Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS

MARKET INSIDER

September 2015

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Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: [email protected] Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/

Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant [email protected]

Cover Picture: Patch of medicinal rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.; Fam. Polygonaceae), Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China. Photo by Josef A. Brinckmann, 2015.

Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ...... 3 Some Useful Terminology ...... 3 1. Industry News and Trends ...... 5 1.1. Global supply chain issues, trends and competitive landscape on the 2015 Botanical Congress agenda ...... 5 1.2. US FDA’s new draft guidance on botanical drugs refers to WHO and EMA GACPs for medicinal plants ...... 5 1.3. European Medicines Agency posting easier-to-understand information on herbal medicines7 1.4. BI Nutraceuticals expands operations to Nevada ...... 8 2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 8 2.1. Can Nigeria transition from a petroleum-based economy to an herbal-based economy? ...... 8 2.2. 10 most traded medicinal plants in markets of Madagascar ...... 10 3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 11 3.1. New documentary on sustainable medicinal plant harvesting and trade in Mid-western Nepal 11 3.2. Support for Nepalese companies trading in 30 prioritized MAP species to exhibit at trade shows in Germany ...... 11 3.3. Rising import costs of Chinese herbs prompts Japanese pharmaceutical company to grow medicinal plants domestically ...... 13 3.4. Vietnamese star anise growers’ organisation getting support through the Forest and Farm Facility 13 3.5. Traders of medicinal plants illegally harvested in Bhutanese nature reserve busted ...... 14 4. Currency Rates of Exchange ...... 16 5. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ...... 16 6. Selected Events ...... 24 7. Herb Profile: Rhubarb root and rhizome ...... 32 8. Company Profile: EcoSo Dynamics cc ...... 35 9. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ...... 36

About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients

The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils.

Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles.

New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market- insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology

AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of Taiwan CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item. Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations: Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as: extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia PPRC: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

1. Industry News and Trends 1.1. Global supply chain issues, trends and competitive landscape on the 2015 Botanical Congress agenda

by Market Insider Sunday, 06 Sep. 2015

The 2015 American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) Botanical Congress, taking place Friday 09 October 2015, features herbal industry experts sharing first-hand experience in presentations and panel discussions.

Relevant topics for the global medicinal and aromatic plant trade include:

Exploring Global Supply Issues and Impact on Quality: An overview of successful US and global supply chain strategies. Focus on availability, quality and adulteration. Presentation of current US case histories. Global supply disruption will also be reviewed;

Money and the Marketplace: Trends, competitive landscape and prospects of the worldwide herbal marketplace overview of the worldwide herbal ingredient trends.

Congress registration information at: https://gmod-connect.aptean.com/f/index.php

Source: 1. American Herbal Products Association (AHPA). Attend the 2015 Botanical Congress: https://gmod-connect.aptean.com/f/index.php

1.2. US FDA’s new draft guidance on botanical drugs refers to WHO and EMA GACPs for medicinal plants

by Market Insider Thursday, 03 Sep. 2015

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first published its guidance for industry for development of botanical drug products in 2004. In the meantime, only two botanical drug products have been approved by the FDA. In 2006, FDA approved a topical application drug, containing a special extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf, for treatment of genital warts. In 2012, FDA approved a second botanical drug, made from the sap of the Amazonian ‘Sangre de drago’ (Croton lechleri) tree, for treatment of diarrhoea in HIV/AIDS patients. Sangre de drago tree sap is a biodiversity product of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, and Brazil.

While the 2004 FDA guidance discussed the need for implementation of good agricultural and collection practice (GACP) in the botanical supply chain to ensure pharmaceutical quality, reference was made to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) GACPs for starting materials of herbal origin. That is because the United States had not (and still has not) yet prioritized the development its own GACPs for medicinal plants.

Eleven years later, in August 2015, FDA released new draft guidance for botanical drug development, which revised the 2004 guidance. In the new draft guidance, reference is now made to both the EMA GACPs and the World Health Organization (WHO) GACPs for medicinal plants.

For botanical raw materials that will be used as active ingredients of botanical drug products, FDA states the following:

‘To ensure quality and therapeutic consistency, it is important to select representative raw material batches (i.e., raw material from three or more representative cultivation sites or farms) for the manufacturing of the clinical drug substance for multiple batch Phase 3 studies. The sponsor should establish large growing regions with three or more cultivation sites or farms whose locations are purposefully selected to be representative of the regions for each of the botanical raw materials following the principles of Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) [e.g. European Medicines Agency’s “Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for Starting Materials of Herbal Origin” or World Health Organization’s “WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants”]. This will help reduce the likelihood of an insufficient supply of the botanical raw material post-NDA approval.’

Written comments on the draft guidance can be submitted up until 16 October 2015 at: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/08/17/2015-20230/botanical-drug- development-draft-guidance-for-industry-availability

Sources: 1. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2006. Guidelines on good agricultural and collection practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin. EMA, London, UK. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC50000 3362.pdf 2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). June 2004. Guidance for Industry: Botanical Drug Products. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). 3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). August 2015. Botanical Drug Development: Guidance for Industry. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UC M458484.pdf 4. International Trade Centre (ITC). 2011. Claim Statements for Natural Products: The United States Market. Geneva: ITC. Available at: http://www.intracen.org/Claim-Statements-for-Natural- Products-The-United-States-Market/ 5. World Health Organization (WHO). 2003. WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241546271.pdf

1.3. European Medicines Agency posting easier-to-understand information on herbal medicines by Market Insider Wednesday, 12 Aug. 2015

The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) is working to provide the public with simplified information on herbal medicines that is to be written in non-technical everyday language in order to reach a wider audience.

Up to this point, most of the information that EMA has made available on-line has been the Community herbal monographs and assessment reports that are written in technical terms geared towards professionals in the medicinal product industry, healthcare professionals, policy makers and regulatory agencies.

These “Herbal Medicine: Summary for the Public” documents contain simplified information on the HMPC’s evaluation and conclusions about the herbal medicine and its recommended uses, about the evidence that supports the recommended uses and any known risks associated with the herbal medicine. These are intended to complement the patient information leaflets that accompany herbal medicinal products that are sold in the European Union, and thereby help individuals to make better informed self-medication decisions.

On 03 August 2015, six herbal medicine ‘summaries for the public’ were uploaded at the EMA website:

Agrimony herb [Agrimonia eupatoria L., herba]

California poppy [Eschscholzia californica Cham., herba]

Capsicum fruit [Capsicum annuum L. var. minimum (Miller) Heiser and small fruited varieties of Capsicum frutescens L., fructus]

Comfrey root [Symphytum officinale L., radix]

Ginkgo leaf [Ginkgo biloba L., folium]

Mouse-ear hawkweed herb and root [Hieracium pilosella L., herba cum radice]

Going forward, all newly evaluated herbal medicines will have a simplified summary for the public prepared and published online alongside the community herbal monograph. And when existing monographs are scheduled for updating or revision, a summary for the public will also be produced at that time. Eventually, all of these summaries for the public will be translated into each of the official languages of the European Union.

Sources: 1. Borsch J. Phytoempfehlungen künftig auch für Laien verständlich. DAZ.online. 05 August 2015. 2. European Medicines Agency. Herbal Medicines for Human Use: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/

1.4. BI Nutraceuticals expands operations to Nevada by Market Insider Monday, 03 Aug. 2015

Established in 1977, BI Nutraceuticals (BI) Long Beach, California), one of the largest importers, processors and suppliers of botanical ingredients in the United States, is expanding its operations due to continued growth. BI supplies over 200 botanical ingredients to the herbal dietary supplement, food & beverage, and pharmaceutical industries.

BI has just secured a 140,000 square foot facility within the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, McCarran, Nevada, where, as of January 2016, BI’s manufacturing and quality assurance laboratory will start operation. BI’s sales office will remain in California and its other facilities in New York and New Jersey will remain in place.

BI’s move also bolsters the role of Reno, Nevada as a hub for processing and distribution of medicinal and aromatic plant ingredients in the western United States, as two of BI’s competitors in the botanical raw materials sector are also situated in the Reno area:

BI Nutraceuticals (BI), McCarran, Nevada: http://www.binutraceuticals.com/

High Quality Organics (HQO), Reno, Nevada: https://www.hqorganics.com/

Pure Ground Ingredients (PGI), Carson City, Nevada: http://www.puregroundingredients.com/

Sources: 1. Garcia J. Bi Nutraceutical moves into Patrick Industrial Park. Reno Gazette-Journal. 15 July 2015. 2. BI Nutraceuticals website: http://www.binutraceuticals.com/

2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts 2.1. Can Nigeria transition from a petroleum-based economy to an herbal-based economy? by Market Insider Monday, 28 Sep. 2015

The Chairman of Nigeria’s Bioreources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP), Professor Maurice Iwu, is asserting that Nigeria needs to diversify its economy in view of decreasing income from petroleum. He envisages the sectors of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), herbal dietary supplement products and herbal medicinal products being developed and better organized in order to replace lost income due to diminishing petroleum exports.

Professor Iwu’s confidence that herbal income can replace lost petroleum income is based, in part, on the abundance of untapped botanical natural resources occurring in Nigeria, as well as the many herbal research centres and institutions like Federal Institute for Industrial Research, Oshodi (FIIRO), as well as 40 universities with programs dealing with botanical good agricultural and collection practices (GACPs) and policies,

Professor Iwu is also serving as the Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the upcoming ‘Herbal, Health Food and Natural Expo’ (HerbFEST 2015) taking place at the Raw Materials Research Development Council (RMRDC), Abuja, Nigeria from 6-8 October, 2015.

According to a press release: ‘HerbFEST 2015 is set to attract varying investors and trade buyers from across the African region – as well as from the wider market of Middle East, Europe and US. Hosted by Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP) in collaboration with Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA) and the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi (FIIRO)… The focus of HerbFEST 2015 will be on Economic Exploitation of Medicinal Plants, Impact of African Medicinal Plants and Natural Products on Healthcare Delivery’.

The overall goal of HerbFEST 2015 is to showcase Nigeria’s ‘achievements, research results, rich biodiversity and investment opportunities to the world and enhance the patronage/recognition, productive capacity and income status of small producers’.

The trade exhibition will feature companies and entrepreneurs with products and technologies in areas including herbal medicinal products, medicinal and aromatic plant products, saps and plant extracts, natural cosmetic and beauty products, health foods and natural food ingredients, technology innovations, equipment and services.

There will also be a training session available to participants under the theme “Development and Commercialization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants”. The training will focus on cultivation, standardization, production and marketing, featuring medicinal and natural products development, building sustainable bio-businesses, Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), meeting international standards, certification, understanding consumer preferences, and investment opportunities for indigenous products and produce.

For more information on HerbFEST 2015 or to register to attend, please visit the website of the BDCP at http://herbfest.com.ng/event/details/herbfest-2015/ or the website of the FIIRO at http://www.fiiro.org/index.php/fiiro-news/201-herbfest-2015-press-release

Sources: 1. Greenbarge Reporters. Chairman Of Herbal Expo Insists Nigeria Can Survive On Earnings From Herbal Medicines. Greenbarge Media & Communications Ltd. 18 September 2015. 2. HerbFEST 2015 – Press Release. Federal Institute for Industrial Research, Oshodi (FIIRO). 20 September 2015. 3. HerbFEST 2015 - Theme: FOOD AS MEDICINE: Utilization and Sustainable Exploitation of African Medicine Plants and Natural Products.

2.2. 10 most traded medicinal plants in markets of Madagascar by Market Insider Tuesday, 18 Aug. 2015

Aiming to determine which medicinal plants are most widely traded and consumed in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, a study published on 28 July 2015 reported 89 commercialized plant species, of which 10 species were reported to be in trade by most vendors surveyed (60-100% of vendors). Medicinal plant traders, suppliers, harvesters and cultivators were interviewed for the study.

The 10 most traded medicinal plants were found to be:

1. Tamirova (Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek.; Family: Rubiaceae)

2. Katrafay (Cedrelopsis grevei Baill.; Family: Meliaceae)

3. Andy (Neobeguea mahafaliensis J.-F. Leroy; Family: Meliaceae)

4. Tsilo (Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw.; Family: Cactaceae)

5. Tsotsorinangatra, a.k.a. Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; Family: Fabaceae)

6. Romba, a.k.a. African basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.; Family: Lamiaceae)

7. Konsody, a.k.a. White comfrey (Symphytum orientale L.; Family: Boraginaceae)

8. Artichaut, a.k.a. Artichoke thistle (Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens Wiklund; Family: Asteraceae)

9. Ninginingina (Distephanus polygalifolius (Less.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn; Family: Asteraceae)

10. Sampivato (Urera acuminata (Poir.) Gaudich. ex Decne.; Family: Urticaceae).

The study also looked at the economy of the medicinal plant markets and found that “profitability for vendors is high and competitive with other salaried positions within Antananarivo.” As most of the traded medicinal plants are sourced from wild populations in the forests, the researchers concluded with the following statement:

“This booming business has real implications for conservation concerns, which should be researched further to fully explore the impact of the medicinal plant trade on the ecological well-being of the forests where the plants are sourced. Further research and monitoring of the Antananarivo markets will also be invaluable to chart the sustainable use of wild natural resources.”

Source: 1. Randriamiharisoa MN, Kuhlman AR, Jeannoda V, Rabarison H, Rakotoarivelo N, Randrianarivony T, Raktoarivony F, Randrianasolo A, Bussmann RW. Medicinal plants sold in the markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2015; 11:60 doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0046-y.

3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts 3.1. New documentary on sustainable medicinal plant harvesting and trade in Mid- western Nepal by Market Insider Wednesday, 16 Sep. 2015

The mountainous Karnali region of Mid-western Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal has abundant water resources and is home to a wide range of medicinal plants that are used not only in local medicine but are also exportable for use in the Chinese, Indian and Tibetan systems of medicine. Some of the species also have global market demand beyond the Asian systems of Traditional Medicine.

Through a European Commission supported project ‘Economic Growth for Social Justice: Supporting NTFP trade and business development in Karnali’, a new video documentary titled ‘Local Livelihood Enhancement through Sustainable Management and Marketing of NTFPs in Karnali’ has been produced and made available online by ANSAB (Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources) in collaboration with Mission East and Karnali Integrated Rural Development and Research Center (KIRDARC); and local partners Rural Development Group Programme (RDGP) and Rural Community Development Center (RCDC).

Just over 12 minutes long, the documentary, available in English and Nepali versions, is focused on local livelihood enhancement through sustainable management of medicinal plants of the Humla, Jumla and Mugu districts of Karnali region.

The project aims to help local medicinal plant harvesters achieve certification for sustainable harvesting and management and to help link the local entrepreneurs to appropriate markets and buyers willing to pay fair prices for sustainable herbs and value-added products made from them locally such as essential oils.

Some of the high-value medicinal herbs described in the documentary include cordyceps fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), essential oil of jatamansi root & rhizome (Nardostachys jatamansi), fatty oil of dhatelo seed (Prinsepia utilis), Himalayan onion bulb (Allium wallichii), Indian rhubarb root (Rheum australe), Indian valerian rhizome (Valeriana jatamansi), picrorhiza rhizome (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora), and morel fungus (Morchella conica).

See the documentary at the ANSAB website: http://www.ansab.org/publication/documentary/local-livelihood-enhancement-through- sustainable-management-and-marketing-of-ntfps-in-karnali/

3.2. Support for Nepalese companies trading in 30 prioritized MAP species to exhibit at trade shows in Germany by Market Insider Wednesday, 16 Sep. 2015

With financial support from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Government of Nepal, qualifying Nepalese Medicinal and Aromatic Plant (MAP) based companies are being selected to participate in international trade fairs next year including the ‘BioFach and Vivaness’, 10-13 February 2016

(www.biofach.de/en), and ‘Health Ingredients Europe’ (HIE), 29 November - 1 December 2016 (www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home), both in the Federal Republic of Germany.

The coordinating organization in the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Jadibuti Association of Nepal (JABAN), Nepalgunj, Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a partner in the ‘Nepal German Trade Promotion Programme’ for the export promotion of Nepalese Herbs and Herbal products, and is also charged with implementation of the ‘Nepal Trade Integration Strategy’ (NTIS) in the sector of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (IN-MAPS) Project.

To be eligible for the support, selection criteria of the Government of Nepal include, among other requirements, that the company is sourcing its botanical raw materials locally, that they should have an organic certificate (for exhibiting at the BioFach), and that the company is dealing with Nepal’s 30 prioritized herbs which have been selected as the ‘most exportable herbs of Nepal’. All MAP-based Nepalese companies fulfilling the criteria may still apply by the deadline of 10 September 2015.

The 30 prioritized Nepalese MAPs for export are listed below: Botanical name Local Name Traded part Aconitum heterophyllum / Delphinium himalayai Atis Rhizome Aconitum spicatum Bikh Rhizome, Flower Acorus calamus Bojho Root Asparagus racemosus Satawari / Kurilo Root, Tuber Berberis sp. Chutro Bark Bergenia ciliata Pakhanved Underground stem Cinnamomum glaucescens Sugahdakokila Fruit Cinnamomum tamala Dalchini / Tejpat Leaf, Bark Cucurligo orchoides Safed Musli Root and Tuber Delphinium denudatum Nirmasi Root Diploknema butyracea Chiuri Seed Elaeocarpus sphericus Rudrakshya Fruit Fritillaria cirrhosa Ban Lasun / Kakoli Bulb Juglans regia Ookhar Seed Juniperus sp Dhupi Seed, Fruit Lichen Jhyau Whole part Morchella sp. Guchi Chyau Whole part Nardostachys grandiflora (essential oil) Jatamansi / Bhutle Rhizome Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora Kutki Rhizome Ophiocordyceps sinensis Yarsa gumba Whole part Paris polyphylla Satuwa Rhizome Persea odoratissima Kaulo Bark Phyllanthus emblica Amala Fruit Piper longum Pipla Fruit Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpagandha Root Rheum australe Padamchal / Chulthi amilo Rhizome, Leaf, Petiole Rubia manjith Majitho Stem, Root Sapindus mukorossi Rittha Fruit, Seed Swertia chirayita Chiraito Whole plant Valeriana jatamansii Samayao / Sugandhawal Rhizome Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Fruit Source: NEHHPA, 2015

Sources: 1. Jadibuti Association of Nepal (JABAN). Announcement: Seeking applicants for participation in International Trade Fairs (2015-2016). Available at: http://www.jadibutinepal.com/

2. Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA). Annex 1 - List of prioritized 30 MAPs. Available at: http://www.nepalherb.org/

3.3. Rising import costs of Chinese herbs prompts Japanese pharmaceutical company to grow medicinal plants domestically by Market Insider Wednesday, 19 Aug. 2015

Manufacturer and marketer of pharmaceutical products, cosmetics and functional foods, ROHTO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), founded in 1899, has net sales of 143,822 million yen (= about US$1.15 billion). Rohto’s Chinese herbal medicine division was started in 2006, now marketing 11 products under the Wakan-Sen brand with annual sales of about 2 billion yen (= about US$16 million).

Japanese herbal medicinal product companies import most of the botanical raw materials needed to make their products from the People’s Republic of China. Rohto Pharma reports that procurement costs for Chinese origin herbs have roughly doubled in the past five years due to Chinese economic growth among other factors. For this reason, Rohto plans to start experimental cultivation of selected Chinese and Japanese medicinal plants. Initially, 10 medicinal plants have been prioritized for cultivation in the Uda District, northeastern part of Nara Prefecture, including, among others:

トウキ - Japanese Angelica Root (root of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa, Fam: Apiaceae) ボウフウ - Saposhnikovia Root and Rhizome (root and rhizome of Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischkin; Fam: Apiaceae)

The company is aware that it will need to acquire and/or develop the agronomic know-how necessary to successfully cultivate medicinal plants that will meet the quality requirements of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, many of the medicinal herbs (especially root crops) require several years in the ground before reaching maturity for first harvest. Nonetheless, the company believes that, in the long run, it can lower its raw material costs by growing herbs in Japan rather than importing them from producers in neighboring P.R. China.

Sources: 1. Japan's Rohto to grow medicinal herbs domestically. Nikkei Asian Review. 12 August 2015. 2. Rohto Corporate Website: http://www.rohto.co.jp/global/business/ 3. Waken-Sen Product Website: http://www.wakansen.com/index.htm

3.4. Vietnamese star anise growers’ organisation getting support through the Forest and Farm Facility by Market Insider Monday, 17 Aug. 2015

Star anise (Illicium verum) fruit is a product of eastern and south eastern Asian biodiversity, native to parts of southern People’s Republic of China and neighbouring Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. The star anise tree is found growing in forests of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, at 200 to 1600 m in altitude. It is also cultivated in Guangxi, as well as in the neighbouring provinces of Guangdong and Yunnan as well as in Viet Nam, mainly in the northern province of Lang Son, bordering Guangxi.

Known in Chinese as ‘ba jiao hui xiang’ (八角茴香), the dried ripe fruit of star anise, collected in the autumn and winter when the fruit turns from green to yellow, is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) as well as in other systems of Traditional Medicine. It is also widely used, globally, as a culinary spice. An estimated 80 to 90% of the global supply of star anise fruit originates from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Yunnan Province.

Duncan Macqueen, principal researcher and team leader (forests), Natural Resources Group, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), writes that a star anise growers organisation in My Phuong commune Northern Viet Nam known as 'Thach Ngoa' is ‘one of several new Vietnamese forest farm producer organisations that are emerging from market analysis and development training courses funded by the Forest and Farm Facility (FFF)’. The FFF is a partnership between the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).

Macqueen states “Thach Ngoa is setting up a group business to sell star anise. They want to buy the kilns needed to process the fruit. Processing will increase income for members – and might attract neighbouring farmers who also plant star anise and might one day join the group. FFF offers competitive small grants to support such groups.”

Sources: 1. Macqueen D. Star spice in Vietnam's forests. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. 05 August 2015. Available at: http://www.iied.org/star-spice-vietnams-forests. Accessed 16 August 2015. 2. Nianhe Xia & Richard M. K. Saunders. Illiciaceae. In: Flora of China. 2008, Volume 7; pp 32–38. 3. Orwa C, A Mutua, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, S Anthony. 2009. Illicium verum: In: Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp) 4. ProFound – Advisers In Development. Wild collected botanicals and the EU market. Brussels, Belgium: Trade for Development Centre – BTC (Belgian Development Agency) 2014.

3.5. Traders of medicinal plants illegally harvested in Bhutanese nature reserve busted by Market Insider Wednesday, 05 Aug. 2015

In what has been called “one of the biggest busts related to illegal trade of Non-Wood Forest Products (NTFPs)”, on 22 July 2015, officials from the ‘Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve’ seized illegally harvested medicinal plants from traders on horseback at Chuphaka above Damthang Helipad in Haa District.

Two illegal traders with six horses were apprehended by a 12-member park team who had been returning from a week-long survey of White Poppy (Meconopsis superba) and Blue Poppy (M. grandis and M. horridula), a species reportedly found exclusively in the reserve.

The traders were encountered along a route believed to be used by illegal traders. Upon investigation, all of the horse loads were found to be filled with forest products. As there were no legal documents or permits to authorize collection and possession of the medicinal plants, the produce was seized, identified and weighed.

Seized goods included 116 kg of picrorhiza (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora) rhizome and 84 kg of Himalayan ginseng (Panax pseudoginseng) root.

Wild populations of Himalayan ginseng (Dzongkha Name: bhreeng-geera-dza; Chinese Name: jia ren shen) occur, not only, in the Kingdom of Bhutan, but also in the Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China, as well as in parts of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. In Bhutan, Panax pseudoginseng is listed under Schedule I of the Forest and Nature Conservation Rules, meaning that collection is restricted and that fines for illegal possession amount to 50,000 Bhutanese Ngultrum (BTN) per kg (= about US$ 783 / kg), or, in this case a fine of about US$ 66,000.00 for the 84 kg seized.

Wild populations of Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Dzongkha Name: puti-shing; Chinese Name: hu huang lian; Nepali Trade Name: kutki) occur not only in the Kingdom of Bhutan but also in the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, as well as in parts of the People’s Republic of China, for example in western Sichuan Province, north-western Yunnan Province, and southern parts of Tibet Autonomous Region.

This species is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and is also traded into India where it is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine as a substitute for a related plant, Picrorhiza kurroa, which is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). In Bhutan, the fine for illegal possession of picrorhiza rhizome can range anywhere from BTN 5,000 to 50,000 per kg.

The Social Forestry and Extension Division (SFED) of Forest and Park Services Department does have an interim framework for the management and marketing of NWFPs, that specifically provide rules for the collection of 60 NWFPs including picrorhiza rhizome. However, it seems clear that enforcement and apprehension of illegally harvested plants is not the answer on its own but rather public awareness must also be built up.

Sources: 1. Ugyen Tshering. Illegal NWFP traders busted by JKSNR in Haa. Thimphu, Kingdom of Bhutan: Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan. 03 August 2015. Available at: http://www.moaf.gov.bt/illegal-nwfp-traders-busted-by-jksnr-in-haa/ 2. Krug, I. & Milliken, W., 2008. Guidelines for Identification & Collection of Medicinal Plants in Bhutan. Thimphu: Ministry of Agriculture. 3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna, Appendices I, II and III: https://w.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php 4. Deyuan Hong, Hanbi Yang, Cun-li Jin, Manfred A. Fischer, Noel H. Holmgren & Robert R. Mill. Scrophulariaceae. In Flora of China: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10811 5. Qibai Xiang & Porter P. Lowry. Araliaceae. In: Flora of China: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10058

4. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 26 September 2015 CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.37455 7.13771 EURO EUR 0.893080 1.0000 Indian Rupee INR 66.1635 74.0846 Nepalese Rupee NPR 106.000 118.690 Russian Ruble RUB 65.5146 73.3580 United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.11972 Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

5. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients

Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grades, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Hindi: Ajwain / Sanskrit: Yavani Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; Medicinal c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) uses: sharp piercing pain. Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 11775~12499 INR / quintal $1.77968~$1.88911/ kg Pratapgarh, (= 100 kg); Modal price: (Modal price: 26.09.2015 Rajasthan 12140 INR / quintal $1.83485/kg AMLA FRUIT Botanical name: Phyllanthus emblica Chinese: Yuganzi (餘甘子); Hindi: Amla; Nepalese: Amala; Sanskrit: Amalaki Pharmacopoeial name: Phyllanthi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) bleeding disorders; b) hyperacidity; c) increased frequency and turbidity or urine; d) burning sensation. Medicinal Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) to remove heat in the blood and blood uses: stasis; b) maldigestion; c) dyspepsia, abdominal pain; e) cough; sore throat, and dryness of the mouth. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 50.00 NPR / kg $0.471698 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal (wild-collected) Bohzou, Anhui 14.00 CNY / kg $2.19579 / kg 26.09.2015 (> 1000 kg; wild-collected) BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Lycium barbarum Chinese: gou qi zi (枸杞子) Pharmacopoeial name: Lycii Fructus

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital Medicinal essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and uses: tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anaemia; d) impaired vision. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 71.67 CNY / kg (380 $11.2409 / kg 24.09.2015 Sichuan Grade 1 Ningxia origin) Chengdu, 55.00 CNY / kg (380 $8.62630 / kg 24.09.2015 Sichuan Grade 1 Xinjiang origin) CALAMUS RHIZOME Botanical name: Acorus calamus Chinese: zang chang pu (藏菖蒲) / Nepalese: Bojho / Sanskrit: Vaca Pharmacopoeial name: Acori Calami Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) colic pain; b) epilepsy; c) asthma; d) Medicinal constipation; e) mania; f) flatulence; g) otorrhoea; and h) weak memory uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) tonify stomach yang; b) treat maldigestion and food stagnation; c) diphtheria. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 90 NPR / kg $0.849056 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal CHIRATA HERB Botanical name: Swertia chirayita Nepalese: Chiraito (चिराइतो, तततो) / Sanskrit: Kiratatikta Pharmacopoeial name: Swertiae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) thirst; c) burning sensation; Medicinal d) inflammation; e) skin diseases; f) ulcer; g) intestinal worms; h) itching; uses: and i) excessive flow of urine. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Kathmandu, 450 NPR / kg $4.24528 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal CRANBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon French: canneberge / Spanish: arándano agrio Pharmacopoeial name: Macrocarponii Fructus Medicinal Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: a) to help prevent recurrent uses: urinary tract infections CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Ex-whse New US$ 2.25 / lb $4.96 / kg 02.09.2015 Jersey, USA (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs) (Min. qty: 454 kg) FENNEL FRUIT Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Chinese: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi: Saunf / Sanskrit: Misreya ;شمر :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Foeniculi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles. Medicinal Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain uses: and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhoea with lower abdominal pain and cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild,

spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chennai, 140.00 INR / kg $2.11597 / kg 19.09.2015 Tamil Nadu FOB Egyptian US$ 1315~1420 / MT Port / FOB (Purity 98~99%; Qty 25 $1.315~$1.42 / kg 12.09.2015 Fayoum MT / 40’ FCL) Anguo, 11.00 CNY / kg $1.72526 / kg 26.09.2015 Hebei (Northwest origin) FENUGREEK SEED Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Chinese: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit: Methi ;حلبة حصي :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to Medicinal yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) uses: hernia; and c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp. Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chennai, 90.00 INR / kg $1.36027 / kg 19.09.2015 Tamil Nadu US$ 1188~1215 / MT FOB Egyptian (Purity 99%; 20 MT / $1.188~$1.215 / kg 12.09.2015 Port 20’ FCL) FOB Fayoum US$ 1125 / MT $1.125 / kg 14.09.2015 Egypt (Qty: 1 × 40’ FCL) GINGER RHIZOME Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Chinese: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese: Sutho / Sanskrit: Sunthi Pharmacopoeial name: Zingiberis Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, Medicinal vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; uses: and b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang 20.50 CNY / kg $3.21526 / kg 26.09.2015 Autonomous (Yunnan origin) Region Cochin, 221.25 INR / kg $3.34399 / kg 12.09.2015 Kerala (Grade: Old) Nepalgunj, 280 NPR / kg $2.64151 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal

GOTU KOLA HERB Botanical name: Centella asiatica Chinese: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit: Mandukaparni Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anaemia; k) blood Medicinal disorders. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhoea; c) urolithiasis and haematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 8.00 CNY / kg $1.25473 / kg 26.09.2015 Sichuan ISPAGHULA SEED Botanical name: Plantago ovata Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and Medicinal b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. uses: in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and haemorrhoids. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg NMCE 8255 INR / quintal $1.24767 / kg 24.09.2015 Spot Price JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi Chinese: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese: Jatamansi / Sanskrit: Jatamansi Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) Medicinal insomnia. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) (oral) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) (external) for toothache and swelling of the foot. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Yulin, Guangxi 31.00 CNY / kg Zhuang (Sichuan origin; wild- $4.86210 / kg 26.09.2015 Autonomous collected) Region 750.00 NPR / kg Nepalgunj, (Nepal origin; wild- $7.07547 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal collected) LIQUORICE ROOT Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra Chinese: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit: Yasti Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata Medicinal dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout, uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and

shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs. Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 16.00 CNY / kg Chengdu, (Xinjiang origin; wild- $2.50947 / kg 26.09.2015 Sichuan collected) 7.00 CNY / kg Bozhou, Anhui (Inner Mongolia origin; $1.09789 / kg 26.09.2015 wild-collected) MAHUA FLOWER Botanical name: Madhuca indica (Syn.: M. latifolia) Hindi: Mahuwa / Sanskrit: Gudapushpa Pharmacopoeial name: Madhucae Flos Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) asthma; b) burning sensation; c) uses: wound; d) phthisis (wasting disease); e) thirst; f) fatigue, lethargy CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 2700~3000 INR / $0.408080~$0.453422 / kg Lohardaga, quintal (Modal price: (Modal price: 26.09.2015 Jharkhand 2900 INR / quintal; $0.438308/kg) wild-collected) MOLOKHIA LEAF Botanical name: Corchorus olitorius (م لوخ ية) Arabic: Mulukhiyah Pharmacopoeial name: Corchori Olitorius Folium Medicinal Traditional Egyptian Medicine: a) chronic cystitis (inflammation of the uses: urinary bladder); b) dysuria (painful urination; c) gonorrhoea; d) fever CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 3735 / MT FOB Egyptian (Whole dry leaves; Qty $3.735 / kg 12.09.2015 Port 1400 kg / 20’ FCL) FOB Egyptian US$ 1866 / MT $1.866 / kg 12.09.2015 Port (Crushed dry leaves) US$ 1425 / MT FOB Fayoum (Crushed dry leaves; $1.425 / kg 14.09.2015 Egypt Qty: 1 × 40’ FCL) NIGELLA SEED Botanical name: Nigella sativa Hindi: Kalaunji (कल㄂जी) / Sanskrit: Upakuncika Pharmacopoeial name: Nigellae Semen Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) abdominal lump; b) flatulence; c) uses: diarrhoea; d) worm infestation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Egyptian US$ 4013 / MT $4.013 / kg 12.09.2015 Port (Purity 99%) PEPPERMINT LEAF

Botanical name: Mentha × piperita Pharmacopoeial name: Menthae Piperitae Folium Medicinal Traditional European Medicine: a) for the symptomatic relief of digestive uses: disorders such as dyspepsia and flatulence. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 2860 / MT FOB Egyptian (Crushed; Purity 99%; $2.860 / kg 12.09.2015 Port Qty 5 MT / 20’ FCL) FOB Fayoum US$ 1775 / MT $1.775 / kg 14.09.2015 Egypt (Qty: 1 × 40’ FCL) RHUBARB ROOT, CHINESE Botanical name(s): Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, or R. officinale Chinese: Da huang (大黄) / Tibetan: lCum-rtsa (ལྕུམ་让) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Chinese Medicine: accumulation, stagnation and constipation caused by excess heat, hematemesis (vomiting blood) caused by blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, swelling abscess, deep-rooted boil and sore, abdominal pain caused by intestinal abscess, Medicinal blood-stasis amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), postpartum stasis uses: and obstruction, injuries from falls and fights, dampness-heat dysentery, jaundice and red urine, stranguria (slow, painful urination), edema. Well-established use in European Medicine: for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 21 CNY / kg Chengdu, (wild-collected, Sichuan $3.29435 / kg 26.09.2015 Sichuan origin) RHUBARB ROOT, HIMALAYAN Botanical name: Rheum australe (syn.: R. emodi) Indian trade name: Revandchini / Nepali: Padamchaal (पदमिाल) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Rhizoma Traditional Nepali Medicine: used as a laxative (for constipation), Medicinal anthelmintic (to expel parasitic worms), and to treat infection, sore throat, uses: skin disease, gastritis, liver disease, gout, pregnancy-induced hypertension. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 110 NPR / kg $1.03774 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal ROSEMARY LEAF Botanical name: Rosmarinus officinalis French: Feuille de Romarin / (إكليل الجبل) Arabic: Ikleel al-Jabal Pharmacopoeial name: Rosmarini Folium Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral use): for symptomatic relief of Medicinal dyspepsia and mild spasmodic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract; b) uses: (bath additive) as an adjuvant in the relief of minor muscular and articular pain and in minor peripheral circulatory disorders. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Egyptian US$ 2355 / MT $2.355 / kg 12.09.2015 Port (Purity 98~99%; Qty 6

MT / 20’ FCL) FOB Fayoum US$ 2050 / MT $2.050 / kg 14.09.2015 Egypt (Qty: 1 × 40’ FCL) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - NORTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis Chinese: Beiwuweizi (北五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Anguo, 38.00 CNY / kg $5.95999 / kg 26.09.2015 Hebei (Liaoning origin) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - SOUTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra sphenanthera / Chinese name: Nanwuweizi (南五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 25.00 CNY / kg $3.92105 / kg 26.09.2015 Sichuan SENNA LEAF - TINNEVELLY Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Chinese name: fan xie yi (番瀉葉 or 番泻叶) / Sanskrit name: svarnapatri / Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Folium Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg C&F New York US$ 865 / MT Port (sea (Indian origin; Prime 3; $0.865 / kg 21.08.2015 freight) Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL) Anguo, 8.00 CNY / kg $1.25473 / kg 26.09.2015 Hebei (imported) SHATAVARI ROOT Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Nepalese name: Satawari (Kurilo) / Sanskrit name: Satavari Pharmacopoeial name: Asparagi Racemosus Radix Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) hyperacidity; b) piles; c) diarrhoea; d) abdominal lump; e) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease); f) diarrhoea with blood; g) bleeding disorder; h) disorders of blood i) gout; j) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); k) inflammation; l) duodenal ulcer; m) Medicinal urinary disorders; n) hoarseness of voice; o) night blindness; p) puerperal uses: disease; q) vitiation of breast milk; r) insufficient lactation Traditional Unani Medicine: a) diarrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) excessive nocturnal emission; d) leucorrhoea; e) premature ejaculation; f) dysentery

CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 200 NPR / kg $1.88679 / kg 04.09.2015 Nepal

Price Sources China: Alibaba: http://www.1688.com/ Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/ and http://www.zyccst.com/ Egypt: Private companies India: Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) - Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research: http://www.dmapr.org.in/HeadPage/FarmProduct.html Madhya Pradesh State Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board): http://mpmandiboard.gov.in/ National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE): http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx Private companies Spices Board India (SBI): http://www.indianspices.com/php/domestic_weekly.php Tribal Co-Operative Marketing Development Federation of India Limited (TRIFED): http://www.trifed.in/trifed/ Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ USA: Private companies

6. Selected Events

September 1-6, 2015 I Congreso Mundial de Fitoterapia y I Congreso Peruano de Fitoterapia

Congress themes include cultivation and agronomy of medicinal plants, sustainable harvesting and production, industrial production of herbal drugs, herbal extracts, and herbal functional foods.

Lima, Republic of Peru http://www.fitoterapiaperu.org/index.php/presentacioncongreso

October 1-3, 2015 HERBAL ASIA 2015: The 9th International Trade Show & Conference for Herbal, Green & Natural Trade Show and Market Place - Co-located with the 6th Herbal Asia Conference and Business Dialogue

Exhibitors will include growers and suppliers of botanical raw materials, traders, finished herbal product manufacturers, herbal product retailers, industry associations and relevant governmental agencies.

MATRADE Exhibition & Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.herbalasia.biz/

October 6-8, 2015 HerbFEST 2015 expo and symposium - ‘Utilization and Sustainable Exploitation of African Medicinal Plants and Natural Products’

Exhibitor profile: herbal medicinal products, medicinal and aromatic plants, saps and plant extracts, natural cosmetic and beauty products, health foods and natural food ingredients, technology innovations, equipment and services.

Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Abuja, Federal Republic of Nigeria http://herbfest.com.ng/event/details/herbfest-2015/

October 6-9, 2015 Supply Side West

One of largest trade shows with 1,700 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts.

Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America http://west.supplysideshow.com/

October 9, 2015 AHPA 2015 Botanical Congress

Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/DRAFT_Botanical_Congress_agenda.pdf

October 14-17, 2015 2nd International Conference on Natural Products Utilization: From Plants to Pharmacy Shelf (ICNPU 2015)

Conference topics include: Conservation and sustainable uses of natural resources, metabolomics, genetic engineering, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology. herbal medicine and botanical supplements.

Plovdiv, Republic of Bulgaria http://www.icnpu2015.cim.bg/

October 15-18, 2015 ZAK INDIA HERBAL EXPO – co-located under 15th ZAK Salaam India Expo 2015

Exhibitor profiles includes manufacturers, exporters , suppliers, and traders of medicinal and aromatic plants, spices, herbal seeds, herbal ingredients such as extracts and powders, as well as traditional Unani herbal medicinal products, herbal cosmetic products, and health foods.

Republic of Singapore http://www.zaksalaamindia.com/

October 21-22, 2015 The International Conference of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Conference topics include good agricultural and collection practice (GACP) for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), organic production of MAPs and impact on environment, producing MAPs according to international standards, sustainable use of wild MAPs, value addition of MAPs, saving germplasm, seedling and tissue culture production, acclimatization of new species, climate change, traditional herbal medicine practice in different societies, and more.

Desert Research Centre (DRC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation 1 Mathaf Al-Mataria-Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt https://www.facebook.com/events/416390035157658/

October 21-23, 2015 8th Shanghai International Conference on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine

The latest research and development trends in the field of TCM and Natural Medicine, technological cooperation and industrial development will be discussed.

Shanghai, People’s Republic of China http://www.s-tcm.com/english.html

November 13-14, 2015 Forest Botanicals: Working Together to Build a New Supply Chain

Attendees will learn about the complex and little understood forest botanical supply chain and the opportunities and challenges facing forest-based growers (and buyers) of native medicinal plants. Quality-control, profitability, and sustainability will be discussed along with current efforts to address existing market shortcomings by building a new forest botanical supply paradigm based on third-party forest-grown verification.

Front Royal, Virginia (13 Nov) & Abingdon, Virginia (14 Nov), United States of America http://www.unitedplantsavers.org/images/pdf/Forest-Botanical-Flyer.pdf

November 24-26, 2015 The 7th Conference of the International Seabuckthorn Association (ISA 2015)

Main themes include: Seabuckthorn in environmental conservation; Seabuckthorn resources development; Post harvest management of seabuckthorn; Seabuckthorn in health protection; Entrepreneurship development for commercialization of seabuckthorn; International co-operation on seabuckthorn.

New Delhi, Republic of India http://www.sanddorn.net/circular_I_revised.pdf

November 27-29, 2015 Natural Health Food, Ingredients, Extracts, Nutraceutical Products & BIO-Pharma Expo 2015 (NFI & NHext, Bio-PhEx 2015)

Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of botanical extracts, essential oils, nutraceutical & pharmaceutical ingredients, health food Ingredients, herbal preparations, food additives, seasonings.

KINTEX (Korea International Exhibition Center, Hall 7), Gayong City, Republic of Korea http://www.nfikorea.co.kr/eng/

December 3-4, 2015 ICMAP 2015: 17th International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Conference topics will include Biodiversity, management and conservation of MAPs, Biotechnology, cultivation and industrial processing of MAPs, Quality control, Economics and Marketing, IPR and Patent Laws, Causes and consequences of over exploitation of MAPs in natural habitats

Penang, Malaysia http://www.waset.org/conference/2015/12/penang/ICMAP

December 10-12, 2015 3rd International Conference on Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Traditional Medicine – co-located with AYU-EXPO 2015 trade exhibition

During this international conference AYU-EXPO trade exhibition will be organized to facilitate private public partnership; for business negotiations and deals for the products gaining exposure to international market; to increase import & export trading of herbal ingredients and raw materials.

Institute of Indigenous Medicine, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka http://conference.serendivus.com/index.php/main/internationalconferenceonayurvedaunanisi ddhaandtraditionalmedicine

January 21-24, 2016 International Spice Conference

Put on by the All India Spices Exporters Forum (AISEF), a trade show exhibition of producers and suppliers of aromatic plants is co-located with the conference.

Goa, Republic of India http://www.internationalspiceconference.com/

February 23-24. 2016 26th Bernburger Winterseminar für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen

Two-day German language scientific seminar on topics including agricultural methods and practices for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as post-harvest processing, quality control, new research and trade-related issues.

Bernburg, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.saluplanta.de/

24-26 February 2016 Panacea - Natural Products Expo India

Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of botanical raw materials, plant extracts, spices, natural ingredients, cosmeceutical ingredients, oil and oilseed extracts, natural essences, natural colors and flavors, as well as traditional herbal medicinal products and formulations (Ayurvedic, Naturopathic, Unani, Siddha, and Chinese medicines).

Mumbai, Republic of India http://www.naturalproductsexpoindia.com/exhibit_profile.html

27-29 February 2016 World Spice Congress

Organized by the Spices Board of India (SBI), a global platform for discussion and interaction between importers, exporters, regulators and other stakeholders of the spice industry. A trade show exhibition of aromatic plant producers and suppliers is co-located with the Congress.

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Republic of India http://worldspicecongress.com/

March 9-13, 2016 Engredea 2016 — co-located with Natural Products Expo West

Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of botanical and other natural ingredients, packaging, technologies, equipment, and services.

Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California, United States of America http://www.engredea.com/

May 26-29, 2016 9th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (9th CMAPSEEC)

Conference topics include: Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) diversity, MAP cultivation, breeding and biotechnology, pharmacology and biological effects of MAPs

Plovdiv, Republic of Bulgaria http://cmapseec2016.cim.bg/

May 29 - June 1, 2016 6th International Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIPAM 2016)

Key topics include biodiversity, breeding and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, quality control of MAPs, extracts, essential oils.

Coimbra, Portuguese Republic http://www.sefit.es/6th-international-congress-on-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-cipam-2016/

June 9-10, 2016 18th International Conference on Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (ICMPNP 2016)

Conference topics will include: Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Essential Oil: production and use, Medicinal Plants: identification, cultivation, genetics, taxonomy, biodiversity, Sustainable Practices in Research, Resource Management and Production.

San Francisco, California, United States of America http://www.waset.org/conference/2016/06/san-francisco/ICMPNP

October 5-6, 2016 BÉNÉFIQ - International Rendezvous on Health Ingredients Conference and Exhibition

Bénéfiq 2016 will include an exhibition with suppliers of natural ingredients used in natural health products, functional foods, medical foods and cosmeceuticals.

Québec City Convention Centre, Québec, Canada http://www.benefiq.ca/eng/

November 29 – December 1, 2016 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni)

HiE & Ni is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages.

Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home

7. Herb Profile: Rhubarb root and rhizome

Rhubarb, the dried root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. or Rheum officinale Baillon [Fam. Polygonaceae] is used in Asian systems of Traditional Medicine (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tibetan, Vietnamese) as well as being used as a well-established laxative active ingredient in contemporary European medicine.

Nomenclature:

Pharmacopoeial name: Radix et Rhizoma Rhei

Botanical name(s): Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf. or Rheum officinale Baill. [Fam. Polygonaceae] Common names: Chinese: Da huang English: Rhubarb Japanese: Daio Korean: Dae-whang Tibetan: lCum-rtsa

Origin, Natural Distribution and Wild Harvesting:

According to Flora of China:1

Rheum officinale is native to the People’s Republic of China and grows wild in provinces of Guizhou, SW Henan, W Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan.

Rheum palmatum is native to the People’s Republic of China and grows wild in provinces of Gansu, Hubei, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Xizang (Tibet Autonomous Region), and Yunnan.

Rheum tanguticum is native to the People’s Republic of China and grows wild in provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Xizang (Tibet Autonomous Region).

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: accumulation, stagnation and constipation caused by excess heat, hematemesis (vomiting blood) caused by blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, swelling abscess, deep-rooted boil and sore, abdominal pain caused by intestinal abscess, blood-stasis amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), postpartum stasis and obstruction, injuries from falls and fights, dampness-heat dysentery, jaundice and red urine, stranguria (slow, painful urination), edema.

Well-established use in European Medicine: for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation.

Table 1: HS Codes used for Rhubarb Traded form BTI CCC CCCCS Rhubarb root & rhizome 1211.9086.90 1211.9023.007 1211.9024 Legend: BTI: Binding Tariff Information rulings of the European Commission Taxation and Customs Union CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China (Taiwan) CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics (PRC)

1 Bao Bojian (包伯坚); Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina. 13. Rheum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 371. 1753. In: Flora of China 5: 341-350. 2003.

Production and Trade:

Medicinal Chinese rhubarb root is wild harvested (and cultivated only to a small extent) in the provinces of Gansu, Sichuan, and Qinghai. The subterranean parts (root and rhizome) are collected in the late autumn (when at least 6 years old) when the stem and leaves are withered or during the next spring just before the budding stage of the plant. The rootlets and outer root bark are removed as well as any adhering foreign matter. The rhizomes and roots are washed clean, softened thoroughly, then are cut into thick slices or pieces, which are either strung together to be air-dried (bored through the middle, placed on strings and hung up in the sun to dry), or dried separately.

Figure 1 shows the average market price of Chinese rhubarb root at the Chengdu TCM Market, trading at 19.00 CNY per kg (=US$ 2.99/kg) at end of August and 19.50 CNY per kg (=US$ 3.07/kg) at end of October 2015.

Figure 1. Chinese rhubarb root average market price trend data, Chengdu Market, 27-08-2015 through 15-10-2015. Source: http://www.ysindex.com/price.aspx?cat=0107001

Table 2 shows that in 2013, P.R. China exported 1,777,431 kg of rhubarb root with a reported customs value of US$ 7,698,808.00. In terms of quantities exported and reported value, the vast majority of China’s rhubarb exports go to five countries, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, Japan, Federal Republic of Germany, Republic of Korea, and Republic of Italy. The data correspond to the main use of rhubarb in Asian systems of traditional medicine (Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, and Korean) as well as in contemporary European medicine.

Table 2. P.R. China 2013 exports of rhubarb root Importing country Quantity (kg) Value (US$) Viet Nam 653,044 2,304,571 Japan 380,016 3,088,319 Germany 196,778 480,537 Korea, Rep. 114,107 278,841 Italy 83,568 460,310 Hong Kong, SAR 57,133 184,295 Taiwan 56,330 247,227 Indonesia 50,895 139,571 Egypt 45,998 58,983 United States 28,394 142,595 Spain 24,999 41,741 Thailand 24,541 66,411 Malaysia 19,586 75,744 France 15,923 48,131 Slovenia 5,000 11,080

Importing country Quantity (kg) Value (US$) Singapore 4,747 22,344 Argentina 4,000 8,389 Colombia 3,979 7,542 United Kingdom 2,687 14,776 Netherlands 2,076 7,450 Macau, SAR 1,989 4,160 Lebanon 649 1,265 Australia 578 2,127 Belgium 213 1,662 Montenegro 150 508 New Zealand 31 144 Canada 14 48 Brazil 6 37 TOTAL: 1,777,431 7,698,808 Source: China Trade Data

Quality Standards:

For quality control testing there are different applicable standards depending on the market where the rhubarb root will be processed and used as a component of medicinal products Table 3 compares the quality standards established for rhubarb root in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (PPRC 2010) and the European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur 8.0).

Table 3. Comparison of quality standards for Rhubarb Root: PPRC and PhEur Standard Rhei Radix et Rhizoma PPRC 2010 Rhei Radix PhEur 8.0 Odor: delicately aromatic Characters Taste: bitter and slightly astringent, Odour: characteristic aromatic sticky and gritty upon chewing NLT 1.5% total aloe-emodin NLT 2.2% of hydroxyanthracene (C H O ), rhein (C H O ), emodin derivatives expressed as rhein Content 15 10 5 15 8 6 (C15H10O5), chrysophanol (C15H10O4), (C15H8O6, Mr 284.2), by and physcion (C10H12O5), by HPLC spectrophotometry Water-soluble NLT 25.0 percent No specification. extractives Macroscopic evaluation; Macroscopic evaluation; Microscopic examination; Identification tests Microscopic examination; Thin layer chromatography; Thin layer chromatography. Colour reaction test. Adulteration: absence of TLC test for rhaponticin TLC test for rhaponticin Rheum rhaponticum Foreign matter No specification. NMT 2 per cent m/m. Loss on drying NMT 15.0 percent NMT 12.0 per cent. Total ash NMT 10.0 per cent NMT 12.0 per cent Acid-insoluble ash No specification. NMT 2.0 per cent. Preserve in ventilated and dry place Storage Store protected from light. protected from moth. Cadmium: NMT 1.0 mg/g Heavy metals No specification. Lead: NMT 5.0 mg/g Mercury: NMT 0.1 mg/g Sources: (1) Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, English Edition 2010; (2) European Pharmacopoeia, Eighth Edition 2014.

8. Company Profile: EcoSo Dynamics cc

Organisation name: EcoSo Dynamics cc Related organisation: Sandveld Conservancy, member of CANAM (Conservancies Association of Namibia): http://www.sandveld.com/ Addresses: Namibia: P.O. Box 363, Farm Otjekongo, Okahandja District Germany: Carl-Reimers-Str. 6, 42117 Wuppertal Telephone numbers: Namibia: +264 61 25 6115 Germany: +49 (202) - 79 93 981 Email: Namibia: Gero and Doro Diekmann: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Germany: Anke Lückmann-Hoffmann: [email protected] Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ecosodynamics Twitter: https://twitter.com/ecosodynamics Website: http://www.ecoso.net/ Profile: EcoSo Dynamics cc is a trading member of PhytoTrade Africa, a non-profit, membership-based organization, whose purpose is to alleviate poverty and protect biodiversity in Southern Africa by developing an industry that is not only economically successful but also ethical and sustainable. EcoSo director Gero Diekmann also serves on the Board of PhytoTrade: http://phytotrade.com/about- us/board-members/. EcoSo has organic certification for farmed and wild crops as well as fair trade certification from EcoCert. According to the EcoSo website, they are determined to secure sustainable sources of devil’s claw and let the gatherers have a share in them through accessible marketing channels, fair prices, training and participation in quality controls. One of the devil’s claw wild harvesting groups that EcoSo works with is the Kyaramacan Association of northeastern Namibia, which represents residents of the Bwabwata National Park, the majority of whom are San hunter- gatherers. SELECTED ORGANIC & FAIR TRADE MAPs EXPORTED BY EcoSo Dynamics

Devil’s claw root, the cut and dried, tuberous secondary roots of Harpagophytum procumbens DC. and/or Harpagophytum zeyheri Decne.

Hibiscus flower, the whole or cut dried calyces and epicalyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. collected during fruiting.

CERTIFICATIONS FAIR TRADE Certification Agent: Ecocert S.A. ORGANIC Certification Agent: Ecocert S.A.

9. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations

Name of Organization Website Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African http://www.asnapp.org.za/ Plant Products (ASNAPP) Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, http://www.aecegypt.com/ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee Albanian Essence Producers and Cultivators [email protected] Association (EPCA) American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/ American Council for Medicinally Active Plants http://www.acmap.org/ (ACMAP) American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic http://fapam.um5s.ac.ma/ Plants (FAPAM) Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and http://www.ansab.org/ Bioresources (ANSAB) Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://eng.eaffe.org/ of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece) Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.amapseec.org/ of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC) Association Française des professionnels de la http://www.cueillettes-pro.org/ Cueillette de plantes sauvages (AFC) Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM- http://aplamedarom.fr/ Guadeloupe) Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- http://www.aplamedom.org/ Réunion) Association Tunisienne des Plantes http://atpm.wifeo.com/ Aromatiques et Médicinales (ATPM) Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case http://www.assoerbe.eu/ Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE) British Herb Trade Association (BHTA) http://www.bhta.org.uk/ Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/ Products Coalition (CHSNC) Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of http://www.chamf.org/ India (CHAMF) Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) http://www.emap-eg.org/ European Herb Growers Association http://www.europam.net/ (EUROPAM) European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/ Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.fedmaps.org/ Stakeholders (FEDMAPS) Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante http://www.fippo.org/ Officinali (FIPPO) Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales http://www.ippn.org.pe/ (IPPN) International Council for Medicinal and http://www.icmap.org/

Name of Organization Website Aromatic Plants (ICMAP) International Trade Union of Genuine Regional www.tugrmm.com/en/ Materia Medica (TUGRMM) Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of http://www.dmapr.org.in/MAPAI/ India (MAPAI) National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/ Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association http://www.nepalherb.org/ (NEHHPA) Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency http://www.nnmda.gov.ng/ (NNMDA) PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers http://www.pelero.cz/ and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices) Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/ Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal http://www.pkz.pl/ Committee) Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/ (AARENINA) Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health http://www.tcm.org.sg/ Products Merchant Association Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et http://somapam.voila.net/ Médicinales (SOMAPAM) Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen http://www.saluplanta.de/ (SALUPLANTA e.V.)