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Giving Voice to Juana María's People

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Giving Voice to Juana María's People GIVING VOICE TO JUANA MARÍA’S PEOPLE: THE ORGANIZATION OF SHELL AND EXOTIC STONE ARTIFACT PRODUCTION AND TRADE AT A LATE HOLOCENE VILLAGE ON SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, CALIFORNIA by Amanda C. Cannon A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts In Social Science Environment and Community Interdisciplinary Program August, 2006 GIVING VOICE TO JUANA MARÍA’S PEOPLE: THE ORGANIZATION OF SHELL AND EXOTIC STONE ARTIFACT PRODUCTION AND TRADE AT A LATE HOLOCENE VILLAGE ON SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, CALIFORNIA by Amanda C. Cannon Approved by the Master’s Thesis Committee: René L. Vellanoweth, Major Professor Date Sing C. Chew, Committee Member Date Judith K. Little, Committee Member Date Selma K. Sonntag, Graduate Coordinator Date Chris A. Hopper, Interim Dean for Research and Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT GIVING VOICE TO JUANA MARÍA’S PEOPLE: THE ORGANIZATION OF SHELL AND EXOTIC STONE ARTIFACT PRODUCTION AND TRADE AT A LATE HOLOCENE VILLAGE ON SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, CALIFORNIA By Amanda C. Cannon Master of Arts in Social Science Environment and Community Interdisciplinary Program At the time of European contact, the southern California mainland coast and Channel Islands were occupied by a variety of Native groups that were socially complex and steeped in rich cultural traditions. These groups were intricately connected with one another through social, political, and economic ties as well as with other groups through extensive trade networks extending throughout California and the Great Basin. Because of excellent preservation of archaeological sites on the Channel Islands, archaeologists have long turned to this area to investigate myriad topics including human interactions with the environment, maritime adaptations, development of cultural complexity, social organization, and craft production. San Nicolas Island, the most geographically isolated of the Channel Islands, offers a unique opportunity to examine many of these issues. In this thesis, I examine the Native people of San Nicolas Island within both local and regional environmental and cultural contexts. These contexts form the basis for understanding the archaeological record at CA-SN-25, a village occupied intensely iii between approximately A.D. 1300 and A.D. 1800. With its excellent preservation and diverse artifact assemblage, CA-SNI-25 offers the opportunity to examine human daily practices and underlying social organization and world-views. I examine a portion of the artifact assemblage – shell and exotic stone artifacts – to understand the nature of artifact production and social organization at the site and how its occupants were connected to the broader region. To do this, I identify different artifact types, styles, and spatial and temporal distribution patterns at the site. The results indicate a variety of domestic and ceremonial activities occurred at the site. Temporal distributions of artifacts suggest that there was much cultural continuity throughout the most intensive period of site occupation; however, contact with Europeans did influence traditional practices as evidenced by the use of European materials in the production of traditional items. Spatial patterns of artifact distribution suggest that while a variety of activities occurred across the site, some areas were used more intensively than others. Comparisons of artifact assemblages from other sites on the island confirm that CA-SNI-25 was a village. The same people who occupied CA-SNI-25 may have utilized other sites on the island and/or been connected to the occupants of these sites, perhaps through family ties. Comparisons of CA-SNI-25 to sites on the other Channel Islands suggest the people of San Nicolas were more culturally aligned with Gabrielino groups on the southern islands. However, an examination of the material culture from the Channel Islands and adjacent mainland and its relative abundance suggests the people of San Nicolas were intricately connected to groups throughout this region. In all, this thesis illustrates the importance of archaeological investigations as a tool to enhance our iv understanding of daily practices, social and spiritual organization, and regional interactions of the Native people of San Nicolas Island. v © 2006 Amanda C. Cannon. All rights reserved. vi To Juana María and her People vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research would not have been possible without the help and support of many individuals. In particular, I thank René L. Vellanoweth, my committee chair, mentor, and friend. His patience, guidance, instruction, and edits have helped me to become a better researcher and writer. René’s boundless enthusiasm and extensive knowledge of the archaeological record are truly enlightening and inspirational. I also thank my committee members Sing C. Chew and Judith K. Little for their support and comments that gave me a broader perspective and improved this thesis. This research was funded by a cooperative research agreement between Humboldt State University and the U.S. Navy. I thank Steve Schwartz of the Naval Air Station Facility, Point Mugu, and Lisa Thomas-Barnett for giving me the opportunity to do this research. Their support on San Nicolas Island was invaluable. I also thank the undergraduate students at Humboldt State University who participated in the San Nicolas Island archaeological field schools and spent countless hours in the lab assisting me with artifact processing and analyses. In particular, I thank Barney Bartelle for his wonderful personality, extensive music collection, and considerable aid in the lab. Finally, I thank my parents for their support and encouragement throughout the years. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................iii PUBLICATION RIGHTS ................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................viii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xvii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ xx LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ xx INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Human Occupation of Coastal Environments......................................................... 1 San Nicolas Island: A Study of Island Culture ....................................................... 3 Investigations at CA-SNI-25....................................................................... 4 Thesis Overview ..................................................................................................... 7 THEORETICAL CONTEXT ........................................................................................... 11 Introduction........................................................................................................... 11 Culture History Approach to Archaeology........................................................... 12 Descriptions of Cultural Change and Continuity...................................... 12 Culture History of CA-SNI-25.................................................................. 13 Practice Theory ..................................................................................................... 13 Daily Practices and Social Structure......................................................... 13 ix Page Daily Practices and the Archaeological Record........................................ 15 Practice Theory and Implications for Research at CA-SNI-25 ................ 16 The World-Systems Perspective........................................................................... 16 The Modern World-System ...................................................................... 16 The World-System Prior to the 16th Century............................................ 18 World-Systems Theory and Archaeology................................................. 20 A World-Systems Approach at CA-SNI-25 ............................................. 20 ENVIRONMENT OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT................................. 22 Introduction........................................................................................................... 22 Geographic Location................................................................................. 22 Coastal Geographic Provinces .............................................................................. 24 North Coast ............................................................................................... 24 Central Coast............................................................................................. 24 Southern Coast.......................................................................................... 25 Paleoenvironment ................................................................................................. 26 Vegetation and Climate............................................................................
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