of the city. Years later, while we were working in the Ohio Valley, being in the field with him was a double pleasure: one moment he would be showing an Illinoian till and the next an Ohio River Federal house, with a learned disquisition on each. He was delighted when in 1973 the Brown-Kercheval house was entered in the National Register of Historic Places. Louis’s architectural interests extended, naturally, to the area of Washington, D.C., where he and Eleanor 2 Till- GKOLOGK'AL SOCIITY OI AMKRICA

lived throughout his career with the U.S. Geological Survey. There he was a charter member of the Thornton Society, a group of amateur architectural historians, and served as the Society’s treasurer. He was also a member of the Society of Architectural Historians, Historic Madison (Indiana), Inc., and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Louis’s interest in geology was first sparked by Miss Gladfelter, his science teacher at Soldan High School in St. Louis. He entered Washington University there in 1926, where he majored in geology and Spanish and encountered C. K. Wentworth, the first of several geologists who had a significant influence on his work. In the summer of 1930, after receiving his A.B., he took the famous Baraboo field course, sponsored by the University of Iowa, which for the first time brought him in touch with A. C. Trow­ bridge, who became a lifelong friend and collaborator. Louis stayed on at Washington University, earning the M.S. in 1932. In the sum­ mer of 1931 he went to Circle City, Alaska, as assistant to C. K. Wentworth in the study of river-ice action and glaciers. He saw permafrost for the first time (the word had not yet been coined) and observed in Fairbanks the cracking and tipping of houses that resulted from melting of their frozen foundations. His observations of Alaskan terrain were invaluable in his later studies of glacial geology in the Rocky Mountains and the Middle West. After returning from Alaska Louis tried unsuccessfully to get a grant to study permafrost. He also proposed the preparation of a gazetteer of glaciers, an idea that was favorably received by F. E. Matthes. Wentworth and Ray gave papers on their Alaskan work at the 1932 and 1934 annual meetings of the Geological Society of America, and in 1936 they published a significant paper on Alaskan glaciers in the Geological Society o f America Bulletin. Louis’s friendship with Wentworth continued throughout the latter’s long life. In Louis’s student days, Wentworth introduced him to the geology of the Ozark region of southern Missouri. In 1927, attracted by that unspoiled area, Louis bought an eighty- acre tract of wild, wholly undeveloped land near Fredericktown, Missouri. In 1973 he gave the land to the Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, of which he was a former member, designating the tract as the Wentworth Primitive Recreation Area. The land, about 100 miles south o f St. Louis, lies on both sides of the St. Francis River where it has cut to bedrock to form a narrow defile. In 1935 Louis was awarded the Austin Teaching Fellowship in geomorphology at Harvard, which began his long and close relationship with Kirk Bryan. Bryan, fascinated by the history of early man in America, was training his geomorphology students to work with archeologists. This training led to Louis’s appointment as geologist to the Smithsonian Institution Lindenmeier (Folsom site) expedition in Colorado, under Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. The extensive culture layer in the Lindenmeier Valley yielded a wide variety of stone implements associated with an extinct species of Bison. Louis, under Bryan’s supervision, devoted four summers to a study of the relation between the artifact horizon and the moraines left by Pleistocene glaciers. By studying the ter­ races of the Cache La Poudre River drainage he correlated the Lindenmeier site with the outwash train of the Corral Creek glaciers, formed during a glacial substage which he termed “ presumably Wisconsin II.” After a thorough review of the dating of European and North American ice advances he concluded (Bryan and Ray, 1940, p. 70) that the Folsom culture of the Lindenmeier site was between 10,000 and 25,000 years old, and probably nearer the latter. However, Bryan and Ray warned (p. 66): “ The figures given are merely first approximations which with some confidence may be con­ sidered of the correct order of magnitude. They may be received with respect, but MEMORIAL TO LOUIS LAMY RAY 3 the inherent errors are so great that the figures in years must be considered merely as indicators of relative age, rather than true figures. They are pegs on which to hang ideas.” The importance of the Lindenmeier site, and the competence with which Roberts, Bryan, and Ray studied it, was emphasized when, in the late 1960s, Edwin N. Wilmsen (now of the University of Michigan) undertook the study of the Lindenmeier collections at the Smithsonian Institution. He got two radiocarbon dates for the site: 10,780 ± 375 and 11,200 ± 400 years, and said, of Bryan and Ray, “Their estimate of 10,000 to 25,000 years was, as we shall see, remarkably accurate.” (From Wilmsen, 1974, Lindenmeier: A Pleistocene Hunting Society, Harper and Row.) His study of the Cache La Poudre drainage was a part of Louis’s doctoral thesis, “ Geomorphology and Quaternary Chronology of Northeastern Colorado,” which led him into broader considerations of the Quaternary history o f the southern Rocky Mountains, represented by a series of papers published between 1939 and 1943. Some of these resulted from joint field work in New Mexico with his Harvard friend J. Fred Smith. Louis received his M.A. from Harvard in 1937 and his Ph.D. in 1938. He remained at Harvard for another year as a postdoctoral teaching assistant and then, in the fall of 1939, became Assistant Professor of Geology at Michigan State University. He re­ mained there until 1942, continuing field work with J. Fred Smith in New Mexico under a Penrose Grant from the Geological Society of America. In 1942, under the leadership of W. H. Bradley and Charles B. Hunt, the U.S. Geological Survey established its Military Geology Unit for the purpose of preparing terrain intelligence reports, mainly for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Geologists, hydrologists, soil scientists, engineers, and botanists were recruited from within and outside the Survey for an interdisciplinary effort that was the forerunner of today’s environmental analysis. Members of the Unit analyzed potential combat areas using foreign geologic literature and maps, aerial photographs, and even ground photographs taken by tourists, missionaries, and National Geographic photographers. Kirk Bryan had been a member of the Geologic Section of the American Expedi­ tionary Force in France in World War I, and when World War II came he encouraged many of his students to join the Military Geology Unit. Louis was one of the first to do so, going to Washington in November 1942 on leave from Michigan State University. From then until the end of the war, he was involved in the high-pressure work of the Unit, working long hours, sometimes around the clock, to meet intelligence deadlines. A colleague, Bill Putnam, told of a breakfast in the government cafeteria after working all night, when Louis was holding forth enthusiastically about something. Suddenly he stopped talking, and Bill realized that Louis had fallen asleep. Working often as a team captain (a team was assembled to produce each report) Louis turned out dozens of folios containing maps and texts on airfield siting, cross­ country movement, water supply, construction materials, and other subjects of military concern. Among areas that he studied were Spain, Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy, southern France, Mindanao, and Kusaie. In order to prepare useful intelligence reports, it was essential that members of the Unit keep up with developments in military equipment, tactics,, and strategy. Louis developed an interest in trafficability (ground conditions affecting cross-country move­ ment of military vehicles). He and his friend and colleague Esper S. Larsen III served as specialist consultants on this subject to the Armored Board at Fort Knox, Kentucky. When the war ended, W. H. Bradley, by then Chief Geologist, encouraged Louis 4 Till: GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 01- AMERICA

to remain with the Survey as a geomorphologist. But before he could return to his own research, there was more military geology work to be done. Louis’s visits to Fort Knox led to a decision by the Corps of Engineers to prepare a terrain folio of that area for use in training armored troops. Louis was put in charge of this work, which involved field mapping of geology, soils and vegetation, and interpretation of these basic data in military terms. He subsequently supervised the preparation o f a similar folio for use by the Infantry at Fort Benning, Georgia. The lessened tempo of the post-war years enabled Louis to devote some time to academic pursuits. In 1945 he was an invited United States representative on an inter­ national field conference in the Rondane Mountains of Norway. This was a long-desired opportunity, as Louis, in his Rocky Mountain work, had tried to carry correlations to Europe, and was most aware of the importance of dating the late Pleistocene retreat of the Scandinavian ice sheet. His old friend A. C. Trowbridge was on this trip, and they collaborated in preparing a paper on deglaciation in the Rondane area, Norway, which they presented at the 1946 GSA Annual Meeting. This investigation led Trowbridge and Ray to look at deglaciation in New England, on which they spoke at GSA the following year. After the Rondane conference, Louis visited the British Interservice Topographic Detachment to discuss mutual interests in military geology. There he met F. E. Zeuner, Gerald Seligman, and other glaciologists and Pleistocene geologists, in an encounter that led to continued correspondence. Several o f Louis’s European colleagues visited him in Rockport and accompanied him on field trips in the Ohio Valley. In 1948 Louis was a delegate to the International Geological Congress in London, where he was co-opted with the committee for determination of the lower Pleistocene boundary, whose recommendations still stand. In 1949 he turned to the administration of Pleistocene research when he was appointed Geologist in Charge, Alaska Terrain and Permafrost Section, Military Geology Branch. This section, in cooperation with the Corps o f Engineers, was re­ sponsible for basic and applied research on Arctic terrain. Field work began late in World War II, and the research plan was to place field parties in as many physiographic provinces of Alaska as possible. A major mission was to determine the relation between geomorphic history and permafrost conditions. In addition to applied geology studies for the Corps of Engineers, members of the section prepared a series of Survey Profes­ sional Papers and bulletins, as well as a surficial geology map of Alaska. In 1950 Louis, A. C. Orvedal of the Soil Survey (Department of Agriculture), and I spent six weeks in Alaska visiting field parties and discussing future plans. To Louis this was like coming home. Alaska had made a great impression on him in 1931, and he had drawn ever since on what he had learned there. Now he was to learn more, which he would apply to his study of the Ohio Valley in his last years. Kirk Bryan also became interested in permafrost after World War II, spurred on by S. W. Muller’s important book on permafrost. Published in 1943 as Special Report 62 of the U.S. Engineers Office, it was the first thorough English work on the subject. Bryan published (American Journal o f Science, 1946) a terminology of permafrost phenomena, which led to lively discussion at a special session of the Geological Society of Washington, at which Bryan was the featured speaker. A sad aspect of the 1950 trip was our learning, while in Fairbanks, of Kirk Bryan’s sudden and untimely death. In addition to running the Alaska program, Louis was involved in Quaternary studies on an international scale. In 1950 and 1951 he made a field study in southern Iceland for the U.S'. Air Force, investigating ground conditions and selecting airfield MEMORIAL TO LOUIS LAMY RAY 5 sites in the valley of the Thorsa River and adjacent sandur plains. He was a member of the editorial board of the journal Quaternaria and was a delegate to many inter­ national meetings. Among his publications during this period was an anonymous U.S. Geological Survey Leaflet on permafrost (1973), which was selected for reprinting in the same year as Chapter 14 in Focus on Environmental Geology (edited by Ronald Tank, Oxford University Press). In 1955 the last, and perhaps the most satisfying, phase of Louis’s career began. For years he had talked about working on the Pleistocene history of the Ohio Valley, and he was finally able to begin this large project by mapping the Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, which spans the river in Indiana and Kentucky. This resulted in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 488, published in 1965, a thorough analysis of an area south of the limits of continental glaciation, whose geo- morphic history was controlled by glacial and interglacial events. As he had done in the Rocky Mountains, Louis went far afield in his Ohio River studies, always seeking to place local phenomena in the framework of regional history. In addition to the Professional Papers which are the major expression o f his later work, a succession of short papers illustrates his sedimentologic techniques and, especially, his interest in identifying evidence of pre-Wisconsinan glaciation in the Ohio Valley. In the latter search he was joined by M. M. Leighton, as is shown in their joint paper of 1965 that confirms the presence of Nebraskan and Kansan deposits in northern Kentucky. The culmination of Louis’s work in the Ohio Valley was U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 826, “Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology of the Glaciated Ohio River Valley—A Reconnaissance Study,” published in 1974. The history of drain­ age in the area is traced from pre-Quaternary time. The bulk of the study is, of course, devoted to what Louis called the “ drastic and highly complex modifications of the regional drainage system and the integration of the several drainage basins into a single basin, that o f the present Ohio River.” This paper clearly presents the results of a myriad of observations leading to interpretations that prove Louis to have been a master of his craft. The last two pages o f Professional Paper 826 are devoted to the stratigraphic posi­ tion o f the Late Wisconsinan mammal fauna of Big Bone Lick, Kentucky. Discovered in 1739, this fauna is of historic significance because of Thomas Jefferson’s interest in it, and paleontologically important because it is the type locality of several well known Pleistocene species, including Mammut americanum, the American mastodon, and Bootherium bombifrons, an extinct muskox. C. B. Schultz and L. G. Tanner (both of the University of Nebraska) and I undertook the first systematic excavation of this site, and Louis collaborated with us, tying the site into the regional geomorphic history. We worked at Big Bone Lick from 1962 to 1966, and Louis’s periodic visits, as he worked his way up and down the river, served delightfully to yank our noses out of the mud and give us the big picture. Especially delightful was the summer of 1966, when we rented a farmhouse, Cleek Hill, on Mudlick Road in Beaverlick, Kentucky, where Louis regaled us as we sat on the porch looking out over “our” tobacco fields. Louis’s Ohio Valley work was twice interrupted by assignments which gave variety to his life. In the academic year 1959-1960 he was Visiting Professor o f Geology at Cornell. In 1966 and 1967, at the request of the United Nations, he was detailed as a consulting geologist to the Plan Agua Subterranea in San Juan and Mendoza, Argen­ tina. There he advised on field problems related to ground water, Quaternary forma­ tions, and geomorphology, and on report preparation. 6 THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Louis’s last assignment, which he did not live to complete, was the selection of sites in the Atlantic Coastal Plain to be recommended to the National Park Service as National Natural Landmarks. He made a preliminary description of about forty sites, and the work is being completed by his colleague Carol Shifflett. Louis Ray’s career was typified by meticulous field work, ability to digest, order, and interpret large masses of complex data, and a constant drive to relate his observa­ tions to world-wide systems. This is the essence of Quaternary geology, which must integrate the results o f a myriad o f types of observation. At the same time, Louis was loath to generalize: it is typical that his last major paper was called by him a recon­ naissance study. Like his field work, his writing was careful and thorough. He was a sharp and helpful reviewer of the manuscripts of others. In 1948 Louis married Eleanor Bennett Butler, with whom he had worked in the Military Geology Unit through World War II. Together they attended many meetings and field conferences, both in this country and abroad, where they delighted in close friendships with many colleagues. Of special interest were the meetings of the Inter­ nationa! Association for Quaternary Research (INQUA); Louis was chief o f the United States delegation to the Fourth INQUA Congress, held in Rome in 1953. During the winters in Washington, the Rays were active in the Arts Club, of which Louis was president from 1956 to 1958. In the summers they took an active part in community affairs in Rockport; Eleanor lives there now among their many old friends. Besides Eleanor, Louis is survived by their two daughters, Deborah (Mrs. Roger Piper) and Victoria (Mrs. Thomas N. Donaldson), and six grandchildren. Louis was a corresponding member of the Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana (Rome) and of the British Glaciological Society, a Wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiter o f the Archiv fiir Polarforschung (Kiel, Germany), a member of the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels, and a Fellow of the Geological Society o f America and the Ameri­ can Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of Sigma Xi and of Alpha Zeta Pi, an honorary Romance language fraternity. In Louis’s memory, Eleanor has donated his extensive professional library to the Geology Department of James Madison University at Harrisonburg, Virginia.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LOUIS L. RAY

1932 (with Wentworth, C. K.) Preliminary report on recession of certain Alaskan gla­ ciers [abs.]: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 43, p. 175. 1934 (with Wentworth, C. K.) Alaskan glacier position in 1931 [abs.]: Geological Society of America Proceedings, 1933, p. 118-119. 1935 Some minor features of valley glaciers and valley glaciation: Journal of Geology, v. 43, p. 297-322. ------(with Hinchey, N. S.) New Mississippian species of Strophalosia from Missouri: Journal of Paleontology, v. 9, p. 247-250. 1936 (with Wentworth, C. K.) Studies of certain Alaskan glaciers in 1931: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 47, p. 879-934. 1937 Recent recession of Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska: Geographical Review, v. 27, p. 486-487. 1939 Distribution of artifacts made from chalcedony of Cerro Pedernal, New Mexico: Science, new ser., v. 90, p. 372. MEMORIAL TO LOUIS LAMY RAY 7

1940 Glacial chronology of the southern Rocky Mountains: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 51, p. 1851-1917. ------(with Bryan, Kirk) Geologic antiquity of the Lindenmeier Site in Colorado: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, v. 99, no. 2, Publication 3554, 76 p. ------Geomorphology and Quaternary chronology of northeastern Colorado: Harvard University, Summaries of Ph.D. theses, 1938, p. 104-107. 1941 American doctorates in geology, 1931-1940: Journal of Geology, v. 49, p. 854-861. ------(and Smith, J. F., Jr.) Geology of the Moreno Valley, New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 52, p. 177-210. ------(with Smith, H.T.U.) Southernmost glaciated peak in the United States: Science, new ser., v. 93, p. 209. 1942 Symposium on Folsom-Yuma problems: Science, new ser., v. 95, p. 22-23. 1943 (with Smith, J. F., Jr.) Geology of the Cimarron Range, New Mexico: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 54, p. 891-924. 1946 (and others) Fort Knox [Ky.-Ind.] and vicinity: Terrain studies in the United States, Folio 1, 8 maps with text, scale 1:50,000. Prepared by U.S. Geological Survey for Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. ------(and Trowbridge, A. C.) Deglaciation in the Rondane area, Norway [abs.]: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 57, p. 1224. ------(with Butler, A. P., Jr.) Modern polygonboden formation in Maine [abs.]: Geo­ logical society of America Bulletin, v. 57, p. 1183-1184. 1947 (and Butler, A. P., Jr., and Denny, C. S.) Relation of sand deposits at Tip Top, Kentucky, to the Meramec-Chester boundary: Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, Geology Division Bulletin, ser. 8, no. 9, 16 p. ------(with Trowbridge, A. C.) Reconnaissance study o f New England mountain gla­ ciation [abs.]: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 58, p. 1234-1235. ------Quartz paramorphs after tridymite from Colorado: American Mineralogist, v. 32, p. 643-646. 1948 Committee on Interrelations of Pleistocene Research: Journal o f Glaciology, v. 1, p. 208. 1949 Francois Emile Matthes [obit.]: Geographical Review, v. 49, p. 157-158. ------Francois Emile Matthes [1874-1948] [obit.]: Washington Academy o f Sciences Journal, v. 39, p. 146-147. ------Problems of Pleistocene stratigraphy: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 1463-1475. ------Alpine glaciation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, p. 1475-1484. 1951 Permafrost: Arctic, v. 4, p. 196-203. ------Permafrost research problems, in Science in Alaska, 1951: Alaskan Scientific Conference 2nd, Mt. McKinley National Park, Sept. 4-8, 1951, Proceedings, p. 171-183. ------Kirk Bryan [1888-1950]: Geographical Review, v. 51, p. 165-166. 1956 (1952) Perennially frozen ground, an environmental factor in Alaska: Interna­ tional Geographical Congress, 17th, and 8th General Assembly, Washington, D.C., 1952, Proceedings, p. 260-264. 1957 Two significant new exposures of Pleistocene deposits along the Ohio River Valley in Kentucky: Journal of Geology, v. 65, p. 542-545. 1958 Glaciers: Encyclopaedia Americana, 1959 ed., v. 12, p. 672-675. 1959 (and others) Fort Benning and vicinity, Georgia and Alabama: Terrain studies 8 t iii: c;i:o u x ;k 'a i. s o c iit y oi a m ir ic a

in the United States, Folio 2, 5 maps with text, scale 1:100,000, and 24 maps, scale 1:25,000. Prepared by U.S. Geological Survey for Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. 1960 Significance of loess deposits along the Ohio River valley: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 400-B, p. 211. 1963 Silt-clay ratios of weathering profiles of Peorian Loess along the Ohio Valley: Journal of Geology, v. 71, p. 38-47. ------Quaternary events along the unglaciated lower Ohio River valley: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 475-B, p. B125-B128. ------(with Schultz, C. B., Tanner, L. G., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Crawford, E. C.) Paleontologic investigations at Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky—A pre­ liminary report: Science, v. 142, p. 1167-1169. 1964 The Charleston, Missouri, alluvial fan: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 501-B, p. B130-B134. 1965 Geomorphology and Quaternary geology of the Owensboro quadrangle, Indiana and Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 488, 72 p. ------(and Schultz, C. B., Tanner, L. G., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Crawford, E. C., Kentucky, in Guidebook for field conferences G, Great Lakes-Ohio River Valley—International Association of Quaternary Research (INQUA), 7th Congress, U.S.A., 1965: Lincoln, Nebraska, Nebraska Academy of Sciences, p. 53-63. ------(with Leighton, M. M.) Glacial deposits of Nebraskan and Kansan age in northern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 525-B, p. B126-B131. 1966 Pre-Wisconsin glacial deposits in northern Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 550-B, p. B91-B94. ------The Great Ice Age: U.S. Geological Survey (information leaflet) (anonymous). 1967 (with Schultz, C. B., Tanner, L. G., Whitmore, F. C., Jr., and Crawford, E. C.) Big Bone Lick, Ky., a pictorial story of the paleontological excavations at this famous fossil locality from 1962 to 1966: Nebraska University State Museum, Museum Notes, no. 33, 12 p. ------An interpretation of profiles of weathering of the Peorian Loess of western Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 575-D, p. D221-D227. 1968 (and Karlstrom, T.N.V.) Theoretical concepts in time-stratigraphic subdivision of glacial deposits, in Morrison, R. B., and Wright, H. E., Jr., eds., Means of correlation of Quaternary successions—International Association of Quaternary Research (INQUA), 7th Congress, U.S.A., 1965, Proceedings, v. 8: Salt Lake City, Utah, University of Utah Press, p. 115-120. ------Glacial erratics and the problem of glaciation in northeast Kentucky and southeast Ohio—A review and suggestion: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-D, p. D195-D199. 1973 Permafrost: U.S. Geological Survey (information leaflet) (anonymous). 1974 Memorial to Morris Morgan Leighton, 1887-1971: Geological Society of America Memorials, v. 3, p. 133-143. ------Geomorphology and Quaternary geology of the glaciated Ohio River valley— A reconnaissance study: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 826, 77 p.

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