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Forests and Forest Plants CONTENTS FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS Forests and Forest Plants - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 438 ISBN: 978-1-905839-38-4 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-938-5 (Print Volume) Forests and Forest Plants - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 344 ISBN: 978-1-905839-39-1 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-939-2 (Print Volume) Forests and Forest Plants - Volume 3 No. of Pages: 368 ISBN: 978-1-905839-40-7 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-940-8 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected] ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS CONTENTS Preface xxi VOLUME I Forests and Forest Plants 1 John N. Owens, Center for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada , , and Consultant, Forest Technologies, Jomtein, Chonburi, Thailand H. Gyde Lund, Consultant, Forest Information Services, Manassas, Virginia, USA 1. The Forest Resource Base 2. Important Tree Species 2.1. Coniferous Species 2.2. Temperate and Tropical Hardwoods 2.3. Use of Tree Species in Reclamation 2.4. Tree Species in Arid Zones 3. Forest Products 3.1. Wood Products 3.2. Cellulose and Pulp 3.3. Bamboos and Rattans 3.4. Wood as an Energy Source 3.5. Products of Resin Processing 3.6. Food, Forage, and Medicinal Forest Resources 3.7. Wildlife and Tourism in Forest Ecosystems 4. Forest Services 4.1. Forests in Biological Diversity 4.2. Forests in the Hydrological Cycle 4.3. Forests and the Flow and Conservation of Energy 5. Forest Classification 5.1. Temperate, Boreal, and Tropical Forests 5.2. Forest Plantations 5.3. Trees on Cropland 5.4. Urban Forests 6. The Understory 7. Forest Management 8. Agroforestry 9. Forest Regeneration and Forest Science 9.1. Conservation and Breeding of Forest Trees 9.2. Techniques in Forest Tree Breeding 9.3. Structure, Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Forest Trees 9.4. Silvicultural Systems for Boreal and Temperate Forests 9.5. Tropical Silvicultural Systems: Plantations 9.6. Producing Planting Stock in Forest Nurseries 9.7. Forest Pest and Fire Management National Forest Inventories and Global Resource Assessments 29 H. Gyde Lund, Forest Information Services, Manassas, Virginia, USA 1. Introduction: Global Importance of Forests 2. National Forest Inventories 2.1. History 2.2. Approaches to National Forest Inventories 2.2.1. Single Effort 2.2.2. Aggregation Effort ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) i FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS 2.3. Monitoring 2.4. Digest 3. Global Information Needs 3.1. The Rio Declaration 3.2. Agenda 21 3.3. Forestry Principles 3.4. Convention on Biodiversity Conservation 3.5. Convention on Climate Change 3.6. Convention on Desertification 3.7. Digest 4. Global Forest Resource Assessments (FRA) 4.1. History 4.2. Strengths 4.3. Limitations 4.3.1. Missing, Old, or Poor Quality Information 4.3.2. Politically-Flavored Data 4.3.3. Harmonizing Data to Meet a Global Standard 4.4. Digest 5. Global Forest Cover Assessments (GFCA) 5.1. History 5.2. Strengths 5.3. Limitations 5.3.1. Data Provided 5.3.2. Sensors 5.3.3. Classification Process 5.3.4. Who pays 5.4. Digest 6. The Future 6.1. Land Use Trends 6.2. Needs 6.3. Outlook 6.4. Digest Forest Land Resources 66 Juan Picos, Environment and Natural Resources Engineering Department, Vigo University, Spain Enrique Valero Gutiérrez del Olmo, Environment and Natural Resources Engineering Department, Vigo University, Spain 1. Introduction 2. Forest Resources 3. Forest Products 3.1. Wood and Energy from Forests 3.1.1. Wood 3.1.2. Energy 3.2. Non-Wood Forest Products 3.2.1. The Example of Medicinal Plants 3.2.2. Other Examples of the Importance of Non-Wood Forest Products 4. Social and Environmental Services of Forests 4.1. Forests as Shelter and Abode 4.2. Forests as a Source of Employment 4.3. Forests as a Source of Recreation and Improvement of Urban Living Conditions 4.4. Cultural Heritage in Forests 4.5. Spiritual Values of Forests 4.6. Forests and Global Climate Change 4.7. Forest and Conservation of Soil and Water Resources 4.8. Forests as Genetic and Biodiversity Reserves 5. Conservation Equals Assesment Plus Planning Plus Management ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ii FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS Classification and Distribution of Forest by Geography 87 Sergio Cinnirella, Researcher, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Rende, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Classic Methods of Classification 2.1. Phytoclimatic Approach 2.2. Physiognomic Approach 2.3. Floristic Approach 2.4. Ecosystemic Approach 3. Classification by Remote Sensing 3.1. Basic Principles 3.2. Sensors 3.3. Image Classification 3.4. Application of Remote Sensing 4. Classification and Distribution of Actual Forests 4.1. Temperate and Boreal Forest 4.1.1. Evergreen Needleleaf Forest 4.1.2. Deciduous Needleleaf Forest 4.1.3. Mixed Broadleaf/Needleleaf Forest 4.1.4. Broadleaf Evergreen Forest 4.1.5. Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 4.1.6. Freshwater Swamp Forest 4.1.7. Sclerophyllous Dry Forest 4.2. Tropical Forest 4.2.1. Lowland Evergreen Broadleaf Rain Forest 4.2.2. Lower Montane Forest 4.2.3. Upper Montane Forest 4.2.4. Freshwater Swamp Forest 4.2.5. Semi-evergreen Moist Broadleaf Forest 4.2.6. Mixed Broadleaf/Needleleaf Forest 4.2.7. Needleleaf Forest 4.2.8. Mangroves 4.2.9. Deciduous/Semi-deciduous Broadleaf Forest 4.2.10. Sclerophyllous Dry Forest 4.2.11. Thorn Forest 4.3. Other Categories of Forests 4.3.1. Sparse Trees and Parkland 4.3.2. Exotic and Native Species Plantation 4.3.3. Disturbed Natural Forest 5. Perspective and Guidelines Boreal and Temperate Forests 152 Sean C. Thomas, Professor, Forest Ecology And Silviculture, Faculty Of Forestry, University Of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada James MacLellan, Faculty Of Forestry, University Of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Definitions and Geographic Distribution of Boreal and Temperate Forests 3. Boreal and Temperate Forest Classification 4. Forest Disturbance and Stand Dynamics in Boreal and Temperate Forests 5. Paleological Perspectives and the Importance of Glaciation 6. Historical and Modern Patterns of Resource Use and Management 7. Responses of Boreal and Temperate Forests to Global Climate Change and Other Anthropogenic Impacts ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iii FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS Tropical and Subtropical Forests 176 Irene Seling, Fachhoschule Furtwangen, University of Applied Sciences Furtwangen, Germany Peter Spathelf, State Forest Administration of Baden-Wrttemberg, Tubingen, Germany 1. Introduction: Definition and Geographical Localization of the Tropics and Subtropics 2. Phytogeographical Units, Forest Ecology and Land Use 2.1. Tropical and Subtropical Arid Lands 2.2. Mediterranean-Type Subtropics 2.3. Humid Subtropics 2.4. Seasonal Tropics 2.5. Humid Tropics 3. Important Tree Families 3.1. Conifer Trees 3.1.1. Pinus 3.1.2. Podocarpus and Araucaria 3.2. Broadleaved Trees 3.2.1. Meliaceae 3.2.2. Leguminosae 3.2.3. Dipterocarpaceae 3.2.4. Myrtaceae 3.2.5. Verbenaceae 4. Socioeconomic Framework of Forest Management and Deforestation 5. Sustainable Natural Forest Management Approaches—Silvicultural Systems 6. Non-Timber Forest Products 7. Plantation Forestry 8. Agroforestry 8.1. Agrosilvicultural Systems 8.2. Silvopastoral Systems 8.3. Agrosilvopastoral Systems 9. Conservation Strategies 10. Certification of Forests and Forest Management and Timber Labeling 11. Forests as a Carbon Sink 12. Perspectives Forest Plantations 199 Julian Evans, Department Of Environmental Science And Technology, Imperial College Of Sciences,Technology And Medicine, University Of London, UK 1. Definition 2. History 3. Future Developments 4. Types of Plantations 4.1. Industrial Plantations 4.2. Social and Community Plantations and Woodlots 4.3. Environmental Planting and Buffer Zones 4.4. Rehabilitating Degraded Land and Restoring Natural Forest 4.5. Enrichment Planting 4.6. Carbon Sequestration Plantations 5. Plantation Silviculture 5.1. Plantation Characteristics 5.2. Species Choice 5.3. Plantation Establishment, Management and Protection 5.3.1. Forest Nurseries 5.3.2. Site Preparation 5.3.3. Tree Planting 5.3.4. Thinning and Pruning 5.4. Rotations and Regeneration ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iv FORESTS AND FOREST PLANTS 6. Plantation Yields and Productivity 6.1. Growth Rates and Yields 7. Problems with Plantations 7.1. Monoculture and Risk of Pests, Diseases and Other Threats 7.2. Abiotic Damage 7.3. Sustainability of Yields Over Time 8. Outlook Forest Ecology 213 James Peter (Hamish) Kimmins, Department Of Forest Sciences, University Of British Columbia, Canada 1. Introduction: What is a Forest, What are Forest Ecosystems, and What is Forest Ecology? 2. Why are Forests Different from One Part of the World to Another, at Different Locations on a Continent, and Even Locally? 3. Why do Forests Change Over Time? The Question of Temporal Diversity. 4. Forest Ecosystem Structure 4.1. Soil 4.2. Microclimate 4.3. Vegetation Structure 5. Forest Ecosystem Function 5.1. Energy and Biomass 5.2. Nutrient Cycling 5.3. Other Functions 6. Interactions Between the Components and Processes of Forest Ecosystems 7. Forest Ecosystem Complexity 7.1. Aspects of Complexity 7.2. Implications of Complexity 7.3. Complexity and Predictability 8. An Ecological Foundation for Sustainable Forest Management: The Application of Knowledge of Forest Ecology 8.1. Stand Level Sustainability: The Concept of "Ecological Rotations" 8.2. Landscape Level Sustainability: The Concept of the Shifting Mosaic 9. Non-timber Aspects of Forest Ecology 10. How can Forest Ecology Deal with Ecosystem Complexity and the Large Spatial and Temporal Scales of Forest Ecosystems? The Role of Remote Sensing and Modelling 11. Conclusions Forests in Environmental Protection 247 John L. Innes, Faculty Of Forestry, University Of British Columbia, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Protection Forests 3. Forests Benefit from Environmental Protection 4.
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