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The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Lark Bunting (Calamospiza Melanocorys)

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The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Lark Bunting (Calamospiza Melanocorys) The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds— Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) Chapter EE of The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds Professional Paper 1842–EE U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Lark Bunting, by David O. Lambeth, used with permission. Background photograph: Northern mixed-grass prairie in North Dakota, by Rick Bohn, used with permission. The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) By Jill A. Shaffer,1 Lawrence D. Igl,1 Douglas H. Johnson,1 Marriah L. Sondreal,1 Christopher M. Goldade,1,2 Amy L. Zimmerman,1 and Betty R. Euliss1 Chapter EE of The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds Edited by Douglas H. Johnson,1 Lawrence D. Igl,1 Jill A. Shaffer,1 and John P. DeLong1,3 1U.S. Geological Survey. 2South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks (current). 3University of Nebraska-Lincoln (current). Professional Paper 1842–EE U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Shaffer, J.A., Igl, L.D., Johnson, D.H., Sondreal, M.L., Goldade, C.M., Zimmerman, A.L., and Euliss, B.R., 2020, The effects of management practices on grassland birds—Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys), chap. EE of Johnson, D.H., Igl, L.D., Shaffer, J.A., and DeLong, J.P., eds., The effects of management practices on grassland birds: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1842, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1842EE. ISSN 2330-7102 (online) iii Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................iv Capsule Statement.........................................................................................................................................1 Breeding Range..............................................................................................................................................1 Suitable Habitat ..............................................................................................................................................1 Area Requirements and Landscape Associations ...................................................................................4 Brood Parasitism by Cowbirds and Other Species ..................................................................................6 Breeding-Season Phenology and Site Fidelity .........................................................................................6 Species’ Response to Management ...........................................................................................................6 Management Recommendations from the Literature .............................................................................8 References ......................................................................................................................................................9 Figure EE1. Map showing the breeding distribution of the Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) in the United States and southern Canada, based on North American Breeding Bird Survey data, 2008–12 .......................................................................2 Table EE1. Measured values of vegetation structure and composition in Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) breeding habitat by study........................................................16 Conversion Factors International System of Units to U.S. customary units Multiply By To obtain Length centimeter (cm) 0.3939 inch (in.) meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi) Area hectare (ha) 2.471 acre square kilometer (km2) 247.1 acre hectare (ha) 0.003861 square mile (mi2) square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2) Mass kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound (lb) Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as °F = (1.8 × °C) + 32. iv Abbreviations AUM animal unit month BBS Breeding Bird Survey CRP Conservation Reserve Program PCP Permanent Cover Program spp. species (applies to two or more species within the genus) Acknowledgments Major funding for this effort was provided by the Prairie Pothole Joint Venture, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Additional funding was provided by the U.S. Forest Service, The Nature Conservancy, and the Plains and Prairie Potholes Landscape Conservation Cooperative. We thank the following cooperators who provided access to their bibliographic files: Louis B. Best, Carl E. Bock, Brenda C. Dale, Stephen K. Davis, James J. Dinsmore, Fritz L. Knopf (deceased), Rolf R. Koford, David R. C. Prescott, Mark R. Ryan, David W. Sample, David A. Swanson, Peter D. Vickery (deceased), and John L. Zimmerman. We thank Christopher M. Goldade for his illustration of the Lark Bunting and the U.S. Geological Survey’s Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, for providing the range map. We thank Courtney L. Amundson, Joel S. Brice, Rachel M. Bush, James O. Church, Shay F. Erickson, Silka L.F. Kempema, Emily C. McLean, Susana Rios, Bonnie A. Sample, and Robert O. Woodward for their assistance with various aspects of this effort. Lynn M. Hill and Keith J. Van Cleave, U.S. Geological Survey, acquired many publications for us throughout this effort, including some that were very old and obscure. Earlier versions of this account benefitted from insightful comments from Kristel K. Bakker, Thomas G. Shane, and Brian A. Tangen. The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) By Jill A. Shaffer,1 Lawrence D. Igl,1 Douglas H. Johnson,1 Marriah L. Sondreal,1 Christopher M. Goldade,1,2 Amy L. Zimmerman,1 and Betty R. Euliss1 Capsule Statement Keys to Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) management include providing short vegetation with protec- tive nest cover and tailoring grazing systems to the type of grassland. Lark Buntings have been reported to use habitats with 6–72 centimeter (cm) average vegetation height, 2–11 cm visual obstruction reading, 13–71 percent grass cover, less than or equal to (≤) 48 percent forb cover, ≤17 percent shrub cover, 10–57 percent bare ground cover, 25 percent litter cover, and ≤2 cm litter depth. The descriptions of key vegeta- tion characteristics are provided in table EE1 (after the “Refer- ences” section). Vernacular and scientific names of plants and animals follow the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (https://www.itis.gov). Breeding Range Lark Bunting. Illustration by Christopher M. Goldade, used with permission. Lark Buntings breed from southern Alberta through southern Manitoba, south to western New Mexico and western Shrubs are especially important in savanna and sagebrush Texas, and east to eastern South Dakota and northwestern habitats (Woolfolk, 1945). Lark Buntings breed in a variety Missouri (National Geographic Society, 2011). The relative of habitats, including shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass densities of Lark Buntings in the United States and southern prairies that are idle, burned, hayed, or grazed (Cameron, Canada, based on North American Breeding Bird Survey 1908; Rand, 1948; Smith and Smith, 1966; Baldwin and oth- (BBS) data (Sauer and others, 2014), are shown in figure EE1 ers, 1969; Wiens, 1970, 1973; Shane, 1972, 2020; Creighton, (not all geographic places mentioned in report are shown on 1974; Maher, 1974; Porter and Ryder, 1974; Johnsgard, 1980; figure). Kantrud, 1981; Dunn, 1986; With and Webb, 1993; Lueders and others, 2006; McLachlan, 2007; Greer, 2009; Lusk, 2009; Skagen and Yackel Adams, 2010; Lusk and Koper, 2013). The species also inhabits sagebrush, shrubsteppe, and desert Suitable Habitat shrub habitats (Woolfolk, 1945; Rand, 1948; Walcheck, 1970; Shane, 1972, 2020; Fautin, 1975; Stewart, 1975; Johnsgard, Lark Buntings use grasslands of low-to-moderate height 1980; Johnson, 1981; Kantrud and Kologiski, 1983; Dunn, with high vegetative cover and some bare ground (Rand, 1986). Planted cover, such as fields enrolled in the Conserva- 1948; Smith and Smith, 1966; Wiens, 1970; Shane, 1972; tion Reserve Program (CRP) and Permanent Cover Program Creighton, 1974), and often with a shrub component (Bald- (PCP), also provide suitable habitat (Johnson and Schwartz, win and others, 1969; With and Webb, 1993; Shane, 2020). 1993a, 1993b; Johnson and Igl, 1995; McMaster and Davis, 1998; McLachlan, 2007). Lark Buntings occasionally use 1U.S. Geological Survey. oldfields (idle or neglected arable lands that have naturally 2South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks (current). reverted back to perennial cover), fallow fields, weedy 2 The Effects of Management Practices on Grassland Birds—Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) 140 120 100 80 60 40 0 30 Modified
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