DOCSLIB.ORG

The Market Markets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. 1998 Inc. National AssociationofSecuritiesDealers, T R O P E R L U A N N D A N A S 1 9 9 8 THE MARKET OF MARKETSSM © 1999, National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. All rights reserved. NASD is a registered service mark of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Market of Markets is a service mark of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. American Stock Exchange and Amex are registered service marks of the American Stock Exchange, LLC. Nasdaq, Nasdaq-100 Index, Nasdaq Composite, and The Nasdaq Stock Market are registered service marks of The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. MarketSite, Research And Data Analysis Repository (RADAR), SelectNet, StockWatch Automated Tracking (SWAT), The Nasdaq-Amex Market Group, and Nasdaq-Amex are service marks of The Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. NASD Regulation is a registered service mark of NASD Regulation, Inc. NASDR and Order Audit Trail System (OATS) are service marks of NASD Regulation, Inc. Central Registration Depository (CRD) is a service mark of the NASD and the North American Securities Administrators Association, Inc. (NASAA). ORIGIN PROFILE The National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. The NASD is the largest securities-industry self-regulatory (NASD®) was organized under the 1938 Maloney Act amend- organization in the world. It is the parent organization of The ments to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to address the Nasdaq-Amex Market Group, Inc., which operates Nasdaq® U.S. securities industry’s need for self-regulation. and the American Stock Exchange® (Amex®) together under The Maloney Act authorized the U.S. Securities and one corporate umbrella. The NASD oversees the activities of Exchange Commission (SEC) to register voluntary national the U.S. broker/dealer profession and regulates Nasdaq, Amex, associations of broker/dealers for the purpose of regulating them- and the over-the-counter securities markets. selves under SEC oversight. Every U.S. securities firm trans- The NASD sets the organization’s strategic direction and acting business with the public is currently required by law to be policy agendas with a view toward the fulfillment of statutory an NASD member. and self-regulatory obligations. The Nasdaq-Amex Market NASD’s founding mandate was to standardize the securities GroupSM develops and operates marketplace systems and services industry’s principles and practices, to promote high standards of and formulates market policies and listing criteria. Nasdaq and commercial honor, to advance just and equitable principles of trade Amex operate separately under a dual market structure that sets for investor protection, to adopt and enforce fair practice, and to the stage for the future, providing technological innovation, foster member observance of federal and state securities laws. resources, and increased operating efficiency to provide benefits The NASD, taking direction from the SEC in 1963, adopted to investors, companies, and member firms of all sizes. NASD as another tenet of its self-regulatory mandate, the promotion of Regulation, Inc. (NASD RegulationSM) carries out NASD’s capital formation by developing, operating, and regulating fair regulatory functions, including on-site member firm examina- and efficient securities markets. The Nasdaq Stock Market® was tions, automated market surveillance, and disciplinary actions founded in 1971 to fulfill this mandate. against broker/dealers and their professionals. OUR MISSION is to facilitate capital formation by CONTENTS creating the markets of choice — 1998 Highlights 2 Letter from the Chairman 4 operated and regulated to achieve The Market of Markets 6 the most liquid, cost-efficient, Global Reach 8 Premier Companies 10 technologically advanced, and fair Innovative Products 16 Unparalleled Technology 18 securities markets in the world — Investor Protection 22 Board of Governors 24 for the benefit and protection 1998 Statistical Highlights 26 1998 Financial Information 27 of investors. 1999 Boards and Committees 49 Corporate Officers 52 Office Locations 55 On the Internet 57 1 1998 HIGHLIGHTS NASDAQ-AMEX: LEADERSHIP IN CAPITAL FORMATION In a historic combination, NASD united with the American Stock Exchange on October 30, 1998. The Nasdaq-Amex Market Group is the first step in the Market of Markets vision to create the world’s most technologically advanced trading network, delivering better products at lower cost. 2 Nasdaq-Amex Volume Growth dollar (in billions) share volume volume 8000 250 7000 6000 200 5000 4000 150 3000 2000 100 1000 0 50 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 I Dollar Volume I Share Volume Nasdaq-Amex: Leadership in Capital Formation Based on Nasdaq and NYSE statistics, Based on Nasdaq and NYSE statistics, IN DAILY Nasdaq began to surpass the NYSE in IN DAILY Nasdaq surpassed the NYSE in dollar daily share volume in early 1994 and volume for the first time on a monthly SHARES TRADED currently trades more shares on a daily DOLLAR VOLUME basis in January 1999, and continued to #1 basis on an average 9 out of 10 days. #1 do so in February and March. IN NUMBER Based on published exchange records for year-end 1998, total companies listed IN INITIAL Based on published exchange records, OF COMPANIES were as follows: Nasdaq-5,068; 1998 total IPOs were as follows: PUBLIC OFFERINGS LISTED Deutsche Börse-3,525; NYSE-2,669; Nasdaq-273; NYSE-68; Amex-21. #1 London Stock Exchange-2,520. #1 Of the Business Week 100 Hot Growth Companies (June 1, 1998), Based on published exchange records 95 were listed on Nasdaq-Amex. IN NUMBER OF for year-end 1998, the total number of IN GROWTH Of the FORTUNE 100 Fastest non-U.S. listings were as follows: NON-U.S. LISTINGS COMPANIES Growing Companies in America Nasdaq-484; NYSE-461; Amex-67. (September 28, 1998), 60 were listed #1 #1 on Nasdaq-Amex. Based on published exchange records, Based on published records, the Nasdaq the Amex accounted for 24.03% of Composite® Index has risen 475% over total U.S. options trading in 1998, the past 10 years, compared with a IN PRICE IN OPTIONS compared with 50.89% for the Chicago 343% gain for the Standard & Poor’s Board Options Exchange, and 14.1% PERFORMANCE 500 Index and a 323% gain for the TRADING for the Pacific Stock Exchange, the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The number 1 and number 3 options Nasdaq-100 Index® has risen by 935%. #1 #2 traders, respectively. SELF-REGULATORY The NASD is the largest self-regulatory IN INDEX The American Stock Exchange, the organization in the world, having 5,592 pioneer in index share products, traded ORGANIZATION member firms with 70,752 domestic SHARES 2.237 billion index shares in 1998. IN THE WORLD branch offices and 589,120 registered #1 #1 representatives at year-end 1998. LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN Frank G. Zarb Here is what we have done recently and what we plan to do: NASD Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Nasdaq-Amex Combination. The NASD acquired the American Stock Exchange last autumn as the first step toward our vision to create a worldwide high-tech trading network delivering more and better products at lower cost. This combination creates the world’s first major financial market that brings together a central auction Specialist system (Amex) and a multiple Market Maker system (Nasdaq) — in short, a “Market of Markets.” By integrating such strengths as Nasdaq’s technology Sweeping changes are happening in expertise and premier issuer base with Amex’s historic the world of investing. The NASD is, leadership in options and exchange-traded fund products, The Nasdaq-Amex Market Group increases and will continue to be, an instrument choices and opportunities for market participants like of those changes. never before. Offering two distinct market structures, Nasdaq-Amex can now provide the system that is best The changes are being spurred by several factors. for any given company, and can deliver objective advice An explosion of Internet and computer-based trading is and consultation to companies in determining which revolutionizing investing and shattering geographic system will benefit them most. boundaries. Contemporary investors, from the smallest individual shareholder to the largest institutions, are A significant investment in technology, including demanding, and increasingly getting, instant access to automating Amex trading, will lead to more efficient information and immediate execution of trades. The pricing, faster trade execution, and reduced transaction economy now is truly global and interconnected, and the costs. Cost efficiencies for members will be realized as markets are evolving to meet capital formation needs a result of the increased economies of scale and worldwide. Changing demographics — from people reduced order-handling charges. living longer and investing more for retirement to the growth of new investors in Europe and Asia — will Globally Linked Markets. We are continuing to explore continue to shape the market. acquisitions and alliances with other stock markets, both domestically and internationally. Internationally, we are The stock markets have to change to respond to these collaborating, or holding discussions, with various stock needs. Listed companies and investors are demanding exchanges and others to develop alliances that will improvements in the process of exchanging stock. A expose investors outside the United States to our listed next generation of stock markets is needed, not only to companies, and expose U.S. investors to listed compa- fulfill the capital formation function, but to provide world- nies from abroad. wide, instant price discovery and trade execution in a fair, orderly, low-cost, and well-regulated environment, Our plan is to create Nasdaq-type markets, using the without time zone limitations. Internet, to connect pools of liquidity and to provide real- time trading information and execution internationally. We at the NASD plan to lead this effort. Over time, this will lead to dual listings of companies on Nasdaq-Amex and overseas markets, and eventually to As the premier electronic stock market in the world, we a transparent, seamless, electronic, well-regulated, are poised for the challenge.
Recommended publications
  • Maximum Internet Security: a Hackers Guide - Networking - Intrusion Detection

    Maximum Internet Security: a Hackers Guide - Networking - Intrusion Detection

    - Maximum Internet Security: A Hackers Guide - Networking - Intrusion Detection Exact Phrase All Words Search Tips Maximum Internet Security: A Hackers Guide Author: Publishing Sams Web Price: $49.99 US Publisher: Sams Featured Author ISBN: 1575212684 Benoît Marchal Publication Date: 6/25/97 Pages: 928 Benoît Marchal Table of Contents runs Pineapplesoft, a Save to MyInformIT consulting company that specializes in Internet applications — Now more than ever, it is imperative that users be able to protect their system particularly e-commerce, from hackers trashing their Web sites or stealing information. Written by a XML, and Java. In 1997, reformed hacker, this comprehensive resource identifies security holes in Ben co-founded the common computer and network systems, allowing system administrators to XML/EDI Group, a think discover faults inherent within their network- and work toward a solution to tank that promotes the use those problems. of XML in e-commerce applications. Table of Contents I Setting the Stage 1 -Why Did I Write This Book? 2 -How This Book Will Help You Featured Book 3 -Hackers and Crackers Sams Teach 4 -Just Who Can Be Hacked, Anyway? Yourself Shell II Understanding the Terrain Programming in 5 -Is Security a Futile Endeavor? 24 Hours 6 -A Brief Primer on TCP/IP 7 -Birth of a Network: The Internet Take control of your 8 -Internet Warfare systems by harnessing the power of the shell. III Tools 9 -Scanners 10 -Password Crackers 11 -Trojans 12 -Sniffers 13 -Techniques to Hide One's Identity 14 -Destructive Devices IV Platforms
  • Initial Public Offerings 2022 Initial Public Offerings 2022

    Initial Public Offerings 2022 Initial Public Offerings 2022

    Initial Public Offerings 2022 Initial Public Offerings 2022 Contributing editors Joshua Ford Bonnie and Kevin P Kennedy © Law Business Research 2021 Publisher Tom Barnes [email protected] Subscriptions Claire Bagnall Initial Public [email protected] Senior business development manager Adam Sargent Offerings [email protected] Published by Law Business Research Ltd Meridian House, 34-35 Farringdon Street 2022 London, EC4A 4HL, UK The information provided in this publication Contributing editors is general and may not apply in a specific situation. Legal advice should always Joshua Ford Bonnie and Kevin P Kennedy be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided. This Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP information is not intended to create, nor does receipt of it constitute, a lawyer– client relationship. The publishers and authors accept no responsibility for any acts or omissions contained herein. The Lexology Getting The Deal Through is delighted to publish the seventh edition of Initial Public information provided was verified between Offerings, which is available in print and online at www.lexology.com/gtdt. May and June 2021. Be advised that this is Lexology Getting The Deal Through provides international expert analysis in key areas of a developing area. law, practice and regulation for corporate counsel, cross-border legal practitioners, and company directors and officers. © Law Business Research Ltd 2021 Throughout this edition, and following the unique Lexology Getting The Deal Through format, No photocopying without a CLA licence. the same key questions are answered by leading practitioners in each of the jurisdictions featured. First published 2015 Our coverage this year includes a new chapters on New Zealand and Turkey.
  • Information Circular

    Information Circular

    INFORMATION CIRCULAR TO: Nasdaq members, Head Traders, Compliance Officers FROM: Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department DATE: August 28, 2018 ______________________________________________________________________________ I. Introduction This circular relates to the listing on The Nasdaq Stock Market of the Brookfield Property REIT Inc, (the “Company”) class A common stock under the symbol BPR (the “Equity Investment Tracking Stock”). The Equity Investment Tracking Stock is to be issued pursuant to an agreement and plan of merger (the “Plan”) between GGP Inc. (“GGP”) and Brookfield Property Partners L.P. (“BPY”), among others, pursuant to which BPY will acquire the balance of GGP that it does not already own. Pursuant to the Plan, certain holders of shares of GGP common stock that are unaffiliated with BPY will receive at their election either cash or shares of the Equity Investment Tracking Stock. The GGP common stockholders who elect to receive shares of the Equity Investment Tracking Stock will also have the option at the time of the transaction to exchange all, but not less than all, of the Equity Investment Tracking Stock shares for limited partnership units of BPY (“BPY Units”). GGP will subsequently change its name to Brookfield Property REIT Inc. (“BPR”). BPY and its affiliates will hold class B stock and class C stock in BPR and the unaffiliated GGP common stockholders will own the Equity Investment Tracking Stock. The class B stock and class C stock are not expected to be publicly traded. BPY expects to initially retain the class B stock and class C stock acquired in the transactions and maintain BPR as an independent going concern and as an indirect subsidiary of BPY.
  • Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 5 to Proposed Rule Change Adopting Initial and Continued Listing Standards for the Listing Of

    Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 5 to Proposed Rule Change Adopting Initial and Continued Listing Standards for the Listing Of

    SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (Release No. 34-77850; File No. SR-NYSE-2016-22) May 17, 2016 Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 5 to Proposed Rule Change Adopting Initial and Continued Listing Standards for the Listing of Equity Investment Tracking Stocks and Adopting Listing Fees Specific to Equity Investment Tracking Stocks I. Introduction On April 7, 2016, the New York Stock Exchange LLC (“NYSE” or the “Exchange”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”), pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Act”)1 and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,2 a proposed rule change to adopt initial and continued listing standards for the listing of Equity Investment Tracking Stocks and to adopt fees for Equity Investment Tracking Stocks. The proposed rule change was published for comment in the Federal Register on April 27, 2016.3 On April 20, 2016, the Exchange filed Amendment No. 1 to the proposed rule change, which superseded the original filing in its entirety. On May 17, 2016, the Exchange filed Amendment No. 5 to the proposal, which superseded the filing, as amended by Amendment No. 1.4 Amendment No. 5 is described in Item II below. The Commission is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule change, as modified by Amendment No. 5, from interested persons. 1 15 U.S.C.78s(b)(1). 2 17 CFR 240.19b-4. 3 See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 77674 (April 21, 2016), 81 FR 24919 (April 27, 2016).
  • Tracking Stock Makes New (Again)

    Tracking Stock Makes New (Again)

    T H E VOLUME 8, NUMBER 3 OCTOBER 1999 THE MONTHLY REVIEW OF TAXES, TRENDS & TECHNIQUES TRACI~ING STOCI~ MAI{ES PANEL PUBLISHERS NEWS (AGAIN) by Robert W. Wood • San Francisco EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Robert W. Wood Much has been said over the past few years about tracking stock. Shorn of its Robert W. Wood, P.e. details, tracking stock is merely equity issued by companies that want to San Francisco separate their typically higher growth or sexier divisions from their stodgier components. It is, in a way, a spinoff without a spinoff. If the tracking stock ASSOCIATE EDITOR and the parent company's stock are traded separately, they should arguably Vaughne Sprowls be worth more than the stock of a single company. Tax Institute Sounds an awful lot like spinoff analysis, doesn't it? And that's part of the San Francisco Service's problem. Although tracking stock has been kicking around in the tax and financial literature for quite some time, America's love affair with ADVISORY BOARD tracking stock is now branching out into the general press. The use of tracking Gilbert D. Bloom stock over the past few years has been monumental. A recent article counted KPMG Peat Marwick roughly 36 tracking stocks on the market. Washington Four of them have been issued just this year, including giants like AT&T and Lawrence B. Gibbs Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette. Other tracking stock issues expected shortly Miller & Chevalier include J.C. Penney, DuPont, and Quantum. Even Walt Disney Co. and Washington Microsoft are both said to be looking at tracking stocks, primarily to track (and Richard M.
  • 2015 Valuation Handbook – Guide to Cost of Capital and Data Published Therein in Connection with Their Internal Business Operations

    2015 Valuation Handbook – Guide to Cost of Capital and Data Published Therein in Connection with Their Internal Business Operations

    Market Results Through #DBDLADQ 2014 201 Valuation Handbook Guide to Cost of Capital Industry Risk Premia Company List Cover image: Duff & Phelps Cover design: Tim Harms Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748- 6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The forgoing does not preclude End-users from using the 2015 Valuation Handbook – Guide to Cost of Capital and data published therein in connection with their internal business operations. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
  • Day Trading Excel Spreadsheet Template

    Day Trading Excel Spreadsheet Template

    Day Trading Excel Spreadsheet Template thoughIs Corey Kurt oppositional clemmed orhis shoddy nonces after reffed. hylomorphic Rodge is MayanAntonio and humanize toused sohelluva nonchalantly? as ropier UncovenantedHill reinspired all-in and parand Aleksgradate complotting erenow. almost anticlockwise, The day trading Here, remember the entirety of your investment is on the line. They are in PDF or excel format. HABIT come in and take up permanent residency in your trading room. The Options window generates a dynamic options board directly in Excel. How Do You Make a Trading Journal in Excel? The downloadable Excel file includes four templates. Account Summary tab where you can track your account balance, which I found weird. Please let me know i would like to know before i make the purchase. Pl tell me is there any possibility to plot these technic in amibroker and by the by it can be linked to robo system and work will be done automatically. These are some ideas; there are dozens of other questions that a journal can help answer. God shown a good route to drive my life in excel. This template generates a performance report of stocks from an HGSI warehouse HTML file. With digital options, with this in mind you should have everything you need to track your trades using Google Spreadsheets! If you were to close that same position the following morning, high, vertical or diagonal trades. Have a Cryptocurrency template to share? What is a Trading Journal? What Are Binary Options? No new software, there are certain features that are important for all sections which would lead to a lot of flicking back and forth.
  • FTSE CNBC Asia 100 Index V3.1

    FTSE CNBC Asia 100 Index V3.1

    Ground Rules FTSE CNBC Asia 100 Index v3.1 ftserussell.com An LSEG Business January 2021 Contents 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................... 3 2.0 Management Responsibilities ............................................ 6 3.0 FTSE Russell Index Policies .............................................. 8 4.0 Treatment of Eligible Securities ...................................... 10 5.0 Qualification Criteria and Periodic Review of Constituents ...................................................................... 11 6.0 Corporate Actions and Events ......................................... 13 7.0 Industry Classification Benchmark (ICB) System .......... 15 8.0 Algorithms and Calculation Method ................................ 16 Appendix A: Treatment of Tracker Stocks ............................... 17 Appendix B: List of Indexes ....................................................... 18 Appendix C: Status of Indexes .................................................. 19 Appendix D: Further Information .............................................. 20 FTSE Russell An LSEG Business | FTSE CNBC Asia 100 Index, v3.1, January 2021 2 of 20 Section 1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction 1.1 FTSE CNBC Asia 100 Index 1.1.1 The FTSE CNBC Asia 100 Index represents the performance of the 100 largest companies in Asia Pacific. The index uses the underlying universe of the FTSE Asia Pacific to select companies. The following countries that are eligible for inclusion in the index include Australia, China1, Hong
  • Copyrighted Material

    Copyrighted Material

    15339_Index.qxd 12/13/07 11:52 PM Page 505 INDEX A financial reporting problem, 165 turnover, 216, 226 Accelerated-depreciation method, Web exploration, 166 equation, 221 392, 393, 406 Accounting information illustration, 216 Account adjustments comparability, 34–35 types, 348–349 ethics case, 134 consistency, 35 valuation, 349, 350–357 exercises, 129–134 neutrality, 34 Accounts receivable (A/R) accounting timing, issues, 104–107 qualitative characteristics, 33, ethics case, 378 Account balance, appearance, 140 34–35 exercises, 374–378 Accounting relevance, 34 financial reporting problem, 378 assumptions, 9–11 reliability, 34 Web exploration, 377–378 usage, 38 Accounting principles, –41 Accrual-basis accounting, 129 components, 7–13 assumptions, 36–37 cash-basis accounting, contrast, 105–106 conceptual framework, 32–36 demonstration problem, 56–60 Accruals constraints, 41–44 economic/political conditions, adjusting entries illustration, 42 impact, 33 illustration, 115 data, users (identification), 4–5 ethics, example, 65 usage, 115–120 definition, 2–5 exercises, 62–65 adjustment, 115 department, organizational chart, 20 usage, 41 Accrued expenses (accrued liabilities), entity, representation, 413 Web exploration, 64 116–120, 129 entries, source documents, 293 Accounts, 68–74, 96 adjusting entry, 117–118 equation, 11–13, 25 basic form, 68 impact, 117 expansion, 73–74 chart, 80–81, 96 adjustment type, 120 illustration, 11 illustration, 81 alternative adjusting entries, inapplicability, ethics, example, 114 comparison, illustration, 125 127
  • Multi-Cultural. Dinner" Feast Prez: Search Firm Gauges'baruch

    Multi-Cultural. Dinner" Feast Prez: Search Firm Gauges'baruch

    ::- ~.--.-.;::::-:-u•._,. _._ ., ,... ~---:---__---,-- --,.--, ---------- - --, '- ... ' . ' ,. ........ .. , - . ,. -Barueh:-Graduate.. -.'. .:~. Alumni give career advice to Baruch Students.· Story· pg.17 VOL. 74, NUMBER 8 www.scsu.baruch.cuny.edu DECEM·HER 9, 1998 Multi-Cultural. Dinner" Feast Prez: Search Firm Gauges'Baruch. Opinion By Bryan Fleck Representatives from Isaacson­ Miller, a national search firm based in -Boston and San Francisco, has been hired by the Presidential Search Committee, chaired by Kathleen M. Pesile, to search for candidates for a permanent presi­ dent at Baruch College. The open forum on December 7 was held in order for the search firm to field questions and get the pulse of the Baruch community. Interim president Lois Cronholm is _not a candidate, as it is against CUNY regulations for an interim --------- president to become a full-time pres- ident. The search firm will gather the initial candidates, who will be . further screened by the Presidential " Search Committee, but the final choice lies with the CUNY Board of Trustees.' According to David Bellshow, an ......-.. ~.. Isaacson-Miller representative, the '"J'", average search takes approximately ; six months. Among the search firm's experience in the field of education ----~- - ..... -._......... *- -_. - -- -- _._- ...... -_40_. '_"__ - _~ - f __•••-. __..... _ •• ~. _• in NY are Columbia University and ... --- -. ~ . --. .. - -. -~ -.. New York University. In ~additi6n,, , New plan calls'for total re'structuririg the search fum also works with GovernDlents small and large foundations and cor­ ofStudent porations. By Bryan Fleck at large, would be selected from any The purpose ofthe open forum was In an attempt to strengthen undergraduate candidate. for the representatives of Isaacson­ .
  • Annual Report Procurement Organization Sandia National Laboratories Fiscal Year 1996

    Annual Report Procurement Organization Sandia National Laboratories Fiscal Year 1996

    MAY SANDIA REPORT SAND97-0725 • UC-900 Unlimited Release Printed April 1997 Annual Report Procurement Organization .. ,: ,~ _" Sandia National Laboratories e-• \~.~<. l~ \{/ Fiscal Year 1996 D. L. Palmer Prepared by Sandia National Laborator'es Albuquerque, New 87185 and Livermore, California, 94550, Sandia is a multipro , m '1aboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contr~ct DE-AC04°94AL115000, / - < \\'. ( ', . ' : . ..,- : . ' _·· i :•: Approved for.@bltc'release; ,; · , .: . ,'' SF2900O(8-81) Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Govern­ ment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, prod­ uct, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe pri­ vately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Govern­ ment, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
  • Cohen-Internet-History-2011.Pdf

    Cohen-Internet-History-2011.Pdf

    International Journal of Technoethics, 2(2), 45-64, April-June 2011 45 Internet History Raphael Cohen-Almagor, University of Hull, UK ABSTRACT This paper outlines and analyzes milestones in the history of the Internet. As technology advances, it presents new societal and ethical challenges. The early Internet was devised and implemented in American research units, universities, and telecommunication companies that had vision and interest in cutting-edge research. The Internet then entered into the commercial phase (1984-1989). It was facilitated by the upgrading of back- bone links, the writing of new software programs, and the growing number of interconnected international networks. The author examines the massive expansion of the Internet into a global network during the 1990s when business and personal computers with different operating systems joined the universal network. The instant and growing success of social networking-sites that enable Netusers to share information, photos, private journals, hobbies, and personal as well as commercial interests with networks of mutual friends and colleagues is discussed. Keywords: ARPANET, History, ICANN, Innovation, Internet, Open Architecture, Packet Switching, Social Networking INTRODUCTION the biological kingdom. The third was Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), who acknowledged that History consists of a series of accumulated the mind is also unconscious and subject to the imaginative inventions. defence mechanism of repression, thus we are – Voltaire far from being Cartesian minds entirely transpar- ent to ourselves. And now, in the information Floridi (2009, 2010) argues that we are now revolution, we are in the process of dislocation experiencing the fourth scientific revolu- and reassessment of humanity’s fundamental tion.