Kota Bekasi, Kota Depok, Kota Tangerang

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Kota Bekasi, Kota Depok, Kota Tangerang Sebaran Lokasi Apartemen Di Daerah Pinggiran DKI Jakarta Tahun 2015 (Kota Bekasi, Kota Depok, Kota Tangerang) 1 2 2 Nur Farhana , M. H. Dewi Susilowati dan Nurrokhmah Rizqihandari 1 Mahasiswa Departemen Geografi, FMIPA UI, Kampus UI Depok 16424 2 Dosen Departemen Geografi, FMIPA UI, Kampus UI Depok 16424 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak Daerah pinggiran Kota Jakarta merupakan perluasan Kota Jakarta yang berkembang pesat dan selalu sibuk dengan macam aktivitas, terutama aktivitas yang berada di kota itu sendiri dan Kota Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sebaran lokasi apartemen di daerah pinggiran DKI Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis cluster. Sebaran lokasi apartemen mengelompok dengan pusat kota, jarak pintu tol, dan jarak stasiun kereta api. Apartemen yang tersebar di daerah pinggiran kota memiliki karakteristik apartemen dan karakteristik lokasi tertentu, sehingga membentuk suatu pola sebaran terhadap orientasi apartemen. The Pattern of The Apartments Distibution on The Outskirts of DKI Jakarta in 2015 Abstract The outskirts of Jakarta is the expansion of the city itself which is rapidly growing and always busy with many activities, activities in that city or in Jakarta. The purpose of this research is to knowing the location of the apartment on the outskirts of DKI Jakarta. The method that used in this research is the method of analysis descriptive and analysis of the cluster. The location of the apartments clustered with the city center, within the toll entrance, and the train station. The apartments are scattered on the outskirts of cities have characteristics of the apartment and the characteristics of certain locations, so as to form a distribution pattern to the orientation of the apartments. Keywords: Apartment, activity, characteristic, the orientation of apartment 1. Pendahuluan Curah Kota merupakan campuran berbagai macam penduduk yang jumlahnya banyak serta memiliki daya tarik dengan di dukung oleh faktor ekonomi, sosial, pemerintahan, dan politik sehingga dapat menghidupkan dan mengembangkan pembangunan pada setiap bidang yang ada. Semua yang membentuk adanya kota, terlihat pada Kota Jakarta, yang hingga kini berubah menjadi kota megapolitan, sebagai pusat segala aktivitas industri, komersial, dan pemerintahan. Kota Jakarta sebagai ibukota negara Republik Indonesia memiliki 9 juta jiwa (BPS, 2010). 1 Sebaran lokasi ..., Nur Farhana, FMIPA UI, 2016 Jumlah penduduk yang pada setiap tahunnya terus meningkat, maka penggunaan lahan yang diperuntukkan untuk tempat tinggal atau hunian akan terus meningkat. Bertambahnya jumlah area perkantoran dan bisnis di Kota Jakarta, membuat para pekerja yang bekerja membutuhkan tempat tinggal atau hunian. Sementara itu, wilayah permukiman berkembang dengan sangat lambat (Rahmah. Dkk, 2001). Kota Jakarta tidak lagi menjadi pusat pengembangan properti hunian. Mahalnya harga lahan yang ada di perkotaan menjadikan konsep pembangunan hunian kota terus di tingkatkan ke arah vertikal, sehingga nantinya akan menggantikan pembangunan ke arah horizontal. Dilihat dari faktor sosial, hunian bertingkat seperti Apartemen sudah menjadi pilihan tempat tinggal yang ideal karena biasanya para pengembang membangun hunian tersebut dengan memilih lokasi di dekat pusat-pusat bisnis yang strategis dan lokasinya berada dekat dengan akses transportasi sehingga mempermudah akses bagi pemilik atau penghuni apartemen dalam melakukan aktifitas sehari-hari. Berdasarkan hasil riset Cushman and Wakefield Indonesia yang di kutip oleh Tribunnews.com (2015), pengembangan apartemen strata (kondominium) dengan harga terjangkau bergeser ke wilayah pinggiran Jakarta, dari total proyek baru yang di luncurkan tahun 2015, 11 proyek di antaranya berada di daerah pinggiran Jakarta. Berkembangnya pembangunan apartemen tersebut, diiringi dengan berkembangnya infrastruktur pembangunan jaringan jalan yang menghubungkan Kota Jakarta dengan daerah pinggiran seperti Kota Bekasi, Kota Depok, serta Kota Tangerang serta jaringan rel kereta api listrik atau commuter line. Akibat dari perluasan permukiman yang pesat dari kota metropolitan dan terletak searah dengan jalan utama, maka daerah pinggiran kota akan berkembang lebih cepat di bandingkan dengan daerah lain (Raharjo, 2005). Daerah pinggiran sudah di lengkapi dengan berbagai fasilitas yang menjadikannya sebagai daya tarik bagi penduduk kota metropolitan seperti pusat perbelanjaan, fasilitas pendidikan, serta fasilitas kesehatan untuk menetap di sana. Selain itu, harga tanah di pinggiran kota belum terlalu tinggi, jadi berpengaruh pula dengan harga properti apartemen jika di bandingkan dengan yang berlokasi di Kota Jakarta. Daerah pinggiran merupakan suatu kawasan yang letaknya terletak diluar perbatasan kota yang resmi, tetapi masih dalam jarak melaju (commuting distance) (Kurtz dan Eicher, dalam Muhlisin, 2003). Potensi daerah pinggiran kota menjadi pilihan ideal untuk tempat tinggal, mengingat meningkatnya harga tanah di pusat kota dan sekitarnya sudah tidak terjangkau lagi bagi masyarakat dengan golongan ekonomi menengah kebawah. Sebagian masyarakat yang memiliki apartemen di daerah pinggiran kota, bukan hanya menjadikan hunian apartemen tersebut sebagai tempat tinggal, tetapi juga sebagai investasi. Karena bila kota berkembang pesat, maka nilai unit apartemen yang berada di daerah pinggiran kota juga akan meningkat. 2 Sebaran lokasi ..., Nur Farhana, FMIPA UI, 2016 Developer properti, sudah memprediksikan perkembangan daerah pinggiran dengan giat menabung lahan selagi harga lahan yang ada di sana masih terjangkau dan tidak semahal Kota Jakarta untuk di dirikan properti khususnya apartemen dengan target para pekerja golongan ekonomi, menengah, dan ke bawah. Maka dari itu, sebelum pembangunan proyek apartemen tersebut berlangsung, diadakanlah survei pasar yang dilakukan oleh para pengembang agar nantinya akan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Pada umumnya, properti hunian apartemen yang berlokasi di daerah pinggiran kota, dibangun secara mengelompok, hal ini dilakukan untuk memaksimalkan fungsi ruang yang ada. Terdapat faktor-faktor yang akan peneliti kaji, terkait pembentukan pola melalui pendekatan keruangan yang berkaitan dengan geografi properti. 2. Tinjauan Teoritis 2.1 Pendekatan Keruangan (Spasial) Ruang adalah seluruh permukaan bumi yang merupakan tempat hidup manusia, tumbuhan, dan hewan. Pendekatan keruangan merupakan suatu cara pandang atau kerangka analisis yang menekankan eksistensi ruang sebagai penekanan. Eksisitensi ruang dalam perspektif geografi dapat dipandang dari struktur, pola , dan proses (Yunus, 1997). Pola keruangan berkenaan dengan distribusi elemen-elemen pembentuk ruang. Fenomena titik, garis, dan areal memiliki kedudukan sendiri-sendiri, baik secara implisit maupun eksplisit dalam hal agihan keruangan (Coffey, 1989). Beberapa contoh seperti cluster pattern, random pattern, regular pattern, dan cluster linier pattern untuk kenampakan-kenampakan titik dapat diidentifikasi (Whynne-Hammond, 1985; Yunus, 1989). Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan pendekatan keruangan untuk mengetahui sebaran lokasi apartemen di daerah pinggiran DKI Jakarta. 2.2 Klasterisasi Apartemen Cluster adalah sekumpulan objek yang mempunyai “Kesamaan” diantara anggotanya dan memiliki “Ketidaksamaan” dengan objek lain pada cluster lainnya, dengan kata lain sebuah cluster adalah sekumpulan objek yang digabung bersama karena persamaan atau kedekatannya, sedangkan clustering adalah proses membuat pengelompokan sehingga semua anggota dari setiap partisi mempunyai persamaan berdasarkan matriks tertentu (Wijaya, 2011). Klasterisasi apartemen yaitu melihat kesamaan berdasarkan jarak apartemen dengan aksesibilitas dan penggunaan tanah yang berada di sekitarnya. Artinya data yang memiliki jarak yang berdekatan akan membentuk satu cluster. Klasterisasi properti Apartemen, secara umum 3 Sebaran lokasi ..., Nur Farhana, FMIPA UI, 2016 mengambil tempat di daerah yang memiliki infrastruktur yang tepat. Selain itu, para investor properti mengkonsentrasikan kepemilikan investasinya tersebut dalam klasterisasi industri dengan ruang industri di atas rata-rata (misalnya, dilihat dari keberagaman pekerjaan dengan banyaknya perkantoran), dan menghindari klasterisasi dengan tingkat pengangguran serta industri-industri kecil dalam jumlah besar (Byrne, 2010). Sehingga pembangunan apartemen di daerah pinggiran kota sebagian besar terdapat di pusat kota yang memiliki pusat-pusat kegiatan (perekonomian, Pemerintahan, dan Pendidikan) dan berada dekat dengan jarak akses utama dan simpul transportasi menuju kota lainnya. Clustering analysis merupakan metode pengelompokkan setiap objek ke dalam satu atau lebih dari satu kelompok, sehingga tiap objek yang berada dalam satu kelompok akan memiliki nilai interaksi yang sama. Clustering analysis bertujuan untuk membentuk kelompok dengan karakteristik yang sama (Sharma, 1996 dalam Azizah, 2014). Pada algoritma clustering, data akan dikelompokkan menjadi cluster-cluster berdasarkan kemiripan satu data dengan data yang lain. Data yang dikelompokkan dalam satu cluster memiliki kemiripan yang tinggi, sedangkan antara data pada satu cluster dengan data pada cluster lainnya memiliki kemiripan yang rendah. Prinsip dari clustering adalah memaksimalkan kesamaan antar anggota satu kelas dan meminimumkan kesamaan antar kelas atau cluster. Pada clustering memerlukan fungsi jarak untuk mengukur kemiripan antar data. Dalam penelitian ini, jarak yang digunakan
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