RESEARCH
◥ the dammed lake (Fig. 2, A to D). The bottom TECHNICAL COMMENT sterile clay beds deposited during the last degla- ciation of the Tibetan Plateau were dated by op- tically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to 8250 ± ARCHAEOLOGY 390 years, whereas the top silt beds containing shallow water plant remains were OSL-dated to 5650 ± 210 years (12). The dammed lake existed for Comment on “Outburst flood at 1920 about 2600 years and became shallower gradually and disappeared at 5650 years B.P. because the BCE supports historicity of China’s landslide dam was dissected slowly by the river itself. This is much earlier than the catastrophes Great Flood and the Xia dynasty” that ruined the settlement at Lajia (5–8). Similar conclusions were also drawn by other groups of investigators (13, 14). Third, palaeo-earthquake sand boils over the Chun Chang Huang,1* Yali Zhou,1 Yuzhu Zhang,2 Yongqiang Guo,1 Jiangli Pang,1 Lajia Ruins and various sediments of different Qiang Zhou,3 Tao Liu,4 Xiaochun Zha1 ages were taken as the evidence to verify the so- called outburst flood. Over the Lajia Ruins, several Wu et al. (Reports, 5 August 2016, p. 579) reported an enormous flood in the upper Yellow great earthquakes occurred during the Holocene. River that destroyed the Lajia Ruins. However, published research shows that the Ruins The ground composed of eolian loess soils of the were destroyed at 3950 years before the present (B.P.) by earthquakes accompanied with late Pleistocene-Holocene was badly broken and Downloaded from mudflows, whereas the landslide-dammed lake terminated about 5650 years B.P. Various deformed by the impact force of the palaeo- kinds of sediments with different ages were taken as evidence to verify an outburst flood. earthquakes. These are common conclusions pu- blished by both archaeologists and geologists (5, 10, 15). Numerous earthquake fissures with u et al.(1) provided seeming geological with rainstorms and flashfloods induced wide- a width up to 60 cm interweave over the pre- verifications of the ancient myths of the spread mass wasting on the hillsides composed historic ground. Some of the fissures are in- http://science.sciencemag.org/ Great Yu’s flood. However, this Report of the semiconsolidated Tertiary red clay forma- filled with the red mudflow lumps dropping fails both to cite and to address the al- tion (5–8). Similar conclusions were also drawn by down from the ground of the ruins. The others W 9 ternative interpretations by geologists other researchers ( ). are infilled with sand boils because of the under- and archaeologists. It ignores important studies The thick deposits of red conglomerated mud- ground liquefaction and impact force during the concerning prehistoric extraordinary floods of the flows packing human skeletons and the ruins earthquakes. The sand boils settled on the pre- Yellow River; landslides and dammed-lake depos- were regarded as the Yellow River flood deposits historical ground have formed sand lenses sand- its in the Jishi Gorge; and palaeo-earthquakes, initially (10, 11). This was negated by other in- wiched in the loess-soil stratigraphy (Fig. 1, A to flashfloods, and mudflows that occurred at the vestigators, including Wu et al., because, hydro- F). However, these mixed gray-red-brown–colored LajiaRuins(Fig.1,AtoF).Aspalaeo-hydrologists logically, the Holocene floods of the Yellow River clastic sands were regarded as the outburst flood (2–4), we are not in a position to say anything in this reach, with a channel width of 800 to deposits from the dammed lake in the Jishi 1 abouttheGreatYuandtheXiadynastyinChinese 1000 m, could not rise 25 to 30 m to have the pre- Gorge ( ). The fact is that these sands originated on February 22, 2019 prehistory, but we would like to point out some historical settlement inundated. Meanwhile, as is from the tributary gully flashflood deposits be- obvious misleading evidence that the authors generally known, the suspended sediment load of neath the stratigraphy of eolian loess soils. They organized to verify the so-called outburst flood. the Yellow River is always yellowish dispersive silt have nothing to do with the landslide dam and First, the Lajia Ruins were destroyed at 3950 rather than rigid conglomerated red clay, and also the dammed-lake deposits. A green schist clastic years before the present (B.P.) by earthquakes the skeletons of drowned people could not show in the sand boils was especially stressed as the accompanied with mudflows from the hillsides vivid postures, as in the Lajia Ruins. most reliable evidence of an outburst flood from rather than by the Yellow River floods. Archae- Second, the landslide-dammed lake in the Jishi theJishiGorge(1). However, the Yellow River cuts ological excavations have exposed pictures of the Gorge terminated at 5650 years B.P. gradually into the fractured green schist bedrock forming a prehistoric catastrophes in the Lajia Ruins. Geo- rather than bursting suddenly, without relation part of the gorge. The clastics always drop into the logical investigations show that, at 3950 years B.P., to the catastrophes that ruined the Lajia settle- river and are brought downstream by the river at multiple disasters, including major earthquakes, ment at 3950 years B.P. Investigations indicate all times. It is not necessarily related to a so-called rainstorms,flashfloods,andmudflows,occurred that the dammed-lake sediments extend about outburst flood. over the area. The earthquake-damaged settlement 33 km and end up at 1915 to 1920 m above sea Along the Yellow River banks and the feet of was immediately overtaken by immense mudflows level (asl) within the Xunhua basin in the upper the cliffs and slopes, various kinds of sediments coming along the gullies. Enormous mudflows stream (7). There are no lake sediments found to with different ages were also regarded as the poured into the dwellings suddenly, and the support the claim that the dammed lake extend- deposits of the so-called outburst flood (1). These instinctive reactions of women and children have ed 85 km further into the Jianzha Basin and include the widely distributed slope clastics and been preserved in the rigid mudflow deposits (Fig. ended up at 2000 to 2025 m asl (1). Maximum landslide/landslip deposits along the Jishi Gorge, 1, G to I). The source of the catastrophic mudflows depth of the dammed lake was therefore esti- the flashflood deposits along, or at the mouth wastracedupslopenortherlytothegullyheads mated to be 80 to 85 m rather than 185 to 210 m of, the tributary gullies, the Yellow River flood- behind the ruins, where palaeo-earthquakes together (7). The top part of the lake sediments contains plain gravels, and the river terrace deposits un- abundant shallow water plant remains and in- der the eolian loess-soil stratigraphy of different serted with slope clastics in between the beds, thickness within the Guanting Basin (Fig. 2, 1Department of Geography, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China. 2College of Urban and indicating that the dammed lake became shal- EtoG). Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi lower and desiccated gradually rather than burst In conclusion, the hypothesis of an enormous 710127, P.R. China. 3School of Life and Geographic Sciences, suddenly. Incision of the Yellow River into the outburst flood associated with the myths of the Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, P.R. dammed-lake deposits has formed well-exposed Great Yu has been argued by ignoring numer- China. 4Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA. profiles along the river banks. These deposit pro- ous published studies that present alternative *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] files provide a natural record of the life span of interpretations.
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Fig. 1. Evidence of the great earthquakes and rigid mudflow deposits ground and now sandwiched in the loess-soil stratigraphy. (F) Cultural layer of over the Lajia Ruin of the Qijia Culture (4200 to 3950 years B.P.). (A)Pre- the Lajia Ruins covered with rigid red mudflow deposits, sand boils coming up historical ground of the Lajia Ruins covered with the conglomerated red along the earthquake fissures. (G to I) Different postures of the victims sinking mudflow deposits and the tensional earthquake fissures infilled with the into the red mudflow in the Lajia Ruins. The sand boils in (E) and (F) and the dense blocks of the red mudflow. (B) A close-shot photo of the rigid red mud- rigid mudflow deposits in (G), (H), and (I) were regarded as the so-called flow deposits. (C and D) Mudflow infill pressed into a slab in the compressional outburst flood deposits [e.g., figure 1 and figures S1, S5, and S6 in (1): OFS at earthquake fissures. (E) Earthquake sand boils deposited on the prehistorical P13 and the Lajia site].
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Fig. 2. Evidence of the landslide dam and the dammed-lake sediments water plants inserted with slope clastics in between the beds. (E)Slope in the Jishi Gorge and sediments of different origins in the downstream clastic deposits on the riverbank immediately in the downstream of the regarded as the so-called outburst flood deposits. (A) Remains of the landslide dam; note the yellowish floodwater of the Yellow River on 31 July landslide dam dissected by the Yellow River. (B) The dammed-lake deposits 2013. (F) Yellow River floodplain deposits. (G) Tributary flashflood deposits with a thickness up to 37 m forming the banks of the Yellow River. (C)The settled on the Tertiary red clay formation and covered with the Holocene bottom part of the dammed-lake deposits consisting of greenish sterile silt eolian loess soil. (E), (F), and (G) were regarded as the so-called outburst and clay deposited during the deglaciation over the Tibetan Plateau. (D)The flood deposits [e.g., figure 1 and figures S1, S4, and S6 in (1): OFS at P8, top part of the dammed-lake deposits containing the remains of the shallow P11, P12].
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Huang et al., Science 355, 1382d (2017) 31 March 2017 4of4 Comment on ''Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China's Great Flood and the Xia dynasty'' Chun Chang Huang, Yali Zhou, Yuzhu Zhang, Yongqiang Guo, Jiangli Pang, Qiang Zhou, Tao Liu and Xiaochun Zha
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