Structure Et Géochimie D'un Leucogranite En Régime De Collision Continentale: L'exemple Du Massif De Gangotri-Badrinath (Himalaya Du Garhwal)

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Structure Et Géochimie D'un Leucogranite En Régime De Collision Continentale: L'exemple Du Massif De Gangotri-Badrinath (Himalaya Du Garhwal) Structure et géochimie d’un leucogranite en régime de collision continentale : l’exemple du massif de Gangotri-Badrinath (Himalaya du Garhwal) Bruno Scaillet To cite this version: Bruno Scaillet. Structure et géochimie d’un leucogranite en régime de collision continentale : l’exemple du massif de Gangotri-Badrinath (Himalaya du Garhwal). Sciences de la Terre. Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 1990. Français. NNT : 1990INPL013N. tel-01750990 HAL Id: tel-01750990 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01750990 Submitted on 29 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques G.RE.CO. Himalaya Karakorum C.N.R.S. Thèse présentée à l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine pour l'obtention du titre de: Docteur de l'Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine Spécialité Géosciences et Matières Premières par Bruno Scaillet Structure et Géochimie d'un leucogranite en régime de collision continentale: l'exemple du massif de Gangotri-Badrinath (Himalaya du Garhwal) soutenue le 2 février 1990 devant la commission d'examen Patrick Le FORT Directeur de thèse Michel PICHA V ANT Rapporteur Jean Luc BOUCHEZ Rapporteur Arnaud PECHER Examinateur Jacques DARDEL Examinateur Jean Pierre BRUN Examinateur Mike SEARLE Examinateur SOMMAIRE A V ANT PROPOS INTRODUCTION CHAPITRE I CADRE GEOLOGIQUE A) GENERALITES 17 B) DESCRIPTION LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIQUE 19 1) les formations du Moyen Pays 20 2) la Dalle du Tibet 25 a) les schistes basaux 26 b) l'unité intennédiare 27 c) l'unité somrnitale 28 3) la formation de Harsil 35 4) le granite de Bhaïrongathi 38 5) le leucogranite à tourmaline-muscovite 41 a) le glacier du Gangotri 42 b) les glaciers du Meru et du Kirti 50 c) le glacier du Bhrigupanth 53 d) la vallée du Kedar gad 55 e) le secteur de Gangotri (village) 58 f) les relations du leucogranite avec ses encaissants 60 f.l) leucogranite-granite de Bhaïrongathi 60 f.2) leucogranite-fonnation de Harsil 63 C) CONCLUSION 64 CHAPITRE II LA STRUCTURE DU HAUT HIMALAYA AU GARHWAL (INDES) Par Arnaud Pêcher et Bruno Scaillet (article publié dans Eclogae geolog.Helv.,1989, 82/2: 655-668) RESUME 67 ABSTRACT 67 INTRODUCTION 69 A. LES GRANDS ENSEMBLES LITHOSTRUCTURAUX 69 B. DEFORMATION DES SERIES DU MOYEN HIMALAYA 7 4 C. DEFORMATION DU CRISTALLIN DU HAUTHIMALAYA 76 D. DEFORMATION DE LA BASE DES SERIES SEDIMENTAIRES TIBETAINES. 78 E. DISCUSSION. 83 CHAPITRE III ETUDE STRUCTURALE DES LEUCOGRANITES A) INTRODUCTION 87 B) ASPECTS CARTOGRAPHIQUES, DE TERRAIN ET EN LAMES MINCES 87 1) aspects cartographiques 87 2) géométrie tridimensionelle 89 a) les coupes N-S 89 b) les coupes E-w 89 3) les données de terrain 93 a) analyse des données directionelles 95 4) aspect microscopiques 98 a) le groupe à texture isotrope 98 b) le groupe à texture orientée 99 c) le groupe à déformation plastique naissante 99 5) Conclusion 101 C) ETUDE MAGNETIQUE 103 1)~~~ 100 2) Principe et traitements 103 a) origine et différents types de magnétisme 103 b) l'anisotropie de suceptibilité magnétique 105 c) techniques de mesures-appareillage 106 c.1) carottage 106 c.2) acquisition des données 106 d) traitements des données 107 e) conclusion 108 3) Résultats 108 a) les minéraux porteurs de l'ASM 109 b) les données directionnelles 113 b.l) les faciès à biotite 119 b.2) les faciès à tourmaline 119 b.3) les faciès mixtes 121 c) signification de la linéation 121 c.l) les faciès à biotite dominante 121 c.2) les faciès à tourmaline 121 d) aspects quantitatifs 124 d.1) faciès à biotite 125 d.2) faciès à tourmaline 125 4) Conclusion 129 D) QUANTIFICATION DE LA DEFORMATION MAGMA TIQUE 130 1) Introduction 130 2) Méthodes utilisables 130 a) les méthodes considérant la position des objets 130 b) les méthodes considérant la forme et l'orientation des objets 131 b.1) la méthode Rf-phi 131 b.2) la méthode de projection de Panozzo 132 b.3) la méthode des diamètres de Féret. 132 b.4) les orientations préférentielles de forme 133 b.4.1) le contraste de viscosité 134 b.4.2) la densité de marqueurs 134 b.4.3) le paramètre de forme 135 b.4.4) le régime de déformation 135 3) Organisation de l'analyseur vidéographique interactif 137 4) Résultats 139 a) définition des marqueurs utilisés 139 b) résultats 140 b.!) aspect directionnel 142 b.2) aspect quantitatif 146 5) Conclusion 147 E) SYNTHESE TECTONIQUE 151 CHAPITRE IV PETROGENESIS OF THE BADRINATH-GANGOTRI LEUCOGRANITE. EVIDENCE FOR FRACTIONATION PROCESSES IN A HIGH HIMALAYAN LEUCOGRANITE Par Bruno Scaillet, Ch1istian France -Lanord et Patrick Le Fort (article soumis à Journal ofVolcanic and Geothermal Research) ABSTRACT 163 INTRODUCTION 165 A) GEOLOGICAL SETTING 165 B) PETROGRAPHY 167 1) macroscopic 167 2) microscopie 169 C) GEOCHEMISTRY 171 1) majors elements 171 2) trace elements 182 3) isotopie results 182 a) hydrogen 183 b) oxygen 183 c) rubidium and strontium 183 D) COMPARISON WITH OTHERS HHL 184 1) petrography 184 2) geochemistry 185 E) MECHANIS MS OF EVOLUTION 187 1) fractionation of the major phases 187 a) restite unmixing mode! 187 b) crystal fractionation 188 c) fractional melting 189 2) additional constraints from the accessory phases 190 a) apatite 190 b) monazite 191 c) zircon 191 F) CONSTRAINTS ON MELT SOURCE 193 G) CONSTRAINTS ON MELT EXTRACTION 194 H) REMARKS CONCERNING MELT EMPLACEMENT 195 CONCLUSIONS 196 CHAPITRE V DETERMINATION EXPERIMENTALE DES RELATIONS DE PHASES DE GRANITES PERALUMINEUX EN CONDITIONS DE SOUS SATURATION EN EAU. L'EXEMPLE DU GANGOTRI (TOURMALINE) ET DU MANASLU (BIOTITE). RESULTATS PRELIMINAIRES A)INTRODUCTION 201 B) SYNTHESE BffiLIOGRAPHIQUE DES TRAVAUX PRECEDENTS 202 1) Huang et Wyllie (1973, 1981). 202 2) Clemens et Wall (1981) 204 3) Benard et al (1985) 205 4) Nekvasil et Bhumam (1986) 206 5) Weidner et Martin (1987) 206 6) Puziewicz et Johannes (1988) 207 7) London (1987) et London et al (1988, 1989) 208 C) LES CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES 211 1) la pression totale (Pt) 211 2) la fugacité d'oxigène (f02) 211 3) la température (T"C) 212 4) l'activité de l'eau (aH20) 212 D)LESTECHNIQUESEXPERlMENTALES 213 1) contrôle de la pression et de la température 213 2) Le contrôle et la lecture de la f02. 215 a) systèmes à 1 atms. 215 b) systèmes à hautes pressions. 219 b.l) la technique de la double capsule. 219 b.2) la membrane de Shaw (Shaw, 1963) 224 b.3) la technique des sensors. 232 3) variation et contrôle de l'activité de l'eau (aH20) 236 E)RESULTATSPRELIMINAIRES 239 1) produits de départ 239 2) préparation des verres. 243 3) confection des capsules. 243 4) caractérisation des produits. 244 5) résultats 244 F) CONCLUSION 245 SYNTHESE GENERALE BIBLIOGRAPHIE ANNEXES A V ANT PROPOS Au terme de ce travail je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont participé de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail. Les organismes qui ont financé les travaux de terrains ainsi que les travaux de laboratoires sont également remerciés. En particulier l'interêt et le soutient généreux manifesté par le CEA et Jacques Darde! ont permis de mener à bien cette étude. Qu'ils en soient ici très vivement remerciés. Patrick Le Fort et Arnaud Pêcher m'ont appris la géologie Himalayenne lors de la première mission menée conjointement avec un ''team" d'alpinistes et de géologues anglais de l'université de Leicester (dont le leader était Mike Searle), entre fin mars et début juin 1987. Au cours de ce premier contact avec l'Himalaya, j'ai donc du m'initier à la fois à l'anglais (d'Oxford et des Indes), à la pratique du ski de fond et de descente (sans jamais retirer les peaux de phoques) et, lorsque les conditions climatiques le permettaient (12 mètres de neige en 2 mois), à la géologie de haute altitude. Malgré tout cela, les découvertes effectuées furent suffisament encourageantes pour que, fin septembre de la même année, je m'expéditionne (encore un belgicisme), tout seul cette fois, pour deux autres mois et demi de mission. Les conditions climatiques exceptionelles régnant lors de ce deuxième séjour (la limite des neiges était au delà de 6000 rn) me permirent de conclure les ébauches des cartes géologiques amorcées lors de la première mission. La solitude de cette deuxième mission fut cependant essentiellement scientifique (ce qui n'est pas forcément, pour le géologue de terrain, une mauvaise chose), dans la mesure ou, sur le plan humain, ce fut pour moi la découverte des habitants des régions. Parmi ceux-ci, Karan et Laxman, "mes" deux guides d'altitudes, doivent recevoir ici mes plus profonds remerciements, ne serait ce que pour m'avoir permis d'atteindre les affleurements situés de part et d'autre des glaciers et d'en revenir avec l'échantillon (orienté) considéré par moi (mais pas par eux) comme critique, sans avoir visité pour autant le fond des crevasses.
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