11 Learn when and how to enrich your prose with foreign words

P55

 pizzazz [pɪzˈæz ] [uncountable] informal something that has pizzazz is exciting and has a strong interesting style: A word with pizzazz!

MAY 1ST, 2007

Q: Oh, how I would love to know where the expression “full of pizzazz” comes from! The phrase itself is full of pizzazz! Is it a Boston thing? Is it a 1940s and 1950s expression?

A: The noun “pizzazz” (also spelled “pizazz” and “pazazz”) originated in the 1910s and originally meant an expert or an exemplar, according to Cassell’s Dictionary of Slang. (This was news to me too!)

In the 1920s, the meaning evolved into style, glamour, or ostentation. By the 1930s, it was being used to mean energy or zest. I’d guess this is the meaning in the expression “full of pizzazz.”

The word’s etymology is unknown, though the Oxford English Dictionary says it’s frequently attributed to Diana Vreeland, the late fashion maven. (Cassell’s Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins is dubious about the Vreeland attribution.)

The OED’s first published reference is from Harper’s Bazaar in 1937, the year Vreeland arrived at the magazine as a columnist. Here’s the citation: “Pizazz, to quote the editor of the Harvard Lampoon, is an indefinable dynamic quality, the je ne sais quoi of function; as for instance, adding Scotch puts pizazz in a drink.”

Although its origin is unknown, “pizzazz” has echoes in “razzle” (a spree or a good time) and “razzmatazz” (showy, high-class, or an exclamation of pleasure). I think people back then had a lot more energy than we do today.

 The Elements of Style (1918), by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, is a prescriptive American English writing style guide comprising eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of forty-nine "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of fifty-seven "words often misspelled". In 2011, Time magazine listed The Elements of Style as one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923.

P56  Slumdog Millionaire 2008 年のイギリス映画。インド人外交官のヴィカス・スワラップの小説『ぼくと 1 ルピーの神様』（ランダ ムハウス講談社）をダニー・ボイルが映画化。

第 33 回トロント国際映画祭観客賞、第 66 回ゴールデングローブ賞作品賞（ドラマ部門）、第 62 回英 国アカデミー賞作品賞受賞。第 81 回アカデミー賞では作品賞を含む 8 部門を受賞した。

 Bollywood The informal term popularly used for the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai (Bombay), Maharashtra, India. The term is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema; however, it is only a part of the total Indian film industry, which includes other production centres producing films in multiple languages. Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world.

 Jai Ho the theme song of the 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire Slumdog Millionaire Jai Ho Dance Scene (from YouTube)

 The Origins and Development of the English Language by Thomas Pyles

 Gaelic [ˈgālik] Gaelic is an adjective that means "pertaining to the Gaels", including language and culture. As a noun, it may refer to the group of languages spoken by the Gaels, or to any one of the languages individually.

 Leprechaun [léprəkὰːn] A leprechaun (Irish: leipreachán) is a type of fairy in Irish folklore, usually taking the form of an old man, clad in a red or green coat, who enjoys partaking in mischief. Like other fairy creatures, leprechauns have been linked to the Tuatha Dé Danann of Irish mythology.[1] The Leprechauns spend all their time busily making shoes, and store away all their coins in a hidden pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. If ever captured by a human, the Leprechaun has the magical power to grant three wishes in exchange for their release. Popular depiction shows the Leprechaun as being no taller than a small child, with a beard and hat, although they may originally have been perceived as the tallest of the mound-dwellers (the Tuatha Dé Danann).

 Shamrock [ mr k] The shamrock refers to the young sprigs of clover or trefoil. It is known as a symbol of Ireland, with St. Patrick having used it as a metaphor for the Christian Trinity, according to legend. The name shamrock is derived from Irish seamróg, which is the diminutive version of the Irish word for clover (seamair) meaning simply "little clover" or "young clover".

Shamrock is usually considered to refer to either the species Trifolium dubium (lesser clover, Irish: seamair bhuí) or Trifolium repens (white clover, Irish: seamair bhán). However, other three- leaved plants—such as Medicago lupulina, Trifolium pratense, and Oxalis acetosella—are sometimes called shamrocks or clovers. The shamrock was traditionally used for its medicinal properties and was a popular motif in Victorian times.

P57

 The King James Version of the Bible

欽定訳聖書（きんていやくせいしょ）は、国王の命令によって翻訳された聖書である。複数あるが、単に 「欽定訳」と言った場合は、とくに「ジェイムズ王訳」（King James Version あるいは Authorized Version） として名高い、1611 年刊行の英訳聖書を指す。

イングランド王ジェームズ 1 世がイングランド国教会の典礼で用いるための聖書の標準訳を求め、王 の命令で翻訳されたためにこの名がある。欽定訳は 19 世紀末に至るまでイングランド国教会で用い られた唯一の公式英訳聖書である。また、日本における文語訳聖書のように、荘厳で格調高い文体か ら、口語訳の普及した現在も多くの愛読者を保ち続けている。

 Groundlings [ r undli ]

P58  Avenue Q Official Website: http://www.avenueqthemusical.co.uk/

Avenue Q is an American musical in two acts, conceived by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx, who wrote the music and lyrics. The book was written by Jeff Whitty and the show was directed by Jason Moore. Avenue Q is an "autobiographical and biographical" coming-of-age parable, addressing and satirizing the issues and anxieties associated with entering adulthood. Its characters lament that as children, they were assured by their parents, and by children's television programs such as PBS's Sesame Street, that they were "special" and "could do anything"; but as adults, they have discovered to their surprise and dismay that in the real world their options are limited, and they are no more "special" than anyone else.[1] The musical is notable for the use of puppets alongside human actors.

Originally conceived as a television series, the show was developed as a stage production at the 2002 National Music Theatre Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut. It opened Off-Broadway in March 2003, co-produced by The New Group and the Vineyard Theatre, and transferred to Broadway in July 2003 where it won three Tony Awards, including Best Musical, and spawned Las Vegas and West End productions, two national tours, and a variety of international productions.

With 2,534 performances, Avenue Q ranks 23rd on the list of longest running shows in Broadway history. The show ended its Broadway run on September 13, 2009, and then reopened Off- Broadway at New World Stages in October 2009.

 Stratford-upon-Avon

ストラトフォード・アポン・エイヴォン (Stratford-upon-Avon) は、イングランド中部のウォ リックシャーにある町。 文豪ウィリアム・シェークスピアの故郷として世界的に知られており、多くの観光客が訪れ る。年間 500,000 人の観光客が訪れる。

 Pulitzer Prize

ピューリッツァー賞（ピューリッツァーしょう、Pulitzer Prize）は、新聞等の印刷報道、 文学、作曲に与えられる米国で最も権威ある賞である。コロンビア大学ジャーナリズム大 学院が、同賞の運営を行っている。 Points p.61 •punctuation (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Punctuation marks are symbols that indicate the structure and organization of written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud. •punctual 1. Acting or arriving exactly at the time appointed; prompt. 2. Paid or accomplished at or by the appointed time. 3. Precise; exact. 4. Confined to or having the nature of a point in space. 5. Linguistics Of, related to, or being the verbal aspect that expresses momentary action or action considered as having no temporal duration. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/punctual) •puncture 1. The act or an instance of puncturing. 2. A hole, cut, or tear created by a sharp object. (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puncture) •Brits (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) A Brit is a citizen or native of the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies or British Overseas Territories. p.62 •orators One who delivers an oration One distinguished for skill and power as a public speaker (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orator) •Victor Borge (cf. Victor Borge[Amazon.com]) Pianist, composer, songwriter, entertainer and actor, educated at Borgerdydskolen and the Conservatory of Copenhagen. He studied with Egon Petri and Frederic Lammond. His concert career began in 1922, and he performed in a musical revue in 1934, and in films by 1937. Arriving in the US in 1940, he made his American radio debut on the Bing Crosby show. He was featured in his own one-man show "Comedy in Music", plus concert appearances throughout the USA and Europe. Joining ASCAP in 1961, he composed "Blue Serenade". (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0096493/bio) •narrative flow The importance of narrative flow •ellipse A curved line forming a closed loop, where the sum of the distances from two points (foci) to every point on the line is constant. (http://www.mathopenref.com/ellipse.html) •Laura Hillenbrand (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Hillenbrand's first book was the acclaimed Seabiscuit: An American Legend (2001), a nonfiction account of the career of the great racehorse Seabiscuit, for which she won the William Hill Sports Book of the Year in 2001. She says she was compelled to tell the story because she "found fascinating people living a story that was improbable, breathtaking and ultimately more satisfying than any story [she'd] ever come across."[1] She first told the story through an essay, "Four Good Legs Between Us," that she sold to American Heritage magazine, and the feedback was positive, so she decided to proceed with a full nonfiction book.[1] Upon the book's release, she received rave reviews for her storytelling and research.[2][3] It was made into the Academy Award nominated film Seabiscuit (2003). Hillenbrand's second book was Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010), a biography of World War II hero Louis Zamperini.[4] Her essays have appeared in The New Yorker, Equus magazine, American Heritage, The Blood-Horse, Thoroughbred Times, The Backstretch, Turf and Sport Digest, and many other publications. Her 1998 American Heritage article on the horse Seabiscuit won the Eclipse Award for Magazine Writing. Hillenbrand is a co-founder of Operation International Children. Chapter 12

P63 ! Canterbury Cathedral One of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and it forms part of a World Heritage Site. It is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury, leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ at Canterbury. ! Simon Cowell An English A&R executive, television producer, entrepreneur, and television personality. He is known in the United Kingdom and United States for his role as a talent judge on TV shows such as Pop Idol, The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent and American Idol. He is also the owner of the television production and music publishing house Syco. ! Lynne Truss An English writer and journalist, best known for her popular book Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation

P64 ! Happy Feet A 2006 Australian-American computer-animated musical family film, directed and co-written by George Miller. It was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros., Village Roadshow Pictures and Kingdom Feature Productions and was released in North American theaters on November 17, 2006. It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller in association with visual effects/design company Animal Logic. ! Ben Montgomery An influential African-American inventor, landowner, and freedman. ! St. Petersburg Times "St. Petersburg Times" redirects here. For the weekly newspaper in Russia, see The St. Petersburg Times. The Tampa Bay Times, previously named the St. Petersburg Times, is an American newspaper published in St. Petersburg, Florida. It is one of two major publications serving the Tampa Bay Area, the other being The Tampa Tribune, which the Times tops in both circulation and readership. The Times has won eight Pulitzer Prizes since 1964, and in 2009, won two in a single year for the first time in the paper's history. In April of 2013, the Tampa Bay Times added a ninth Pulitzer Prize win to their list. It is published by the Times Publishing Company, which is owned by The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, a nonprofit journalism school directly adjacent to the University of South Florida St. Petersburg campus. Many issues are available through Google News Archive. A daily electronic version is also available for the Amazon Kindle and iPad. ! Tampa A city in the U.S. state of Florida. It serves as the county seat for Hillsborough County[11] and is located on the west coast of Florida, on Tampa Bay near the Gulf of Mexico. The population of Tampa in 2011 was 346,037.

P65 ! Virginia Tufte Virginia Tufte is an author and distinguished emerita professor of English at the University of Southern California. Her special fields are Milton, Renaissance poetry, and the history and grammar of English. ! Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style In Artful Sentences: Syntax as Style, Virginia Tufte presents — and comments on — more than a thousand excellent sentences chosen from the works of authors in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

P66 ! F. Scott Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby (his most famous), and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with age and despair.

P67 ! Plant High School A public high school located in Tampa, Florida, United States. It opened in 1927 on South Himes Avenue. The school is named in honor of railroad and hotel tycoon Henry B. Plant. The school mascot is the Panther. The school motto is "Strength Through Unity." Plant High School has an enrollment of more than 2,500 students. p.68

・Serial comma; Oxford comma Series of comma like following; “A, B, C, and D”.

p.69

・Epistemology, Ontology, Metaphysics

Epistemology: study about the way to perceive things precisely (John Locke, Immanuel Kant, etc )

Ontology: study about common property that all existences have (Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre)

Metaphysics: study which try to observe not actual objects, but substance behind the actual objects (Meta=over, Physics= real thing ; Aristotle)

・Blue dart, High cheese, Can of corn (Baseball terms) Blue dart: line drive, liner

High cheese: fly

Can of corn: The fly ball easily caught; The phrase, first used in 1896, makes reference to a long-ago practice where a grocer would use a stick to tip a can of vegetables off a high shelf, then catch it in his hands or outstretched apron. Note: the reason a can of "corn" is referenced and not a can of green beans, pumpkin or spinach is that corn was the best-selling vegetable and so was heavily stocked and on the lowest shelves, making it the easiest of the can "catches" for the grocer. (See Seattle Post Intelligencer -

Sports Answer Guy article)

・Riff, Downbeat, Syncopation RIFF: a phrase which is repeated all the time in one tune DOWNBEAT: even-numbered beat and downbeat is often put accent on Syncopation: a way to connect two beats into one note so that accent changes.

・Runway model（runway: a long and narrow part of stage stretches out into the area where the audience sits）

runway p.70 ・ Rock river in Illinois, Iowa’s Des Moines, Missouri (cf. A map of State Iowa in southern U.S.)

Rock rivers in Illinoi’s

Iowa’s Des Moines, Missouri

p.70-71

・Word, phrase, clauses Phrase is a set of words, word is an expression including

a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence p.71

・Republican The conservative political party in the U.S. ; Democrat party and this one control the congress in U.S.

・Vampire Weekend “Oxford comma”

(Cf. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=P_i1xk07o4g )

14 Use the semicolon as a “swinging gate.” p.72 ●humor, n.(=humour) ●polyp noun A polyp is a small unhealthy growth on a surface inside your body, especially inside your nose. p.73 ●“A Man in Full” (novel published by Tom Wolf in1998) ●two quarters = half dollar ●a dime = one tenth dollar ●nickel = five cent coin ●chronological adjective If things are described or shown in chronological order, they are described or shown in the order in which thy happened. p.74 ●Greil Marcus(1945-), an American author, music journalist and cultural critic ●tapestry noun A tapestry is a large piece of heavy cloth with a picture sewn on it using coloured threads. ●“The Shape of Things to Come”(science fiction published by Hannah Arendt in 1933) ●arbitrariness noun If you describe an action, rule, or decision as arbitrary, you think that it is not based on any principle, plan, or system. It often seems unfair because of this. p.75 ●fainthearted adjective If you describe someone or their behavior as faint(-)hearted, you mean that they are not very confident and do not take strong action because they are afraid of failing. ●Sam Roberts(1974-), a Juno Award-winning Canadian rock singer-songwriter ●The New York Times( published since1851, the third largest newspaper in sales) ●exhortation noun (exhort- formal to try very hard to persuade someone to do something) ●anachronism noun someone or something that seems to belong to the past, not the present ●autobiographical adjective An autobiographical piece of writing relates to events in the life of the person who has written it. p.76 ●DeVere Brody(Jennifer DeVere Brody, a professor in Theater and Performance Studies and an Affiliate in the center for Comparative Studies of Race and Ethnicity(CCSRE)) ●precarious adjective If your situation is precarious, you are no in complete control of events and might fail in what you are doing at any moment. ●Maurya Simon (the author of eight volumes of poetry)

The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

Ch15 P77

! a·mi·go –ga (Spanish) - m. & f. friend

Idioms: amigo íntimo or del alma close friend, bosom buddy

! Blood clots - ! John Anthony Ciardi (/ˈtʃɑrdiː/ CHAR-dee; Italian: [ˈtʃardi]; June 24, 1916 – March 30, 1986) was an American poet, translator, and etymologist. While primarily known as a poet, he also translated Dante's Divine Comedy, wrote several volumes of children's poetry, pursued etymology, contributed to the Saturday Review as a columnist and long-time poetry editor, and directed the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference in Vermont. ! one-two-three writing – subject, verb, and object

P77 ! The colon-separate the title from a subtitle, to separate hours from minutes in a time stamp, to mark the salutation of a letter or a message; can be used to introduce a statement or a quotation, to signal the beginning of a long list, and to highlight a word or a phrase at the end of a sentence

P78 ! San French ! The Homecoming Dance—usually the culminating event of the week (for high schools)—is a formal or informal event, either at the school or an off-campus location. The venue is decorated, and either a disc jockey or band is hired to play music. In many ways, it is a fall prom. Homecoming dances could be informal as well just like standard school dances. At high schools, the homecoming dances are sometimes held in the high school gymnasium or outside in a large field. Home coming dance attire is more casual than prom. Women generally wear knee length dresses with their hair down, and men generally wear a tucked in dress shirt with pants. At prom, women generally wear a more formal gown that goes to the ground with hair up, and men wear tuxedos ! Leftover – The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

! Purina Puppy Chow – dog food

!

! Koran Koran /k"rˈæn kɔːrάːn/

! Lee Earle "James" Ellroy (born March 4, 1948) is an American crime fiction writer and essayist. Ellroy has become known for a telegramatic prose style in his most recent work, wherein he frequently omits connecting words and uses only short, staccato sentences,[1] and in particular for the novels The Black Dahlia (1987), The Big Nowhere (1988), L.A. Confidential (1990), White Jazz (1992), American Tabloid (1995), The Cold Six Thousand (2001), and Blood's a Rover (2009). ! The Gorman job – stymied, quicksand, sludge ! Stymied – stymie – ! Quicksand – ! Sludge – ! The dash-a pair of dashes can be thought in another, a dash can be used for emphasis in Sharp moments when you want to end a sentence with snap ! Truth be told

P79 ! In The Glamour of Grammar, Roy Peter Clark thinks that the dash has two important uses:1. A pair of dashes can be used –like these two- ! To embed one sentence or important thought in another. 2. A dash can be used for emphasis a sharpbmoments when you want to end a sentence with a snap – like this. ! Profligately - The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

! Verlyn Klinkenborg (born 1952 in Meeker, Colorado) is an American non-fiction author and newspaper editor. ! New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/ ! Don FryDon Frye1965 11 23 - UFC 8 Ultimate Ultiate 1996 ! Jim Morrison - James Douglas "Jim" Morrison1943 12 8 - 1971 7 3 100 47 [1][2] Q 100 40 [3]

P80

! A Parenthical after thought (Parenthesis) ! Holden Caulfield is the 16-year-old[1] protagonist of author J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. Since the book's 1951 publication, Holden has become an icon for teenage rebellion and angst, and now stands among the most important characters of 20th-century American literature. The name Holden Caulfield was used in an unpublished short story written in 1942 and first appeared in print in 1945. Although it has been conjectured that J. D. Salinger got the name for Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye when he saw a marquee for Dear Ruth (1947), starring William Holden and Joan Caulfield,[2] Salinger's first Holden Caulfield story, "I'm Crazy," appeared in Collier's on December 22, 1945, a year and a half before this movie came out.[3 ! Steady advance ! Jason Reitman (born October 19, 1977)[1] is a Canadian/American[2] film director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for directing the films Thank You for Smoking (2005), Juno (2007), Up in the Air (2009), and Young Adult (2011). As of February 2, 2010, he has received four Academy Award nominations, two of which are for Best Director. Reitman is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States.

! Up in the Air (I) (2009) 109 min - Drama | Romance - 20 March 2010 (Japan) Ratings: 7.5/10 from 188,562 users Metascore: 83/100 The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

With a job that has him traveling around the country firing people, Ryan Bingham leads an empty life out of a suitcase, until his company does the unexpected: ground him.

P81

! George Timothy Clooney - (1961 5 6 - 3 1 2008 1 31 [1][2][3]1978 1994 1999 ER 2 ER & Mr.1997 1998 1999 2001 11 2002 &2005 2008 2011 2007 2009 2011 2012 2010 2004 Sand and Sorrow [4] ! Step-ping away – step away ! Asterisk! – ! Two dashes to embed one interesting or important thought within another ! A single dash to highlight an element at the end of a sentence

The Glamour of Grammar Chap.17 p.85 Punctuation the marks used to divide a piece of writing into sentences, phrases etc Ideological based on strong beliefs or ideas, especially political or economic ideas Soliloquy a speech in a play in which a character, usually alone on the stage, talks to himself or herself so that the AUDIENCE knows their thoughts Enhance to improve something Narrative

a description of events in a story, especially in a NOVEL Rendering the way an expression, piece of writing etc is translated or explained, or the way an event, situation etc is described p.86 Nobel laureates

someone who has been given an important prize or honour, especially the NOBEL PRIZE Taut bowstring Fabricate to invent a story, piece of information etc in order to deceive someone Disembodied a disembodied sound or voice comes from someone who cannot be seen Strive to make a great effort to achieve something p.87 Michelle Malkin Michelle Malkin (née Maglalang; born October 20, 1970) is an American conservative blogger, political commentator and author.[2][3] Her weekly syndicated column appears in a number of newspapers and websites.[2] She is a Fox News Channel contributor and has been a guest on MSNBC, C-SPAN, and national radio programs. Malkin has written four books published by Regnery Publishing.

18 Use the question mark to generate reader curiosity and narrative energy. p.89 ・T. S. and the Eliots Cf. T. S. Eliot Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic and "one of the twentieth century's major poets. Eliot attracted widespread attention for his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), which is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernist movement. It was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including The Waste Land (1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930) and Four Quartets (1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".

・sock hop The sock hop was an informal sponsored dance at American high schools, typically held in the high school's own gym or cafeteria. The term sock hop came about because dancers were required to remove their hard-soled shoes to protect the varnished floor of the gymnasium. These hops were a cultural feature of the 1950s and early rock and roll. The music was usually records, sometimes presented by a disc jockey. Occasionally there were also live bands. Danny and the Juniors sang "At the Hop" in 1957 which named many popular dances and otherwise documented what happened at a hop. The term record hop is generally synonymous with sock hop.

・the Aardvarks Cf. aardvark The aardvark (/ˈ ɑːrd.vɑːrk/ ARD-vark, Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa.[3] It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata,[4] although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are

known.

・the Beatles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles

・the Doors The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, California, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore and guitarist Robby Krieger. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors)

・Jimi Hendrix James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. Despite a limited mainstream exposure of four years, he is widely considered one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music and one of the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix)

・the Rascals The Rascals (initially known as The Young Rascals) are an American blue-eyed soul group initially active during the years 1965–72. The band released numerous top ten singles in North America during the mid- and late-1960s, including the #1 hits "Good Lovin'" (1966), "Groovin'" (1967), and "People Got to Be Free" (1968), as well as "A Beautiful Morning" (#3 1968) and the lesser-known "A Girl Like You". The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rascals)

・Bryant College Bryant University is a private university, located in Smithfield, Rhode Island, U.S., that grants the degrees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and master's degrees in business, taxation and accounting. Until August 2004, it was known as Bryant College. Bryant comprises the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Business, and is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges and the AACSB International.

・Question Mark and the Mysterians Question Mark and the Mysterians (rendered ? and the Mysterians on the record label) are an American rock and roll band formed in Bay City, Michigan, in 1962. The group took its name from the 1957 Japanese science fiction film The Mysterians, in which aliens from the destroyed planet Mysteroid arrive to conquer Earth, and may have been the first group to be described as punk rock. They were also the first Latino rock band to have a mainstream hit record in the United States with 1966's "96 Tears", which sold over one million copies and won a BMI award for over three million airplays.

・foreshadow to show or say that something will happen in the future: The revolution foreshadowed an entirely new social order.

・the punk rock movement Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed between 1974 and 1976 in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia. Rooted in garage rock and other forms of what is now known as protopunk music, punk rock bands eschewed perceived excesses of mainstream 1970s rock. Punk bands created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic; many bands self-produced recordings and distributed them through informal channels. The term "punk" was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. By late 1976, bands such as the Sex Pistols,The Clash & The Damned in London and Television and the Ramones in New York City were recognized as the vanguard of a new musical movement. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, and it became a major cultural phenomenon in the United Kingdom. For the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment and a variety of anti-authoritarian ideologies. By the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and Oi! had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a broad range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk and the alternative rock movement. At the start of the 21st century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock) p.90 ・James Wood James Douglas Graham Wood (born 1 November 1965 in Durham, England) is an English literary critic, essayist and novelist. As of 2010 he is Professor of the Practice of Literary Criticism at Harvard University (a part-time position) and a staff writer at The New Yorker magazine. He is among the most influential popular figures in American letters.

・metaphor a way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thing: She uses some wonderful images and metaphors in her writing.

・resuscitate to make someone breathe again or become conscious after they have almost died

・nifty something that is nifty is good because it is clever, skilful, or effective

・inadequacy a feeling that you are not as good, clever, skilled etc as other people

・rhetorical question a question that you ask as a way of making statement, without expecting an answer

・envision to imagine something that you think might happen in the future, especially something that you think will be good

・interrogation a large number of questions that you ask someone for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats p.91 ・Socratic questions Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics) is disciplined questioning that can be used to pursue thought in many directions and for many purposes, including: to explore complex ideas, to get to the truth of things, to open up issues and problems, to uncover assumptions, to analyze concepts, to distinguish what we know from what we don't know, to follow out logical implications of thought, or to control the discussion. The key to distinguishing Socratic questioning from questioning per se is that Socratic questioning is systematic, disciplined, and deep, and usually focuses on fundamental concepts, principles, theories, issues, or problems. Socratic questioning is referred to in teaching, and has gained currency as a concept in education particularly in the past two decades. Teachers, students, or indeed anyone interested in probing thinking at a deep level can and should construct Socratic questions and engage in these questions.

・anti-Semitism hatred of Jewish people

・mortality the condition of being human and having to die

・deign to do something that you thing you are really too important to do － often used humorously

・pee to pass liquid waste from your body

・Harry Potter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter p.92 ・bluesy bluesy music is slow and slow, like blues

・the Cubs The Chicago Cubs are a professional baseball team located in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of Major League Baseball's National League. The Cubs are one of the two remaining charter members of the National League (the other being the Atlanta Braves) and one of two active major league clubs based in Chicago, the other being the Chicago White Sox of the American League. The team is currently owned by a family trust of TD Ameritrade founder Joe Ricketts. The Cubs have not won the World Series in 104 years, the longest championship drought of any major North American professional sports team, and are often referred to as the "Lovable Losers" because of this distinction. They are also known as "The North Siders" because Wrigley Field, their home park since 1916, is located in Chicago's north side Lake View community at 1060 West Addison Street (as opposed to their crosstown rivals, the Chicago White Sox, who play on the city's South Side).

・Barry Bonds Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24, 1964) is an American former baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). In a career spanning 1986 to 2007, Bonds played his first seven seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates before spending 15 years with the San Francisco Giants. He is the son of former major league All-Star Bobby Bonds. A 14-time All-Star and 8-time Gold Glove Award-winner, Bonds is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all-time. He won the National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Award seven times, including four consecutively, both of which are records. Bonds holds many other MLB records, including most career home runs (762), most home runs in a single season (73, set in 2001), most career walks (2,558), and most career intentional walks (688). Bonds led a controversial career, notably as a central figure in baseball's steroids scandal. In 2007, he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the government's investigation of BALCO, by testifying that he never knowingly took any illegal steroids. The trial began March 21, 2011; he was convicted on April 13, 2011 on the obstruction of justice charge. Despite his baseball accomplishments, Bonds was not elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility on the ballot.

・Michael Jackson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson

・Sonia Nazario, “Enrique’s Journey” Sonia Nazario has written about social issues for more than two decades, most recently as a projects reporter for the Los Angeles Times. She holds the distinctions of winning the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing,[1] and of being the youngest writer to be hired by the Wall Street Journal. In 2006 Nazario published a book, Enrique's Journey, which significantly expanded her newspaper series. It became a national bestseller and won two book awards. It has been published in eight languages and has been adopted by 54 universities and scores of high schools nationwide as their "freshman read" or "all-campus read." In the fall of 2010, it was the second most-chosen book for freshman or all-campus reads at universities across the country.

・perilous very dangerous

・odyssey a long journey with a lot of adventures or difficulties

・sovereignty 1 complete freedom and power to govern 2 the power that an independent country has to govern itself

・transparency the quality of glass, plastic etc that makes it possible for you to see through it

・aphorism a short phrase that contains a wise idea

Part two Points 19 Reclaim the exclamation point p.94 ! Elmore Leonard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Leonard ! IBM personal computers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer

p.95 ! Laurence Sterne ! Plot diagram

! LSD(lysergic acid diethylamide) ! Seinfeld

20 Master the elliptical art of leaving things out p.98 •ellipsis Pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪpsɪs/ noun (plural ellipses /-siːz/)  the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues: it is very rare for an ellipsis to occur without a linguistic antecedent [mass noun]:an example of ellipsis  a set of dots (...) indicating an ellipsis. Origin: mid 16th century: via Latin from Greek elleipsis, from elleipein 'leave out' Grammar The omission of one or more words in order to avoid repetition. It is often done by replacing a complete verb phrase by an auxiliary verb. Other clause components can also be omitted. Ellipsis is frequently used: with contrasting subjects, objects, or adverbials: You’ve got more use for it than I have. instead of You’ve got more use for it than I have use for it. with the verbs be and have: I was sure it would be worth the effort of breaking them in — and it was. instead of I was sure it would be worth the effort of breaking them in — and it was worth the effort of breaking them in. with modal auxiliary verbs like should or could: Two of them disappeared without trace as fast as they could. instead of Two of them disappeared without trace as fast as they could disappear without trace.

•Writing Tools Book Description WRITING TOOLS covers everything from the most basic ("Tool 5: Watch those adverbs") to the more complex ("Tool 34: Turn your notebook into a camera") and provides more than 200 examples from literature and journalism to illustrate the concepts. For students, aspiring novelists, and writers of memos, e-mails, PowerPoint presentations, and love letters, here are 50 indispensable, memorable, and usable tools.

• Francis X. Clines Francis X Clines, National Politics, Congress, Campaign Finance Before joining the editorial board in 2002, Francis X. Clines spent 40 years as a reporter for The Times on the city, national and foreign news staffs. His assignments ranged from City Hall to Appalachia, from Ireland to Uzbekistan, from the Reagan White House to Communism's last stand in the Kremlin. Born in Brooklyn, N.Y., he won the Meyer Berger Award for his "About New York" columns, as well as a Polk Award for coverage of the collapse of the Soviet Union. p.99 • New York Times The New York Times (or NYT) is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18, 1851. It has won 112 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other news organization.[3][4] Its website is America's most popular news site, receiving more than 30 million unique visitors per month.[5] The paper's print version remains the largest local metropolitan newspaper in the United States and third-largest newspaper overall, behind The Wall Street Journal and USA Today. Following industry trends, its weekday circulation has fallen to fewer than one million daily since 1990.[6] Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The Times is long regarded within the industry as a national "newspaper of record".[7] It is owned by The New York Times Company, publisher of 18 other newspapers including the International Herald Tribune and The Boston Globe. The company's chairman is Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., whose family has controlled the paper since 1896.[

• vampire novel Vampire literature covers the spectrum of literary work concerned principally with the subject of vampires. The literary vampire first appeared in 18th century poetry, before becoming one of the stock figures of gothic fiction with the publication of Polidori's The Vampyre (1819), which was inspired by the life and legend of Lord Byron. Later influential works include the penny dreadful Varney the Vampire (1847); Sheridan Le Fanu's tale of a lesbian vampire, Carmilla (1872) and the masterpiece of the genre: Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897). In later years, vampire stories have diversified into areas of crime, fantasy, science fiction or even chick-lit. While fanged revenants are the norm, newer representations include aliens and even plants with vampiric abilities. Others feed on energy, rather than blood.

• Fledgling Fledgling is a science fiction vampire novel by American writer Octavia Butler, published in 2005.[

• Octavia Butler Octavia Estelle Butler, often referred to as the “grand dame of science fiction,” was born in Pasadena, California on June 22, 1947. She received an Associate of Arts degree in 1968 from Pasadena Community College, and also attended California State University in Los Angeles and the University of California, Los Angeles. During 1969 and 1970, she studied at the Screenwriter’s Guild Open Door Program and the Clarion Science Fiction Writers’ Workshop, where she took a class with science fiction master Harlan Ellison (who later became her mentor), and which led to Butler selling her first science fiction stories.

• The Long Fall of One-Eleven Heavy ABSTRACT Deals with the crash of Swiss Air flight 111 en route from New York to Geneva. Number of its passengers; Photographs of the plane's wreckage; Details on the final moments of flight 111; Monument erected in Saint Margaret's Bay in memorial to flight 111; Efforts of the medical examiner John Butt to identify the crash's victims.

• Michael Paterniti Michael Paterniti is a longtime GQ correspondent and an eight-time National Magazine Award nominee. He is the author of Driving Mr. Albert: A Trip Across America with Einstein's Brain (Dial Press, 2000) and The Telling Room: A Tale of Love, Betrayal, Revenge, and the World's Greatest Piece of Cheese (Dial Press, 2013). p.100 • The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion for the beautiful Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Jazz Age that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream.[1] p.101 • Moses ; Modern Moshe Tiberian Mōšéh ISO 259-3 Moše , מֹשֶׁה :Moses (Hebrew Mūsā ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an, and Baha'i ﻣوﺳﻰ :Arabic scripture, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in , ַר ֵבּנוּ מֹשֶׁה) Judaism;[1][2] he is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.

• I am who am Moses at the Burning Bush …13Then Moses said to God, "Behold, I am going to the sons of Israel, and I will say to them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you.' Now they may say to me, 'What is His name?' What shall I say to them?" 14God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM"; and He said, "Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel, 'I AM has sent me to you.'" 15God, furthermore, said to Moses, "Thus you shall say to the sons of Israel, 'The LORD, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.' This is My name forever, and this is My memorial-name to all generations.…

• four letters Hebrew: another meaning of "four-letter word" (in Greek, tetragrammaton) commonly) ה-ו-ה-י ,is the Hebrew name of the Abrahamic God, that is transliterated as "YHWH", "Yahweh", and "Jehovah"), which many practicing Jews do not speak aloud and protect when written (see Geniza). It is an example of the quadriliteral words of Hebrew.

• tetragrammaton The term tetragrammaton (from Greek τετραγράμματον, meaning "four transliterated to the ( יהוה :letters")[1][2] refers to the Hebrew theonym (Hebrew Latin letters YHWH. It may be derived from the verb that means "to be",[1] and is considered in Judaism to be the proper name of the God of Israel used in the Hebrew Bible. While YHWH is the usual transliteration of the tetragrammaton in English academic studies, the alternatives YHVH, JHVH and JHWH are also used.[3][4] The most widely accepted pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) is Yahweh, though Jehovah is used in many Bibles, but in few modern ones. The Samaritans understood the pronunciation for the Tetragrammaton to be iabe. Some patristic sources give evidence to a Greek pronunciation iao.[5] As religiously observant Jews are forbidden to say or write the Tetragrammaton in full, when reading the Torah they use the term Adonai.[5] And although most Christians have no prohibition on vocalizing the Tetragrammaton, in most Christian translations of the Bible, "LORD" is used in place of the Tetragrammaton, after the Hebrew Adonai, and is often written with small capitals (or in all caps) to distinguish it from other words translated as "Lord".

• YHWH Yahweh A name of the Hebrew God, represented in Hebrew by the tetragrammaton Yod Heh Vav Heh), transliterated into Roman script Y H W) יהוה ("four letters") H. Because it was considered blasphemous to utter the name of God it was only written and never spoken. This resulted in the original pronunciation being הוה lost. The name may have originally been derived from the old Semitic root (hawah) meaning "to be" or "to become".

• JHVH a vocalization of the ,יְהֹוָה Jehovah /dʒɨˈhoʊvə/ is a Latinization of the Hebrew YHWH), the proper name of the God of Israel in the) יהוה Tetragrammaton Hebrew Bible, which has also been transcribed as "Yehowah" or "Yahweh".[

• Merl Reagle Merl Reagle (born January 5, 1950, Audubon, New Jersey)[2] is an American crossword constructor. He is known for his creative and humorous themes.[3][4] Since 1985, he has constructed a puzzle every Sunday for the San Francisco Chronicle (originally the San Francisco Examiner), which he syndicates to over 50 Sunday newspapers,[5] including the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Seattle Times, The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), the Hartford Courant, the New York Observer, and the Arizona Daily Star. Reagle also produces a bimonthly crossword puzzle for the AARP magazine and puzzles for the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament. 21 Reach into the “upper case” to unleash the power of names. p.103 capital, caps 1 of 2() of 3 in capitals 4 5 6 7

uppercase u.c.; cf. lowercase, capital p.104 On Boxing by Joyce Carol Oates Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16, 1938) is an American author. Oates published her first book in 1963 and has since published over forty novels, as well as a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction. She has won many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award,[1] for her novel them (1969), twoO. Henry Awards, and the National Humanities Medal. Her novels Black Water(1992), What I Lived For (1994), and Blonde(2000) were nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.

Oates has taught at Princeton Universitysince 1978 and is currently the Roger S. Berlind '52 Professor in the Humanities with the Program in Creative Writing.[2] She expects to teach her last Princeton writing seminar in the fall of 2014, and to formally retire from teaching the following July.[3]

p.105

Cracker Jack Cracker Jack is an American brand of snack consisting of molasses-flavored candy-coated popcorn and peanuts, well known for being packaged with a prize of nominal value inside. Some food historians consider it the first junk food.[1] Cracker Jack is famous for its connection to baseball lore. Shredded Wheat Shredded wheat is a breakfast cereal made from whole wheat. As of January 2010, it was available in three sizes — bite sized (¾×1 in), miniature (nearly half the size of the bite-sized pieces), and original. Both smaller sizes are available in a frosted variety, which has one side coated with sugar and usually gelatin. Some manufacturers have produced "filled" versions of the bite-size cereal containing a raisin at the centre, or apricot, blueberry, raspberry or cranberry filling.

In the United States, shredded wheat is most heavily advertised and marketed by Post Holdings, which acquired the product in 1993 through its parent company, Kraft Foods, buying it from its long-time producer Nabisco. Kellogg's sells eight varieties of miniature, or bite-sized, shredded wheat cereal. Natural and organic manufacturer Barbara's Bakery makes an all-natural version of shredded wheat. In the United Kingdom (UK), the Shredded Wheat brand is owned by Cereal Partners, a Nestlé/General Mills company, although there are many generic versions and variants by different names. It was first made in the United States in 1893, while UK production began in 1926. p.106 St. Paul’s Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral, London, is a Church of England cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits at the top of Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.[1] The present church, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed within Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding program which took place in the city after the Great Fire of London.[2] The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London, with its dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City churches, dominating the skyline for 300 years.[3] At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is also among the highest in the world. In terms of area, St Paul's is the second largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.

St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English population.[4] It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as postcard images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz.[4] Important services held at St Paul's include the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services. Buffalo Bill The Buffalo Bills are a professional footballteam based in Buffalo, New York. They are members of the East Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships, and are the only NFL team to play in four consecutive Super Bowl games, all of which they lost. They have had one owner, Ralph Wilson, and in their fifty-three years of existence, they have featured many prominent and popular players, includingJack Kemp, Cookie Gilchrist, Bob Kalsu, O.J. Simpson, Bruce Smith, Jim Kelly, Thurman Thomas, and Andre Reed.

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈft]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.

Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[1] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[2] He was appointed a university lecturer in neuropathology in 1885 and became a professor in 1902.

In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst,[3] Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association (in which patients report their thoughts without reservation and in whichever order they spontaneously occur) and discovered transference (the process in which patients displace on to their analysts feelings derived from their childhood attachments), establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud’s redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex, part of his drive theory, as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His rejection of his earlier seduction theory, attributing his patients' neurosis to trauma, often sexual and violent in nature, in favour of his drive theory, claiming that patients' memories of abuse were actually fantasies, stemming from their own sexual and destructive drives, has been the cause of great controversy concerning Freud's work, and has led to the questioning of the validity of his psychoanalytical theory, or indeed, to its rejection.[4][5][6][7] His analysis of his own and his patients' dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the clinical analysis of symptom formation and the mechanisms of repression as well as for elaboration of his theory of the unconscious as an agency disruptive of conscious states of mind.[8] Freud postulated the existence of libido, an energy with which mental processes and structures are invested and which generates erotic attachments, and a death drive, the source of repetition, hate, aggression and neurotic guilt.[9] In his later work Freud drew on psychoanalytic theory to develop a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture.

Psychoanalysis remains influential within psychotherapy, within some areas of psychiatry, and across the humanities. As such it continues to generate extensive debate with regard to its therapeutic efficacy, its scientific status and as to whether it advances or is detrimental to the feminist cause.[10] Freud's work has, nonetheless, suffused contemporary thought and popular culture to the extent that in 1939 W. H. Auden wrote, in a poem dedicated to him: "to us he is no more a person / now but a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives".[11]

Totem and Taboo Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics (German: Totem und Tabu: Einige Übereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden und der Neurotiker) is a 1913 book by Sigmund Freud. It is a collection of four essays first published in the journal Imago (1912–13) employing the application of psychoanalysis to the fields of archaeology, anthropology, and the study of religion: "The Horror of Incest"; "Taboo and Emotional Ambivalence"; "Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thoughts"; and "The Return of Totemism in Childhood".[1] Géza Róheim considered Totem and Taboo one of the great landmarks in the history of anthropology, comparable only to Edward Burnett Tylor's Primitive Culture and Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Bough.[2] René Girard comments that, "Contemporary criticism is almost unanimous in finding unacceptable the theories set forth in Totem and Taboo," and that, "Everyone seems intent on covering Totem and Taboo with obloquy and condemning it to oblivion." Girard views the work differently, noting that Freud's concept of collective murder is close to the themes of his own work.[3]

The glamour of grammar by Roy Peter Clark

Standards p111 ・Noam Chomsky From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Avram Noam Chomsky (/ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski/; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher,[9][10] cognitive scientist, logician,[11][12] and political commentator and activist. Working for most of his life at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus, he has authored over 100 books on various subjects. Born to a middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish family in Philadelphia, Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from relatives in New York City. Later undertaking studies in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, where he obtained his BA, MA, and PhD, from 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to Harvard University's Society of Fellows. In 1955 he began work at MIT, becoming a significant figure in the field of linguistics for his publications and lectures on the subject. In 1967 he gained public attention for his vocal opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, coming to be associated with the New Left, and being arrested on multiple occasions for his anti-war activism. Expanding his linguistics work over subsequent decades, with Edward S. Herman he developed the propaganda model of media criticism. Following his retirement from active teaching, he continued his vocal public criticisms, praising the Occupy movement. He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, and the Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem. Chomsky is also well known as a political activist, and a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, state capitalism, and the mainstream news media. Ideologically, he aligns himself with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism. Highly influential, between 1980 and 1992, Chomsky was cited within the field of Arts and Humanities more often than any other living scholar, and eighth overall within the Arts and Humanities Citation Index during the same period.[13][14][15][16] He has been described as a prominent cultural figure, and was voted the "world's top public intellectual" in a 2005 poll.[17] Chomsky has also been described as the "father of modern linguistics"[18][19] and a major figure of analytic philosophy.[9] His work has influenced fields such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, logic, mathematics, music theory and analysis, political science, programming language theory and psychology.

・descriptive 1 記述的な，叙述的な，記事体の. 用例 descriptive grammar [linguistics] 記述文法[言語学]. 2【叙述的用法の形容詞】 〔+of+(代)名〕〔…を〕叙述して，描写して. 用例 That misunderstanding is descriptive of the inadequacy of the arrangement. その誤解は打ち合わせの不十分さを物語っている.

・prescriptive a 規定する; 指令を与える. b【文法】 規範的な. 用例 prescriptive grammar 規範文法. 2【法律, 法学】 時効取得された; 慣例による.

・proviso (《複数形》 provisos，provisoes) 〈…という〉ただし書き，条件 〈that〉. 用例 You can borrow this book, with the proviso that you return it within a week. 1 週間以内に返すという条件付きならこの本を貸してあげます. ［ラテン語 ‘it being provided (that)' の意; 【形容詞】 provisory］

・impunity 【名詞】【不可算名詞】 刑罰[害，損失]を受けない[免れる]こと 《★通例次の成句で》.

不可算名詞としての「impunity」のイディオムやフレーズ with impúnity The Glamour of Grammar Chapter 23

George Orwell (1901~1950) イギリスの作家。植民地時代のインド生まれ。 代表作は、『１９８４年』、『政治と英語』、『カタロニア讃歌』 Homage to Catalonia。 『政治と英語』では、当時の英語の書き言葉の不正確さを批判。『カタロニア讃歌』では、 スペイン内戦での人民戦線派の義勇軍への従軍体験を描いた。 hickory ヒッコリー クルミ科の木。果実はぺガンといい、食用にされる。材は、重厚で強度に優れ。衝撃吸収 力が大きく、家具やスキー板に使用される。 lei レイ ハワイにおいて、花などを用いて作られ首にかけられる装飾品。 principal parts 文法動詞の活用主要部（不定詞・過去形・過去分詞形・現在分詞形） Transitive verbs 他動詞 Intransitive verbs 自動詞 Gorgeous George George Raymond Wagner (１９１５～１９５０)のリング名。アメリカのプロレス ラー。１９４０年代、１９５０年代のアメリカ合衆国で絶大な人気を誇った。 24 Avoid the “trap” of subject-verb disagreement. p117 ・prostitute someone, especially a woman, who earns money by having sex with people

・loony silly, crazy, or strange

・psychiatrist a doctor trained in the treatment of mental illness

・laughingstock an object of ridicule

・proofread to read through something that is written or printed in order to correct any mistakes in it

・relative pronoun a pronoun such as 'who', 'which', or 'that' by which a relative clause is connected to the rest of the sentence

・The Robe (cf. The Robe) The Robe is a 1942 historical novel about the Crucifixion of Jesus written by Lloyd C. Douglas. The book was one of the best-selling titles of the 1940s. It entered the New York Times Best Seller list in October 1942, and four weeks later rose to No. 1. It held the position for nearly a year. The Robe remained on the list for another two years, returning several other times over the next several years including when the movie version was released in 1953.

・foolhardy taking stupid and unnecessary risks [= reckless]: a foolhardy attempt to capture more territory

・majesty 1 used when talking to or about a king or queen [↪ Your/Her/His Highness]: The Prime Minister is here to see you, Your Majesty. His Majesty the King 2 [uncountable] the quality that something big has of being impressive, powerful, or beautiful majesty of the pure majesty of the Alps p118 ・knickknacks a small trivial article usually intended for ornament

・Julie Andrews (cf. Julie Andrews) Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (born 1 October 1935)[1] is a British film and stage actress, singer, author, theatre director, and dancer. She is the recipient of Academy Award, Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Grammy Award, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, Kennedy Center Honors and Screen Actors Guild award. In 2000, she was made a Dame for services to the performing arts by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace, England.

・Highland Recreation Complex (cf. Highland Recreation Complex)

・squadron a military force consisting of a group of aircraft or ships p119 ・Ben Yagoda (cf. Ben Yagoda) Ben Yagoda (born 22 February 1954) is a writer and educator. He is a professor of journalism and English at the University of Delaware.

・Pimp My Ride (cf. Pimp My Ride) Pimp My Ride is a TV show produced by MTV. Each episode consists of taking one car in poor condition and restoring it, as well as customizing it. The original American version was hosted by rapper Xzibit (one episode featured guest host Chamillionaire). Recently, MTV2 has begun airing episodes from Pimp My Ride UK hosted by DJ Tim Westwood, which features cars being customised in the UK, and Pimp My Ride International, featuring cars in central Europe, hosted by hip hop artists Fat Joe and Lil' Jon, as well as the related CMT series Trick My Truck.

・allude formal to mention something or someone indirectly: Rick didn't want to discuss his past, though he alluded darkly to 'some bad things that happened.'

・MTV series (cf. MTV) MTV (originally an initialism of Music Television) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by the MTV Networks Music & Logo Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel is headquartered in New York City, New York. Launched on August 1, 1981,[2] the original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by television personalities known as "video jockeys," or VJs.[3] In its early years, MTV's main target demographic were young adults, but today, MTV's programming is primarily targeted at adolescents in addition to young adults. MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the U.S. and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. MTV's influence on its audience, including issues related to censorship and social activism, has been a subject of debate for years.

・posse 1 informal a group of the same kind of people posse of I was surrounded by a posse of photographers. 2 a group of men gathered together by a sheriff (=local law officer) in the US in past times help catch a criminal 3 American English informal a) someone's group of friends - used especially by young people b) a group of friends from a particular place who share an interest in rap, hip-hop, or house music [= massive British English]

・jalopy (old-fashioned) a very old car in bad condition

・awe-inspiring causing or worthy of admiration or respect; amazing or magnificent

・velvet a type of expensive cloth with a soft surface on one side

・LCD screen (cf. LCD screen) A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.

・soporific making you feel ready to sleep

・self-conscious 1 worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you self-conscious about Jerry's pretty self-conscious about his weight. 2 self-conscious art, writing etc shows that the artist etc is paying too much attention to how the public will react to their work —self-consciously adverb: The boys posed rather self-consciously for the photo.

・pernicious very harmful or evil, often in a way that you do not notice easily

・Chicago Manual of Style (cf. Chicago Manual of Style) The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMS or CMOS (the version used on its website), or verbally as Chicago) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its sixteen editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing. It is "one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States."[1] The CMS deals with aspects of editorial practice, from American English grammar and usage to document preparation. p120 ・agita a feeling of agitation or anxiety

・motel a hotel for people who are travelling by car, where you can park your car outside your room

・Magic 8 Ball (cf. Magic 8 Ball) The Magic 8 Ball is a toy used for fortune-telling or seeking advice, manufactured by Mattel.

The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

PART TWENTY-FIVE

Words

P.121

Alabama (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama ) Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. At 1,300 miles (2,100 km), Alabama has one of the longest navigable inland waterways in the nation.

chancellor (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor ) Chancellor is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery. The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in all kinds of settings (government, education, religion etc.).

aesthetics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics ) Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste. More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature." More specific aesthetic theory, often with practical implications, relating to a particular branch of the arts is divided into areas of aesthetics such as art theory, literary theory, film theory and music theory.

antecedent (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent ) An antecedent is a preceding event, condition, cause, phrase, or word.

P.125

thou (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thou ) The word thou (/ða/ in most dialects) is a second person singular pronoun in English. It is now largely archaic, having been replaced in almost all contexts by you. It is used in parts of Northern England and by Scots (/ðu/). Thou is the nominative form; the oblique/objective form is thee (functioning as both accusative and dative), and the possessive is thy or thine. When thou is the grammatical subject of a finite verb in the indicative mood, the verb form ends on t, most often with the ending -(e)st (e.g., "thou goest"; "thou dost"), but in some cases just -t (e.g., "thou art"; "thou shalt"). In Middle English, thou was sometimes abbreviated by putting a small "u" over the letter thorn: þͧ.

P.126

Travis Stanton Harry Dean Stanton (born July 14, 1926) is an American actor, musician, and singer. Stanton's career has spanned over fifty years, which has seen him star in such films as Paris, Texas, Kelly's Heroes, Dillinger, Alien, Repo Man, Pretty In Pink, The Last Temptation of Christ, Wild at Heart, The Green Mile and The Pledge. In the late 2000s, he played a recurring role in the HBO television series Big Love.

Susan Stanton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Stanton ) Susan Ashley Stanton (born Steven B. Stanton in 1959) was the city manager of Largo, Florida, until her job termination. She was city manager of Lake Worth, Florida from 2009 until her termination in December 2011. She grew up in the Catskills of New York. Stanton was married to Donna Becker and they have a teenaged son named Travis. Stanton became the subject of national and international media attention in February 2007 after disclosing that she is transgender pursuing sex reassignment, leading Largo city commissioners to initiate the process of ending her contract as city manager, a decision which Stanton was appealing.

blasphemy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy ) Blasphemy is the act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence for a religious deity, irreverence towards religious or holy persons or things, or toward something considered sacred or inviolable. Some countries have laws to punish religious blasphemy, while others have laws that allow those who are offended by blasphemy to punish blasphemers. Those laws may condone penalties or retaliation for blasphemy under the labels of blasphemous libel, expression of opposition, or "villification," of religion or of some religious practices, religious insult, or hate speech. 26 Place Modifiers where they belong p.128 • Ben Bernanke From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ben Shalom Bernanke[1] (/bərˈnæŋki/, bər-NANG-kee;[2] born December 13, 1953) is an American economist and currently chairman of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States. During his tenure as chairman, Bernanke has overseen the Federal Reserve's response to the late-2000s financial crisis. Before becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002, when he went on public service leave. From 2002 until 2005, he was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, proposed the Bernanke Doctrine, and first discussed "the Great Moderation"—the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy, particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations, diminishing the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy. Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush appointed him on February 1, 2006, to be chairman of the United States Federal Reserve. Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28, 2010, after being re-nominated by President Barack Obama. p.129 • shin shin /ʃɪn/ noun [C] the front part of your leg between your knee and your foot

• cleats cleats /kliːt/ noun [C] [plural] American English a pair of sports shoes with these pieces attached to them, in order to prevent someone from slipping [↪ spikes]

• prose prose /prəʊz/ noun [U] written language in its usual form, as opposed to poetry

• dutiful dutiful /ˈdjuːtɪfʊl, -f(ə)l/ adjective doing what you are expected to do and behaving in a loyal and obedient way

• aka aka /eɪkeɪˈeɪ/ abbreviation also known as used when giving someone or something's real name together with a different name they are known by

• condemn condemn /kənˈdɛm/ verb to state officially that something is not safe enough to be used

• syntax syntax /ˈsɪntaks/ noun [U] the way words are arranged to form sentences or phrases, or the rules of grammar which control this

• hence hence /hɛns/ adverb formal for this reason

• greedy greedy /ˈgriːdi/ adjective always wanting more food, money, power, possessions etc than you need p.130 • complacent complacent /kəmˈpleɪs(ə)nt/ adjective showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one’s achievements

• proximity proximity /prɒkˈsɪmɪti/ noun nearness in space, time, or relationship CHAPTER27 Help the learn what is “essential” and “nonessential.” p131 ablativethe form that a noun, a pronoun or an adjective can take to show, for example, who or what something is done by or where something comes from

conjugate to give the different forms of a verb, as they vary according to number, person, tense, etc.

apposition the use of a noun phrase immediately after another noun phrase that refers to the same person or thing

ameliorationto make something better

auxiliary a verb such as be, do and have used with main verbs to show tense, etc. and to form questions and negatives ex)In the question ‘Do you know where he has gone?’, ‘do’ and ‘has’ are auxiliaries.

terminology [uncountable] words used with particular meanings

girdle a piece of women's underwear that fits closely around the body from the waist to the top of the legs, designed to make a woman look thinner p132 Irish pub http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-irish-pub.htm

croissant a small sweet roll with a curved shape, eaten especially at breakfast p133 fact cheker A fact checker is a common job position in the journalism and publishing industries. A fact checker is responsible for verifying all of the facts presented in an article in a magazine, newspaper, or online article, among other forms of print and media journalism.

John McPhee His writing career began at Time magazine and led to his long association with The New Yorker, where he has been a staff writer since 1965. http://us.macmillan.com/author/johnmcphee

Bud Budweiser. a pale lager produced by Anheuser–Busch InBev. Introduced in 1876 by Adolphus Busch it has grown to become one of the highest selling beers in the United States, and is available in over 80 markets worldwide p134 Bruce Springsteen http://brucespringsteen.net/ p135

. Winston cf.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston(cigarette)

Winston cigarettes are manufactured by R. J. Reynolds

Tobacco Company or its newer incarnation as RJR

Nabisco and its affiliates.

.Johnny Carson cf.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Carson

John William "Johnny" Carson (October 23, 1925 –

January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known for thirty years as host of The Tonight

Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992).

.Troy Percival cf.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Percival

Troy Eugene Percival (born August 9, 1969) is a retired

Major League Baseball pitcher

p136

.Patricia T.O’Conner

Patricia T. O'Conner is a senior copy editor at The New

York Times Book Review who has written guest columns for William Safire. She has also conducted a grammar course for Times employees. p137

.Philip K.Howard cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Howard

Philip K. Howard (born 1948), is an American lawyer and writer. Based in New York, Howard is a noted commentator on the effects of modern law and bureaucracy on human behavior and the workings of society. He is the Founder and Chair of Common Good, a nonpartisan, nonprofit legal reform coalition which is proposing a broad overhaul of American law and government.

29 Be certain about the uncertain subjunctive and other “moody” subjects. p.138 •subjunctive mood The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a command, a wish, a suggestion or a condition that is contrary to fact. A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a different form to one with the same subject which is not in the subjunctive mood. (http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/subjunctive_mood.ht m) •The Secret Sex lives of Romeo and Juliet (cf. The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet[Amazon.com]) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A 1969 sexploitation film written by Jim Schumacher based very loosely on the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. Produced by Harry Novak and directed by Bethel Buckalew (aka Peter Perry and A. P. Stootsberry). p.139 •indicative mood The mood of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, asking a question. (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/indicmoodterm.htm) •imperative mood The form of the verb that makes direct commands and requests. (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/impermood.htm) •interrogative mood The mood of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, asking a question. (The mood of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, asking a question.) (http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/indicmoodterm.htm) •War and Peace (Free Ebook) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia War and Peace (Pre-reform Russian: «Война и миръ», Voyna i mir) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature.[1][2][3] It is considered Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873–1877).

War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version of the novel, then known as The Year 1805,[4] were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869.[5] Newsweek in 2009 ranked it first in its list of the Top 100 Books.[6] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 20 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[7]

Tolstoy himself, somewhat enigmatically, said of War and Peace that it was "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle". Large sections of the work, especially in the later chapters, are philosophical discussion rather than narrative.[8] He went on to elaborate that the best Russian literature does not conform to standard norms and hence hesitated to call War and Peace a novel. (Instead, Tolstoy regarded Anna Karenina as his first true novel.) •Wall Street Journal (Japanese) p.140 •CNN(Japanese) The glamour of grammar by Roy Peter Clark ύύ P148

31 Show what is literal and what is figurative

Jack McCallum (cf. Wikipedia: Jack McCallum)

P149 Christopher Buckley (cf. Wikipedia: Christopher

Buckley) only one son of

William F. Buckley Jr.(cf. Wikipedia: William Frank

Buckley Jr.)

Socratic dialogue(cf. Plato)

“Socratic dialogue” is what makes them so breathtakingly insightful and profitable. They reflect reality: you know, that place where we keep thinking we understand things only to discover that we were thinking like mere neophytes, that place where we live. But you can't conclude from this that Socrates/Plato didn't believe in anything. On the contrary, it was their conviction that truth was knowable that compelled them to contend with the Sophists, who believed that truth was relative or unknowable. They were so confident that the truth was knowable that they developed strategies for discovering it, and these strategies have proven to be stunningly effective. The post-enlightenment world, however, does not believe that the truth can be known. As a result, they don't teach the tools of the classical tradition, the lost tools of learning, as Dorothy Sayers called them. Socrates was aware that people were not open to the truth and that they had many barriers to reaching it. He knew that we all spend most of our time living in error. So he developed a procedure by which he was able to rise from error himself and to raise others from error as well. It has come to be called Socratic Method, though I think that Socrates would not agree that there is a "method" being followed. His approach, when fully realized, passes through two stages, which are most clearly demonstrated in the passage in the Meno when he teaches geometry to an ignorant slave boy. The first stage is what we can appropriately call by a modern term: deconstruction. During this stage, Socrates asks questions that help the disciple see the contradictions and inadequacies in his opinion. If the disciple is willing to accept the obvious, then he will say those magic words: I don't know. He has reached what Plato calls "metanoia," which is the Biblical word for repentance and means "to turn around." When you know you are ignorant, you are now teachable. Socrates now begins the second stage of his teaching, which he calls remediation. Now he will guide the student to "remedy his ignorance." As the goal in the first stage was to demonstrate the disharmony of the student's thought (contradictions, inconsistencies, etc.), the goal of the second stage is to restore harmony on a more solid foundation. Underlying this "method" were at least four Socratic convictions. First, truth is. Second, truth is knowable. Third, truth can be discovered. And fourth, truth is ultimately one, in the sense that all things fit together into a harmonious symphony of being. The sophists denied each of these convictions. For them, there was no truth, and if there was, you couldn't know it, and if you could, you couldn't communicate it to another person. Consequently, there is no harmony of being to guide our inquiry. You have your truth and I have mine. The late 19th century saw the wide spread triumph of the Sophist in the American school. Whereas Socrates tried to deconstruct in order to bring healing, the Sophist and the modern goes in a very different direction. He also has two stages, but they are ugly. Socrates sought to expose contradictions. The Modern Sophist seeks to debunk. Socrates sought to bring healing by remediating his disciples' ignorance. The Modern Sophist seeks to condition. After all, when there is no truth to seek, all we are left with is power. And that is all we

are left with. image via Wikipedia

Kathleen Parker(cf. Wikipedia: Kathleen Parker)

Dumpster big dustbox

Alanis Morissette (cf. Wikipedia: Alanis Morissette)

Ironicsing Alanis Morissette An old man turned ninety-eight He won the lottery and died the next day It’s a black fly in your Chardonnay It’s a death row pardon two minutes too late Isn’t it ironic Don’t you think?

It’s like rain on your weddin’ day It’s a free ride when you’ve already paid It’s the good advice that you just didn’t take And who would’ve thought, it figures

Chardonnay(cf. Wikipedia: Chardonnay )

P150Chico’s (cf.Women's Clothing - Dresses, Pants,

Blouses, Jeans & More - Chico's)

Roseanne Barr (cf.Roseanne Barr - IMDb)

P151 The Rhetoric of Fiction

(http://www.goodreads.com/favicon.ico)

P152 Jonathan Swift(Jonathan Swift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

”Modest Proposal”

A Modest Proposal For Preventing The Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being Aburden to Their Parents or Country, and For Making Them Beneficial to The Public By Jonathan Swift (1729)

About this text.

It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants: who as they grow up either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.

I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious

number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance; and, therefore, whoever could find out a fair, cheap, and easy method of making these children sound, useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.

But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars; it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our charity in the streets.

”I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled ...”

As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in the computation. It is true, a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by her milk for a solar year, with little other nourishment; at most not above the value of 2s., which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being a charge upon their parents or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall on the

The New Yorker (cf.The New Yorker)

Robin Sloan About meI grew up near Detroit and went to school at

Michigan State, where I studied economics and co-founded a literary magazine called Oats. Between 2002 and 2012, I worked at Poynter, Current TV, and Twitter, and at all those places, my job had something to do with figuring out the future of media.

I’m the author of Mr. Penumbra’s 24-Hour Bookstore, which started as a short story right here and is now a full-length novel from Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

I believe that stories told primarily (but not exclusively) with words are among the most durable things a person can produce, and I’m trying my best to write a few that might make it through to the year 2112. If you read one and pass it along to someone else, you’re participating in that project—so, thank you!

× × ×

Most of my public conversations happen on Twitter, and it makes my day when people say hello and mention that they’ve read something here.

I send longer ruminations and sneak peeks to my email list. The messages aren’t too frequent and people seem to like them. Please consider joining up.

Want to get in touch? Reach me here: robinsloan at robinsloan dot com

I love to join book clubs and classrooms via FaceTime or Skype. If you are a member of either, don’t hesitate to get in touch. I mean, hey, we live in the future… might as well take advantage of it!

× × × What’s a media inventor, anyway? I think it’s someone primarily interested in content—words, pictures, ideas—who also experiments with new formats, new tools, and new technology. Allen Lane was a media inventor. Early bloggers were media inventors. The indie video game scene is full of media inventors.

Media inventors aren’t satisfied with the suite of formats available to them by default. Novel, novella, or short story; album, EP, or single; RPG, RTS, or FPS—media inventors don’t like those options.

Media inventors feel compelled to make the content and the container.

If this sounds familiar, I invite you to use the label, too. And more generally, I’m on a mission to bring back the word inventor with all its connotations: protean lightning-crackle and occasional crackpot-itude alike.

Matt Thompson (cf.Matt Thompson | Adobe -

Executive Profiles)

snarkmarket (cf.The Storm Collection)

Ruth Cullen (cf.Ruth Cullen)

The little Hiptionary a slang dictionary

P153 Part four

Meaning

verbless sentence (cf.QES)

P154 Grammazons (cf.Team Grammazon - Tak and the

Power of Juju Wiki)

1

2

33. Use active and passive verbs in combination─and with a purpose.

P162

Tattered [tˈæṭɚd] ぼろぼろの

Water-strained しみで汚れた

Detritus [dɪtrάɪṭəs] 残骸、破片

A Cappella Books HP: http://www.acappellabooks.com/

（以下ＨＰより引用）Since 1989, A Cappella Books has been intown Atlanta's only full-service general bookstore, buying and selling new, used, rare and out-of-print titles. Located in Atlanta's Inman Park neighborhood, we're widely known for our selection of Beat literature, progressive political and counterculture books, and, as our name suggests, books about music. But we strive to carry important and unusual titles in most fields of interest

Little Five Points

Little Five Points (also L5P or LFP or Little Five) is a district on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, United

States, 2 1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) east of downtown. It was established in the early 1900s as the commercial district for the adjacent Inman Park and Candler Park neighborhoods, but has since become famous for the alternative culture it brings to Atlanta. It has been described as Atlanta's answer to Haight-Ashbury, a melting pot of sub-cultures, and the Bohemian center of the Southern United States.[1]

There Are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America by Alex Kotlowitz

Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/There-Are-No-Children-Here/dp/0385265565 There Are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America is a 1991 biography by Alex Kotlowitz that describes the experiences of two brothers growing up in Chicago's Henry Horner Homes. It won the Carl Sandburg award.[1]

P163 Buck teeth 出っ歯

Sobriquet ニックネーム origin: French, ‘tap under the chin’

Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch

Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (/ˌkwɪlərˈkuːtʃ/; 21 November 1863 – 12 May 1944) was a British writer who published under the pen name of Q. He is primarily remembered for the monumental Oxford Book Of English Verse 1250–1900 (later extended to 1918), and for his literary criticism. He guided the taste of many who never met him, including American writer Helene Hanff, author of 84, Charing Cross Road and its sequel, Q's Legacy;[1] and the fictional Horace Rumpole, via John Mortimer, his literary amanuensis.

P164 Barbed-wire 有刺鉄線の

Final Salute by Jim Sheeler

Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Final-Salute-Story-Unfinished-Lives/dp/0143115456

内容紹介

They are the troops that nobody wants to see, carrying a message that no military family ever wants to hear. Since the start of the war in Iraq, Marines like Major Steve Beck found themselves charged with a mission they never asked for and one for which there can be no training: casualty notification. In Final Salute, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Jim Sheeler weaves together the stories of the fallen, the broken homes they have left behind, and one man's effort to help heal the wounds of those left grieving. But it is not a book about war, politics, or liberal vs. conservative. Achingly beautiful and honest, it is a book that every American-every human-can embrace.

Grimace [gríməs, grɪméɪs] しかめっ面をする

Dissect [dɪsékt] 1 〈…を〉切り裂く; 解剖する. 2 〈議論・問題などを〉詳細に吟味[批評]する

Inoculate [ɪnάkjʊlèɪt] 1 〈人・動物に〉〔ワクチンなどを〕接種する〔with〕; 〈細菌など を〉〔培養基に〕植え付ける 〔into，onto〕. 2 〔思想などを〕〈人に〉植え付ける 〔with〕.

P165 Cadillac アメリカの自動車メーカーゼネラルモーターズが展開している高級車ブランド

Hearse [hˈɚːs] 霊柩車

Oglala Sioux The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux (pronounced [oɡəˈlala], meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language[5]) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people, who along with the Nakota and Dakota, make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States. The Oglala are a federally recognized tribe whose official title is the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation.

Lakota language Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is a Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of the Sioux tribes. While generally taught and considered by speakers as a separate language, Lakota is mutually intelligible with the other two languages (cf. Dakota language), and is considered by most linguists one of the three major varieties of the Sioux language. The Lakota language represents one of the largest Native American language speech communities in the United States, with approximately 6,000 speakers living mostly in northern plains states of North Dakota and South Dakota.[2]

The language was first put into written form by missionaries around 1840 and has since evolved to reflect contemporary needs and usage.

George Orwell ジョージ・オーウェル（英: George Orwell、1903 年 6 月 25 日 - 1950 年 1 月 21 日）は、イギリスの 作家、ジャーナリスト。生誕地はイギリス植民地時代のインド。本名はエリック・アーサー・ブレア （英: Eric Arthur Blair）。 全体主義的ディストピアの世界を描いた『1984 年』の作者で知られる。 『1984 年』のような世界を描いた社会を「オーウェリアン」（Orwellian）と呼ぶ。

Mary Jane Adams

Mary Jane Adams (1840–1902) was an Irish poet.Born in Ireland, Adams - her maiden name may have been Matthews - emigrated to the USA when still a child. Her first husband was a publisher in Brooklyn. Her work was published entirely in the USA, apart from a single volume, which had a shared UK imprint.

P166 Herman Herman, a beloved chimpanzee at Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, was killed in a fight with another chimp. He was 42. Herman underwent hours of surgery following the fight yesterday and died last night. Rukiya, a 26-year-old female chimp who tried to interevene in the fight, received injuries requiring stitches. She was expected to recover. It was unclear what caused the fight between Herman and Bamboo, another older chimp who has lived at the zoo for five years. Lowry Park Zoo officials say Bamboo received minor injuries. In the social hierarchy of chimpanzees, Herman has been the zoo's dominant male since he arrived. Bamboo is believed to have been on the bottom. The average life expectancy for a chimp is 50 years.

Tom French Thomas French is an American journalist. He worked for the St. Petersburg Times from 1981 until he took early retirement to teach in 2008. He currently occupies the Riley Endowed Chair in Journalism at Indiana University School of Journalism[1] and teaches in Goucher College's creative nonfiction MFA program.[2]

St. Petersburg Times

The Tampa Bay Times, previously named the St. Petersburg Times, is an American newspaper published in St. Petersburg, Florida. It is one of two major publications serving the Tampa Bay Area, the other being The Tampa Tribune, which the Times tops in both circulation and readership. The Times has won eight Pulitzer Prizes since 1964, and in 2009, won two in a single year for the first time in the paper's history. In April of 2013, the Tampa Bay Times added a ninth Pulitzer Prize win to their list. [2]

Eulogy [júːlədʒi] 1 【可算名詞】 賛辞 〔of，on，to〕. 2 【不可算名詞】 称賛

Jane Goodall

Dame Jane Morris Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934)[1] is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace.[2] Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.[3] She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. She has served on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project since its founding in 1996.[4][5]

Aeschylus

アイスキュロス（Αισχύλος, Aischylos, 紀元前 525 年 - 紀元前 456 年）は、古代アテナイの三大悲劇詩人 のひとりであり、アッティカ悲劇の確立者。代表作はオレスティア三部作。

The Persians

『ペルシア人』（希:Πέ ρσαι, Persai）はアイスキュロスによるギリシア悲劇。紀元前 5 世紀に起きたペルシア戦 争におけるサラミスの海戦での敗北に対するペルシア人の反応を題材としている。神話を題材とするのが通 例のギリシア悲劇にあって、同時代の事件を題材として作品の存在は本作とプリュニコス（英語版）による『フェ ニキアの女たち』と『ミレトスの陥落』のみしか伝わっておらず、現存するのは本作が唯一である。

Chapter34

P168 ! name-dropper ! 0prah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. Winfrey is best known for her multi-award-winning talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. She has been ranked the richest African-American of the 20th century, the greatest black philanthropist in American history, and was for a time the world's only black billionaire. She is also, according to some assessments, the most influential woman in the world. ! Elvis Elvis Aaron Presley[a] (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American singer, musician and actor. One of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as "the King of Rock and Roll", or simply, "the King". ! Madonna Madonna Louise Ciccone (/tʃɪˈkoʊneɪ/ chi-KOH-nay; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, author, director, entrepreneur and philanthropist. Born in Bay City, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance and performed in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy. In 1982, Madonna signed with Sire Records (an affiliate of Warner Bros. Records) and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She has since released a series of successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Many of her songs peaked atop record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes". ! memoir ! greenroom ! Lint Lady and Mimi, a makeup artist with a French accent ! skeen ! ees ! deconstructive(vs. constructive ) ! existential dead ! Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (/srtr%/; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. ! Genesis Genesis are an English rock band that formed in 1967. The band consist of their three longest-tenured members: founding members Tony Banks (keyboards) and Mike Rutherford (bass, guitar); and Phil Collins (vocals, drums), who joined in 1970. Former members Peter Gabriel (vocals, flute), Steve Hackett (guitar) and Anthony Phillips (guitar) also played major roles in the band in its early years. Genesis are among the highest-selling recording artists of all time, with approximately 150 million albums sold worldwide. ! Gospel of Saint John The Gospel According to John (Greek τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον), commonly referred to as the Gospel of John or simply John, is an anonymous account of the public ministry of Jesus. It begins with the witness and affirmation of John the Baptist and concludes with the death, burial, resurrection, and post-resurrection appearances of Jesus. This account is fourth of the canonical gospels, after the synoptics (Matthew, Mark and Luke), and is often referred to in New Testament scholarship as the Fourth Gospel

P169 ! the World of God ! ness ! evangelist ! verbs ser and estar ! nincompoop ! nincompoopery ! Gallic (Gaul) ! Philip Roth Philip Milton Roth (born March 19, 1933) is an American novelist. He first gained attention with the 1959 novella Goodbye, Columbus, an irreverent and humorous portrait of American-Jewish life for which he received the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction, Roth's fiction,regularly set in Newark, New Jersey, is known for its intensely autobiographical character, for philosophically and formally blurring the distinction between reality and fiction, for its "supple, ingenious style" and for its provocative explorations of Jewish and American identity. His profile rose significantly in 1969 after the publication of the controversial Portnoy's Complaint, the humorous and sexually explicit psychoanalytical monologue of "a lust-ridden, mother-addicted young Jewish bachelor," filled with "intimate, shameful detail, and coarse, abusive language. ! Everyman Everyman is a novel by Philip Roth, published by Houghton Mifflin in May 2006. It won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction in 2007. It is Roth's third novel to receive the prize ! Starfish Beach, the residential retirement villege

P170 ! Jersey A British Crown dependency just off the coast of Normandy, France. The bailiwick consists of:

! Thanks-giving ! turbulent ! sister-in-law ! prepositional ! mourner ! heavyset ! mood-altering

P171 ! Nora Ephron ! Nivea ! shell out ! verse called Erotic Poems ! D.H.Lawrence David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter who published as D. H. Lawrence. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, and instinct. ! womb-ward

35 Switch tenses, but only for strategic reasons.

p.173

Tenses: all forms of verbs that tell the time of the action or state expressed by the verb

At times: sometimes

"Switch tenses" :

Timothy Leary experimented with LSD and declare that the

These two verbs are in the past tense, so the verb in a clause is to be written in the past tense…

mind is as expandable as the cosmos.

Though this verb is in the present tense. The tense is not consistent in this sentence.

Switch tenses, but only for strategic reasons.

disorientation: to make subject unable to understand where they are and where to go

pretentious: a state to pretend to be precious or like that

picaresque: novels or films in which the man who is sometimes dishonest but likable plays an active part

Tristram Shandy: cf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman

Switch tenses, but only for strategic reasons.

p.174

Memento(=flower in French:, Pulp Fiction

mished; “mish” is a conversational style of mission(BrE), but I guess word

“mished” in this point is used only to rhyme placing side by side with “mashed” and ”moshed” and doesn’t mean “mission”.

date subject: make subject’s age exposed

out of whack: (machine or system) doesn’t work well with match

pugilistic: cfpugilism

what the heck: euphemism for “what’s the hell”(=Who cares?!)

snapped up: grab agilely

Switch tenses, but only for strategic reasons.

p.175

lad: respectable boy

outfit: a set of clothing

pulpit: place where is used by priest to sermon

solidarity: cfsolid

p.176

Joyce Carol Oates: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Joyce_Carol_Oates

Switch tenses, but only for strategic reasons.

p.177

gauzy: filmy (thin and almost transparent like a flim,

Synonym:sheer)

vicarious: feel as if some events are happening to himself

p.178

Historical past: I guess this expression is nonce word coined by the writer, and this word is deriving from “Historic(or historical) present”. This grammar term means a writing technique used to describe past things as if it were under way , by writing in present tense.

36 Politely ignore the language crotchets of others. p.179 crotchet noun BrE a musical note which continues for a quarter of the length of a semibreve whimsical adjective unusual or strange and often amusing Star Trek (SF drama since 1966) Steven Pinker(Harvard College Professor 1954~) p.180 shibboleth noun an old idea, custom, or principle that you think is no longer important or suitable for modern times fetish noun 1. a desire for sex hat comes from seeing a particular type of object or doing a particular activity, especially when the object or activity is considered unusual 2. something you are always thinking about or spending too much time doing auxiliary noun 1. auxiliary workers provide additional help for another group of workers 2. an auxiliary motor, piece of equipment etc is kept ready to be used if the main one stops working properly Henry Fowler(English schoolmaster, lexicographer and commentator on the usage of the English language,1858~1933) p.181 coordinating conjunctions() Bernhard Schlink(German jurist and writer, 1944~) Carol Brown Janeway(British editor and translator of many novels) protagonist noun

1. the most important character in a play, film, or story 2. one of the most important people taking part in a competition, battle, or struggle 3. one of the most important supporters of a social or political idea p.182 ambiguity noun the state of being unclear, confusing, or not certain, or things that produce this effect

The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

C P183 ! Well-crafted sentences ! Standard English (often shortened to S.E. within linguistic circles) refers to whatever form of the English language is accepted as a national norm in an Anglophone country.[1] It encompasses grammar, vocabulary, and spelling. In the British Isles, particularly in England and Wales, it is often associated with: the "Received Pronunciation" accent (there are several variants of the accent) and UKSE (United Kingdom Standard English), which refers to grammar and vocabulary. In Scotland the standard is Scottish Standard English. In the United States it is generally associated with the General American accent and in Australia with General Australian.[2] Unlike the case of other standard languages, however, there's no official or central regulating body defining Standard English. ! The intentional fragment - can be a word, a phrase, or a clause, but does not express the full thought of a complete sentence

P184 ! The simple sentence – made up of one main clause and no other clauses ! Jesus wept (Greek: ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς) is a phrase famous for being the shortest verse in the King James Version of the Bible, as well as many other versions,[1] though it is not the shortest in the original languages.[2] It is found in the Gospel of John, chapter 11, verse 35.[3]Verse breaks – or versification – were introduced to the biblical text by Robert Estienne in 1551 in order to make the texts easier to read and to memorize. ! The complex sentence – made up of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause(a subordinate and dependent clause has a subject and a verb but cannnot stand alone ! Blessed Virgin Mary ! The compound sentence – has two or more independent clauses (can be linked with a comma and a conjunction, or with a semicolon) ! Suburban Detroit ! Blessed Virgin Mary ! The compound-complex sentence – has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

P185

! In linguistics, a dependent clause (or a subordinate clause) is a clause that augments an independent clause with additional information, but which cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses either modify the independent clause of a sentence or serve as a component of it. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause. Other grammars use subordinate clause to refer only to adverbial dependent clauses. There are also different types of dependent clauses, including noun clauses, relative (adjectival) clauses, and adverbial clauses. ! Main clause - A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. A main clause (unlike a dependent or subordinate clause) can stand alone as a sentence. A main clause is also known as an independent clause. ! Goldengrove by Francine Prose ! After the sudden death of her beloved older sister, thirteen-year-old Nico finds her life on New England's idyllic Mirror Lake irrevocably altered. Left alone to grope toward understanding, she falls into a seductive, dangerous relationship with her sister's boyfriend. Over one haunted summer, Nico faces that life-changing moment when children realize their parents can no longer help them as she experiences the mystery of loss and recovery. Still, for all the darkness at its heart, Goldengrove is radiant with the lightness of summer and charged by the restless sexual tension of adolescence. ! Francine Prose (born April 1, 1947) is an American writer. Since March 2007 she has been the president of PEN American Center. She graduated from Radcliffe College in 1968 and received a Guggenheim fellowship in 1991.She sat on the board of judges for the PEN/Newman's Own Award. Her novel, Blue Angel, a satire about sexual harassment on college campuses, was a finalist for the National Book Award.She is a Visiting Professor of Literature at Bard College. One of her novels, Household Saints, was adapted for a movie by Nancy Savoca. Another, The Glorious Ones, has been adapted into a musical with the same title by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty. It ran at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center in New York City in the fall of 2007.

P186 ! All over again

The Glamour of Grammar Chap.39 P.193 Startling very unusual or surprising Robert Gunning Robert Clifford Gunning (born 1931) is a professor of mathematics at Princeton University specializing in complex analysis, who introduced indigenous bundles.

Foggy if your mind is foggy, you cannot think or remember things clearly Defy to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do Subordinate in a less important position than someone else Clauses a part of a written law or legal document covering a particular subject of the whole law or document

P.194 Syntax the way words are arranged to form sentences or phrases, or the rules of grammar which control this Diagramming a simple drawing or plan that shows exactly where something is, what something looks like, or how something works Nuns

someone who is a member of a group of religious women that live together in a

CONVENT Kitty Burns Florey Kitty Burns Florey is the author of nine novels and two nonfiction books, including Sister Bernadette's Barking Dog: The Quirky History and Lost Art of Diagramming Sentences.[1] In addition to writing, she works as a freelance copy editor. Sister Bernadette’s Barking Dog

R.L.Trask

Burglar someone who goes into houses, shops etc to steal things Render to cause someone or something to be in a particular condition

P.195 Braian Doyle

Orion magazine Orion is a bimonthly, advertisement-free, magazine focused on nature, the environment, and culture, addressing environmental and societal issues. Riffling to move and quickly look at pieces of paper or the pages of a book, magazine etc Mimic to copy the way someone speaks or behaves, especially in order to make people laugh Embedded to put something firmly and deeply into something else, or to be put into something in this way Drafting to write a plan, letter, report etc that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form: Salman Rushdie !"#$ %$"&' (!)*ʿīˈˈʊʃ

Imaginary Homelands Imaginary Homelands is a collection of essays written by Salman Rushdie covering a wide variety of topics. In addition to the title essay, the collection also includes "'Commonwealth Literature' Does Not Exist".

P.196 Edifice a building, especially a large one Dogmas a set of firm beliefs held by a group of people who expect other people to accept these beliefs without thinking about them Ernest Hemingway

Prose written language in its usual form, as opposed to poetry Calloused

calloused skin is rough and covered in CALLUSes: 40 Learn how expert writers break the rules in run-on sentences. p.197 ・the Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize /ˈ pʊ lɨ tsə r/ is a U.S. award for achievements in newspaper and online journalism, literature, and musical composition. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American (Hungarian-born) publisher Joseph Pulitzer, and is administered by Columbia University in New York City. Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$10,000 cash award. The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.

・the National Book Awards The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final "National Book Awards Ceremony" every November, the National Book Foundation presents the NBAs and two lifetime achievement awards to authors.

・privileged having a special advantage or a chance to do something that most people cannot do p.198 ・cutthroat a cutthroat activity or business involves people competing with each other in an unpleasant way

・ruffle to make a smooth surface uneven p.199 ・residue the part of something that is left after the rest has gone or been taken away

・Don DeLillo, Underworld Don DeLillo (born November 20, 1936) is an American essayist, novelist, playwright, and short story writer. His works have covered subjects as diverse as television, nuclear war, sports, the complexities of language, performance art, the Cold War, mathematics, the advent of the digital age, and global terrorism. Initially a well-regarded cult writer, the publication in 1985 of White Noise brought him widespread recognition, and was followed by Libra, a bestseller. DeLillo has twice been a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction finalist for Mao II and Underworld (1992 and 1998, respectively), won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Mao II in 1992 (receiving a further PEN/Faulkner Award nomination for The Angel Esmeralda in 2012), was granted the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction in 2010, and won the inaugural Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction in 2013. DeLillo has described his fiction as being concerned with "living in dangerous times", and in a 2005 interview declared, "Writers must oppose systems. It's important to write against power, corporations, the state, and the whole system of consumption and of debilitating entertainments [...] I think writers, by nature, must oppose things, oppose whatever power tries to impose on us." DeLillo for much of his career had a reputation as a recluse, rarely granting interviews of engaging with the media, although this began to change after the publication of White Noise. Of his private nature, DeLillo remarked in 2013, "I’m a writer in perennial hiding, [...] I’m not a recluse, but there are things I do differently, things I avoid and invitations I turn down constantly."

・Cormac McCarthy, The Road Cormac McCarthy (born Charles McCarthy; July 20, 1933) is an American novelist and playwright. He has written ten novels, spanning the Southern Gothic, Western, and Post-apocalyptic genres. He won the Pulitzer Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction for The Road (2006). His 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For All the Pretty Horses (1992), he won both the U.S. National Book Award and National Book Critics Circle Award. All the Pretty Horses and The Road were also adapted as motion pictures. Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time magazine's list of 100 best English-language books published between 1923 and 2005 and placed joint runner-up in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, alongside Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon and Philip Roth, and called Blood Meridian "the greatest single book since Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying". In 2010, The Times ranked The Road first on its list of the 100 best fiction and non-fiction books of the past 10 years. McCarthy has been increasingly mentioned as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

・Dylan Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "And death shall have no dominion", the "play for voices", Under Milk Wood, and stories and radio broadcasts such as A Child's Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog. He became popular in his lifetime and remained so after his premature death in New York. In his later life he acquired a reputation, which he encouraged, as a "roistering, drunken and doomed poet". Thomas was born in Swansea, Wales, in 1914. An undistinguished student, he left school at 16, becoming a journalist for a short time. Although many of his works appeared in print while he was still a teenager, it was the publication of "Light breaks where no sun shines", in 1934, that caught the attention of the literary world. While living in London, Thomas met Caitlin Macnamara, whom he married in 1937. Their relationship was defined by alcoholism and was mutually destructive. In the early part of his marriage, Thomas and his family lived hand-to-mouth, settling in the Welsh fishing village of Laugharne. Although Thomas was appreciated as a popular poet in his lifetime, he found earning a living as a writer difficult, which resulted in him augmenting his income with reading tours and broadcasts. His radio recordings for the BBC during the latter half of the 1940s brought him a level of celebrity. In the 1950s, Thomas travelled to America, where his readings brought him a level of fame, though his erratic behaviour and drinking worsened. His time in America cemented Thomas' legend, where he recorded to vinyl works such as A Child's Christmas in Wales. During his fourth trip to New York in 1953, Thomas became gravely ill and fell into a coma from which he did not recover. Thomas died on 9 November 1953 and his body was returned to Wales where he was buried at the village churchyard in Laugharne. Although writing exclusively in the English language, Thomas has been acknowledged as one of the most important Welsh poets of the 20th century. Noted for his original, rhythmic and ingenious use of words and imagery, Thomas' position as one of the great modern poets has been much discussed, though this has not tarnished his popularity amongst the general public, who found his work accessible. p.200 ・B. R. Myers, A Reader’s Manifesto Brian Reynolds "B.R." Myers (born 1963) is an American associate professor of international studies at Dongseo University in Busan, South Korea, best known for his works regarding North Korean history. Myers is a contributing editor for the Atlantic, and an opinion columnist for the New York Times and Wall Street Journal. He is the author of Han Sǒ rya and North Korean Literature, published by Cornell in 1994, A Reader's Manifesto, published by Melville House in 2002, and The Cleanest Race, published by Melville House, in 2010.

・Cities of the Plain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Plain

・averse unwilling to do something or not liking something p.201 ・prom a formal dance party for high school students, often held at the end of a school year

・limousine a very large, expensive, and comfortable car, driven by someone who is paid to drive

1

2

41 Master the uses of nonstandard English p.205 ! Slang and Its Analogues Slang and its analogues past and present. A dictionary, historical and comparative of the heterodox speech of all classes of society for more than three hundred years. With synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, etc (1890)

Author: Farmer, John Stephen, 1845?-1915?; Henley, William Ernest, 1849-1903 Volume: 1 Subject: Slang Publisher: [London] Printed for subscribers only Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT Language: English Call number: AAO-9848 Digitizing sponsor: MSN Book contributor: Robarts - University of Toronto Collection: robarts; toronto

Full catalog record: MARCXML p.206 ! Raciness , , , , , (racy ) ! Guys and Dolls http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048140/

MOVIEmeter SEE RANK Down 157 this week View rank on IMDbPro » Guys and Dolls (1955) 150 min - Comedy | Musical | Romance - 25 April 1956 (Japan) 7.1 Your rating:

Reviews: 122 user | 43 critic In New York, a gambler is challenged to take a cold female missionary to Havana, but they fall for each other, and the bet has a hidden motive to finance a crap game. Director:Joseph L. Mankiewicz Writers:Jo Swerling (book), Abe Burrows (book), 3 more credits » Stars:Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, Frank Sinatra | See full cast and crew ! Damon Runyon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damon_Runyon p.207 ! Stephanie Hayes Actress ! American Idol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol ! Ain’t be not ! Y’all you all ! Kellie Pickler http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellie_Pickler

42 Add a pinch of dialect for flavor p.209 ・dialect Pronunciation: /ˈdʌɪəlɛkt/ noun  a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group:the Lancashire dialect seemed like a foreign language  Computing a particular version of a programming language. Origin: mid 16th century (denoting the art of investigating the truth of opinions): from French dialecte, or via Latin from Greek dialektos 'discourse, way of speaking', from dialegesthai 'converse with' (see dialogue) Grammar A version of a language spoken in a particular geographical area or by a particular group of people. The English spoken in Newcastle is different from that spoken by natives of North Cornwall. Not only do speakers in these two areas have a different accent, they also use a number of different words. Different dialects also use slightly different grammar, too. For example, in Devon some people say ‘They do have …’ in preference to ‘They have …’ Such regional expressions are not ‘wrong’, they simply differ from standard English. They are sometime described as ‘non-standard’.

・koine koi·ne noun ¥kȯi-ˈnā, ˈkȯi-ˌ; kē-ˈnē¥

Definition of KOINE 1 capitalized : the Greek language commonly spoken and written in eastern Mediterranean countries in the Hellenistic and Roman periods 2 : a dialect or language of a region that has become the common or standard language of a larger area

・Hellenistic Pronunciation: /hɛlɪˈnɪstɪk/ adjective  relating to Greek history, language, and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony by Octavian in 31 bc. During this period Greek culture flourished, spreading through the Mediterranean and into the Near East and Asia and centring on Alexandria in Egypt and Pergamum in Turkey.

・Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer (/ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works, which include The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde, he is best known today for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer is a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.

・BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) ( listen (help·info)) is a British public service broadcasting statutory corporation.[2] Its main responsibility is to provide impartial public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. It is the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, with about 23,000 staff.[3][4][5] The BBC is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London and has major production centres in Salford Quays, Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow. and smaller production centres throughout the UK. p.210 ・Henry Ⅴ Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422[1][2]) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster.

・Fluellen Fluellen is a fictional character in the play Henry V by William Shakespeare. Fluellen is a Welsh Captain, a leader of a contingent of troops in the small army of the English King while on campaign in France during the Hundred Years' War. Bardolph and Fluellen are Stratford names that appear on the 1592 recusant list, alongside that of William Shakespeare’s father.[

・Doug Williams Douglas Lee "Doug" Williams (born August 9, 1955) is a former American football quarterback and head coach of the Grambling State Tigers football team. Williams is best known for his MVP performance in Super Bowl XXII with the Washington Redskins.[

・Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL), the highest level of professional American football in the United States, culminating a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year.

・Tampa Bay Buccaneers

The Tampa Bay Buccaneers (often shortened as the Bucs) are a professional American football franchise based in Tampa, Florida, U.S. They are currently members of the South Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL) – they are the only team in the division not to come from the old NFC West.

・ghetto Pronunciation: /ˈgɛtəʊ/ noun (plural ghettos or ghettoes)  a part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups.  historical the Jewish quarter in a city:the Warsaw Ghetto  an isolated or segregated group or area:the relative security of the gay ghetto

・Ebonics Ebonics (a blend of the words ebony and phonics) is a term that was originally intended to refer to the language of all people descended from enslaved Black Africans, particularly in West Africa, the Caribbean, and North America. Since the 1996 controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board, the term Ebonics has primarily been used to refer to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), a dialect distinctively different from Standard American English. p.211 ・Marshall Frady Marshall Bolton Frady (1940 – March 9, 2004) was an American journalist and author particularly known for his work on the African-American civil rights movement in the American South.

・George Wallace George Corley Wallace Jr. (August 25, 1919 – September 13, 1998) was an American politician and the 45th governor of Alabama, having served two nonconsecutive terms and two consecutive terms: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–1987.

・guvnuh guvnuh (plural guvnuhs) 1. (informal) Eye dialect spelling of governor.

・Bobby Kennedy Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was an American politician, who served as a United States Senator for New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968. He was previously the 64th U.S. Attorney General from 1961 to 1964, serving under his older brother, President John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy and his successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson.

・Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009)[2][3][4] was an American broadcast journalist, best known as anchorman for the CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–1981).

・The Elements of Style The Elements of Style (1918), by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, is a prescriptive American English writing style guide comprising eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of forty-nine "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of fifty-seven "words often misspelled".

・Roddy Doyle Roddy Doyle (Irish: Ruaidhrí Ó Dúill; born 8 May 1958) is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter.

・The Commitments The Commitments is a 1991 comedy-drama film adaptation of the novel The Commitments by Roddy Doyle. It tells a story of working class Dubliners who form a soul band.

・Dublin Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɪn/; locally /ˈdʊblən/ or /ˈdʊbələn/; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, pronounced [blʲaˈklʲiə] or Áth Cliath, [aː klʲiə]) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. p.212 ・soda, tonic, pop, coke A soft drink (also called soda, pop, coke,[1] soda pop, fizzy drink, tonic, seltzer, mineral,[2] sparkling water, lolly water, or carbonated beverage) is a beverage that typically contains water (often, but not always, carbonated water), usually a sweetener, and usually a flavoring agent. ・Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlɨtsər/[1] is a U.S. award for achievements in newspaper and online journalism, literature, and musical composition.

・Madeleine Blais MADELEINE BLAIS, professor, earned a bachelor’s degree at the College of New Rochelle in 1969 and a master’s from the School of Journalism at Columbia University in 1970. She was a reporter for the Boston Globe, the Trenton Times, and Tropic Magazine of the Miami Herald from 1979-87. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing while at the Miami Herald.

・Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel." p.213 ・Flannery O’Connor Mary Flannery O'Connor (March 25, 1925 – August 3, 1964) was an American writer and essayist. An important voice in American literature, O'Connor wrote two novels and 32 short stories, as well as a number of reviews and commentaries.

・Milledgeville, Georgia Milledgeville is a city in and the county seat of Baldwin County[3] in the U.S. state of Georgia.

43 Tame taboo language to suit your purposes. p.215 F-word F word or the f word may refer to:

The word "fuck" The word "faggot" The word "fat" The word "fascism" The word "feminism" The word "federalism", in the context of European Union politics Any word that begins with an "f"

The Commitments by Roddy Doyle Roddy Doyle (Irish: Ruaidhrí Ó Dúill; born 8 May 1958) is an Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter.

Doyle is the author of ten novels for adults, seven books for children, seven plays and screenplays, and dozens of short stories. Several of his books have been made into successful films, beginning with The Commitments in 1991. Doyle's work is set primarily in Ireland, especially working-class Dublin, and is notable for its heavy use of dialogue written in slang and Irish English dialect. Doyle was awarded the Booker Prize in 1993 for his novel Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha. After achieving worldwide critical acclaim, Doyle is now recognized as one of Ireland's greatest living writers. His idiosyncratic use of language and dialect has received a substantial amount of critical and scholarly attention in recent years. p.216 The Uncommon Reader by Alan Bennet Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934) is an English playwright, screenwriter, actor and author. He was born in Leeds and attended Oxford University where he studied history and performed with The Oxford Revue. He stayed to teach and research medieval history at the university for several years. His collaboration as writer and performer with Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe at the 1960 Edinburgh Festival brought him instant fame. He gave up academia, and turned to writing full-time, his first stage play Forty Years On being produced in 1968. His output includes The Madness of George III and its film incarnation The Madness of King George, the series of monologues Talking Heads, the play The History Boys, and popular audio books, including his readings of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Winnie-the-Pooh.

David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace (February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an award-winning American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and professor at Pomona College in Claremont, California. Wallace is widely known for his 1996 novel Infinite Jest,[1][2] which was cited as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 by Time magazine.[3]

Los Angeles Times book editor David Ulin called Wallace "one of the most influential and innovative writers of the last 20 years".[1] With his suicide, he left behind an unfinished novel, The Pale King, which was subsequently published in 2011, and in 2012 was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, which was not awarded that year.[4] A biography of Wallace by D. T. Max, Every Love Story Is a Ghost Story, was published in September 2012. John Updike John Hoyer Updike (18 March 1932 – 27 January 2009)[1] was an American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic.

Updike's most famous work is his Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom series (the novels Rabbit, Run; Rabbit Redux; Rabbit Is Rich; Rabbit At Rest; and the novella "Rabbit Remembered"), which chronicles Rabbit's life over the course of several decades, from young adulthood to his death. Both Rabbit Is Rich (1981) and Rabbit At Rest (1990) received the Pulitzer Prize. Updike is one of only three authors (the others were Booth Tarkington and William Faulkner) to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction more than once. He published more than twenty novels and more than a dozen short story collections, as well as poetry, art criticism, literary criticism and children's books. Hundreds of his stories, reviews, and poems appeared in The New Yorker, starting in 1954. He also wrote regularly for The New York Review of Books. Describing his subject as "the American small town, Protestant middle class," Updike was well recognized for his careful craftsmanship, his unique prose style, and his prolificity. He wrote on average a book a year. Updike populated his fiction with characters who "frequently experience personal turmoil and must respond to crises relating to religion, family obligations, and marital infidelity."[2] His fiction is distinguished by its attention to the concerns, passions, and suffering of average Americans; its emphasis on Christian theology; and its preoccupation with sexuality and sensual detail. His work has attracted a significant amount of critical attention and praise, and he is widely considered to be one of the great American writers of his time.[3] Updike's highly distinctive prose style features a rich, unusual, sometimes arcane vocabulary as conveyed through the eyes of "a wry, intelligent authorial voice" that extravagantly describes the physical world, while remaining squarely in the realist tradition.[4] He famously described his own style as an attempt "to give the mundane its beautiful due." P,217 W.E.Henley Henley was born in Gloucester and was the oldest of a family of six children, five sons and a daughter. His father, William, a bookseller and stationer, died in 1868 and was survived by young children and creditors. His mother, Mary Morgan, was descended from the poet and critic Joseph Wharton. Between 1861 and 1867, Henley was a pupil at the Crypt Grammar School (founded 1539). A commission had recently attempted to revive the school by securing as headmaster the brilliant and academically distinguished T. E. Brown (1830–1897). Though Brown's tenure was relatively brief (c.1857–63), he was a "revelation" to Henley because the poet was "a man of genius—the first I'd ever seen". Brown and Henley began a lifelong friendship, and Henley wrote an admiring obituary to Brown in the New Review (December 1897): "He was singularly kind to me at a moment when I needed kindness even more than I needed encouragement".[1] From the age of 12, Henley suffered from tuberculosis of the bone that resulted in the amputation of his left leg below the knee in 1868–69.[2] According to Robert Louis Stevenson's letters, the idea for the character of Long John Silver was inspired by Stevenson's real-life friend Henley. Stevenson's stepson, Lloyd Osbourne, described Henley as "... a great, glowing, massive-shouldered fellow with a big red beard and a crutch; jovial, astoundingly clever, and with a laugh that rolled like music; he had an unimaginable fire and vitality; he swept one off one's feet". In a letter to Henley after the publication of Treasure Island, Stevenson wrote, "I will now make a confession: It was the sight of your maimed strength and masterfulness that begot Long John Silver ... the idea of the maimed man, ruling and dreaded by the sound, was entirely taken from you."

Frequent illness often kept him from school, although the misfortunes of his father's business may also have contributed. In 1867, Henley passed the Oxford Local Schools Examination and soon moved to London where he attempted to establish himself as a journalist.[3] However, his work over the next eight years was interrupted by long stays in the hospital because his right foot had also grown diseased. Henley contested the diagnosis that a second amputation was the only means to save his life by seeking a consultation with the pioneering surgeon Joseph Lister (1827–1912) at The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. After three years in the hospital (1873– 75), during which Henley wrote and published the poems collected as In Hospital, he was discharged. Although Lister's treatment had not effected a complete cure, Henley enjoyed a relatively active life for nearly thirty more years. On 22 January 1878, he married Hannah (Anna) Johnson Boyle (1855– 1925), the youngest daughter of Edward Boyle, a mechanical engineer from Edinburgh, and his wife, Mary Ann née Mackie.[4] Henley's sickly young daughter, Margaret Henley (born 4 September 1888), was immortalized by J. M. Barrie in his children's classic, Peter Pan:[5][6] Unable to speak clearly, young Margaret had called her friend Barrie her "fwendy-wendy", resulting in the use of "Wendy" in the book. Tragically, Margaret didn't survive long enough to read the book; she died on 11 February 1894 at the age of five and was buried at the country estate of her father's friend, Harry Cockayne Cust, in Cockayne Hatley, Bedfordshire.[5][6] After his recovery, Henley earned his living as a publisher. In 1889 he became editor of the Scots Observer, an Edinburgh journal of the arts and current events and precursor of the National Observer (UK) (UK). After its headquarters were transferred to London in 1891, it became the National Observer and remained under Henley's editorship until 1893. The paper had almost as many writers as readers, said Henley, and its fame was confined mainly to the literary class, but it was a lively and influential contributor to the literary life of its era. Henley had an editor's gift for identifying new talent, and "the men of the Scots Observer," said Henley affectionately, usually justified his support. Charles Whibley was Henley's friend and helped him edit the Observer. Like its descendant, the journal's outlook was conservative and often sympathetic to the growing imperialism of its time. Among other services to literature it published Rudyard Kipling's Barrack-Room Ballads.

Henley died of tuberculosis in 1903 at the age of 53 at his home in Woking, and his ashes were interred in his daughter's grave in the churchyard at Cockayne Hatley in Bedfordshire. p.218 Slang Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's language or dialect but are considered acceptable in certain social settings. Slang expressions may act as euphemisms and may be used as a means of identifying with one's peers.

The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark 45 Play with sounds, natural and literary. p.226 metaphor simile analogy alliteration () assonance consonance en

Frank Sinatra (1915~1998) 1939 1940 10 1953 Gerard Manley Hopkins (18441889

1866 2 7 1875 inscape RS 1918 20

The Darkness of Light William Safire19292009

46 Master the distinction between denotation and connotation p.231 ・beluga whale (cf. beluga whale)

・liturgy 1 [uncountable and countable] a way of praying in a religious service using a fixed order of words, prayers etc 2 the Liturgy the written form of these services

・homage formal something you do to show respect for someone or something you think is important

・George McGovern (cf. George McGovern) George Stanley McGovern (July 19, 1922 – October 21, 2012) was an American historian, author, U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election.

・limousine 1 a very large, expensive, and comfortable car, driven by someone who is paid to drive 2 a small bus that people take to and from airports in the US p.232 ・kingpin 1 the person or thing in a group that is the most important or that has the most power - used especially in news reports 2 technical a thin strong piece of metal used in hinges

・Los Angeles Times (cf. Los Angeles Times) The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country.[3] In 2000, the Tribune Company, parent company of the Chicago Tribune and the area's KTLA, purchased the Los Angeles Times. ・NBC (cf. NBC) The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network. It is headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Rockefeller Center, with additional major offices near Los Angeles and in Chicago. NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network", due to its stylized peacock logo, which was originally created for its color broadcasts.

・sectarian 1 sectarian violence/conflict/murder etc violence etc that is related to the strong feelings of people who belong to different religious groups 2 American English supporting a particular religious group and its beliefs:

・Tony Snow (cf. Tony Snow) Robert Anthony "Tony" Snow (June 1, 1955 – July 12, 2008) was an American journalist, political commentator, television news anchor, syndicated columnist, radio host, musician, and the third White House Press Secretary under President George W. Bush. Snow also worked for President George H. W. Bush as chief speechwriter and Deputy Assistant of Media Affairs. He served as White House Press Secretary from May 2006 until his resignation effective September 2007.

・pro-abortion favoring or supporting legalized abortion

・evacuee someone who is sent away from a place because it is dangerous, for example because there is a war p.233 ・George Orwell (cf. George Orwell) Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950),[1] known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism and commitment to democratic socialism.

・helix technical a line that curves and rises around a central line [= spiral]

・deport to make someone leave a country and return to the country they came from, especially because they do not have a legal right to stay

・bonbard 1 to attack a place for a long time using large weapons, bombs etc 2 to do something too often or too much, for example criticizing or questioning someone, or giving too much information

・incendiary 1 [only before noun] designed to cause a fire 2 an incendiary speech, piece of writing etc is intended to make people angry

・pacification 1 [usually plural] a detailed instruction about how a car, building, piece of equipment etc should be made 2 especially British English a clear statement of what is needed or wanted

・oxymoron a deliberate combination of two words that seem to mean the opposite of each other, such as 'cruel kindness' p.234 ・the Capulets and the Montagues (cf. Romeo and Juliet)

・prescience able to imagine or know what will happen in the future

・Martians (cf. Martian) A Martian is a native inhabitant of the planet Mars. Although the search for evidence of life on Mars continues, many science fiction writers have imagined what beings on Mars might be like. Some writers also use the word Martian to describe a human colonist on Mars.

・nonpartisan →partisan 1 someone who strongly supports a political party, plan, or leader 2 a member of an armed group that fights against an enemy that has taken control of its country

・militia a group of people trained as soldiers, who are not part of the permanent army

・mercenary a soldier who fights for any country or group that will pay him p.235 ・Hurricane Katrina (cf. Hurricane Katrina) Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest and most destructive Atlantic tropical cyclone of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes, in the history of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the sixth strongest overall. At least 1,833 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane; total property damage was estimated at $81 billion (2005 USD),[1] nearly triple the damage brought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992.

・Smokey and the Bandit (cf. Smokey and the Bandit) Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 action comedy film starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Pat McCormick, Paul Williams and Mike Henry. It inspired several other trucking films, including two sequels, Smokey and the Bandit II, and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3.

・The Seventh Seal (cf. The Seventh Seal) The Seventh Seal (Swedish: Det sjunde inseglet) is a 1957 Swedish drama-fantasy film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman. Set in Sweden during the Black Death, it tells of the journey of a medieval knight (Max von Sydow) and a game of chess he plays with the personification of Death (Bengt Ekerot), who has come to take his life. Bergman developed the film from his own play Wood Painting. The title refers to a passage from the Book of Revelation, used both at the very start of the film, and again towards the end, beginning with the words "And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour". Here the motif of silence refers to the "silence of God" which is a major theme of the film.

・Lennie Bennett (cf. Lennie Bennett) Lennie Bennett (26 September 1938 – 8 April 2009) was an English comedian and game show host.

・Carla Bruni (cf. Carla Bruni) Carla Bruni, now known by her name of use Carla Bruni-Sarkozy (born Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi; Italian pronunciation: [ˈkarla dʒilˈbɛrta ˈbruːni teˈdeski]; 23 December 1967) is an Italian-French singer, songwriter and former model. She married the then President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy in February 2008.

・Christie’s auction house (cf. Christie’s) Christie's is an art business and a fine arts auction house, currently the world's largest, with sales for the first half of 2012, some $3.5 billion, representing the highest total for a corresponding period in company and art market history.

・Michel Comte (cf. Michel Comte) p.236 ・Lord Kenneth Clark (cf. Kenneth Clark) Kenneth McKenzie Clark, Baron Clark, OM, CH, KCB, FBA (13 July 1903 – 21 May 1983) was a British author, museum director, broadcaster, and one of the best-known art historians of his generation, writing a series of books that appealed to a wide public while remaining a serious scholar. In 1969, he achieved international fame as the writer, producer, and presenter of the BBC Television series, Civilisation, which pioneered television documentary series combining expert personalized narration with lavish photography on location.

・nekkid Nekkid is not simply being without clothing--It means you are gettin' nekkid for mischevious purposes. Naked is natural; nekkid is naughty.

・slate 1 rock [uncountable] a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces 2 on a roof [countable] especially British English a small piece of slate or similar material that is used for covering roofs [= tile] 3 slate blue/grey a dark blue or grey colour 4 politics [countable] a list of people that voters can choose in an election, or who are being considered for an important job 5 for writing on [countable] a small black board or a flat piece of slate in a wooden frame used for writing on in the past 6 put something on the slate British English old-fashioned to arrange to pay for something later, especially food or drink

・S.I.Hayakawa (cf. S.I.Hayakawa) Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa (July 18, 1906 – February 27, 1992) was a Canadian-born American academic and political figure of Japanese ancestry. He was an English professor, and served as president of San Francisco State University and then as United States Senator from California from 1977 to 1983. Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, he was educated in the public schools of Calgary, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Manitoba in 1927 and graduate degrees in English from McGill University in 1928 and the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1935.

・crackpots someone who is slightly crazy The Glamour of Grammar by Roy Peter Clark

PART FORTY-SEVEN

Words

P.238

Arthur Quiller-Couch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiller-Couch ) Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (/kwɪl"rˈkutʃ/; 21 November 1863 – 12 May 1944) was a British writer who published under the pen name of Q. He is primarily remembered for the monumental Oxford Book Of English Verse 1250–1900 (later extended to 1918), and for his literary criticism. He guided the taste of many who never met him, including American writer Helene Hanff, author of 84, Charing Cross Road and its sequel, Q's Legacy;[1] and the fictional Horace Rumpole, via John Mortimer, his literary amanuensis.

novice (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice ) A novice is a person or creature who is new to a field or activity.

P.239

Michelangelo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo ) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo (Italian pronunciation: [mikelandelo]), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.[1] Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci. Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he has been held to be one of the greatest artists of all time.[1] A number of his works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence.[1] His output in every field during his long life was prodigious; when the sheer volume of correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences that survive is also taken into account, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, were sculpted before he turned thirty. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. As an architect, Michelangelo pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library. At 74 he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica. Michelangelo transformed the plan, the western end being finished to Michelangelo's design, the dome being completed after his death with some modification. In a demonstration of Michelangelo's unique standing, he was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive.[2] Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime; one of them, by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all artistic achievement since the beginning of the Renaissance, a viewpoint that continued to have currency in art history for centuries. In his lifetime he was also often called Il Divino ("the divine one").[3] One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità, a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur, and it was the attempts of subsequent artists to imitate[4] Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style that resulted in Mannerism, the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance.

Sistine Chapel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_chapel ) The Sistine Chapel (Latin: Sacellum Sixtinum; Italian: Cappella Sistina) is the best-known chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. It is famous for its architecture and its decoration that was frescoed throughout by Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Pinturicchio, Domenico Ghirlandaio, and others. Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. Between 1535 and 1541 he painted The Last Judgment. These works are considered the crowning achievements of Western painting. The chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who restored the old Cappella Magna between 1477 and 1480. During this period a team of painters that included Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli and Domenico Ghirlandaio created a series of frescoed panels depicting the life of Moses and the life of Christ, offset by papal portraits above and trompe l’oeil drapery below. These paintings were completed in 1482, and on 15 August 1483,[3] Sixtus IV celebrated the first mass in the Sistine Chapel for the Feast of the Assumption, at which ceremony the chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary.[4] Since the time of Sixtus IV, the chapel has served as a place of both religious and functionary papal activity. Today it is the site of the Papal conclave, the process by which a new Pope is selected.

sexual personae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_Personae ) By Paglia's own account, the ancestor of Sexual Personae was a book on aviator Amelia Earhart that she began to write in high school. Paglia's discovery of Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex in 1963 inspired her to write a book larger in scope. Sexual Personae began to take shape in essays Paglia wrote in college between 1964 and 1968. The title was inspired by Ingmar Bergman's film Persona, which Paglia saw on its American release in 1968. The work was finished in 1981, but was rejected by seven major New York publishers before being released by Yale University Press in 1990. Paglia credits editor Ellen Graham with securing Yale's decision to publish the book. The original preface to Sexual Personae was removed at the suggestion of Yale editors because of the book's extreme length, but was later published in Paglia's essay collection Sex, Art, and American Culture (1992).[1] The major influences on Sexual Personae according to Paglia were, in addition to The Second Sex, Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Bough, Jane Harrison's Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West, D. H. Lawrence's Women in Love, Sandor Ferenczi's Thalassa, the collected works of G. Wilson Knight and Harold Bloom, Erich Neumann's The Great Mother and The Origins and History of Consciousness, Kenneth Clark's The Nude, Gaston Bachelard's The Poetics of Space, Norman O. Brown's Life Against Death and Love's Body, and Leslie Fiedler's Love and Death in the American Novel.[1] Paglia said of her objectives with the book, "It was intended to please no one and to offend everyone. The entire process of the book was to discover the repressed elements of contemporary culture, whatever they are, and palpate them. One of the main premises was to demonstrate that pornography is everywhere in major art. Art history as written is completely sex free, repressive and puritanical. I want precision and historical knowledge, but at the same time, I try to zap it with pornographic intensity."[2]

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The Wall Street Journal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal ) The Wall Street Journal is an American English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. It is published six days a week in New York City by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corp, along with the Asian and European editions of the Journal. The Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States, by circulation. According to the Alliance for Audited Media, it has a circulation of about 2.4 million copies (including nearly 900,000 digital subscriptions), as of March 2013,[2] compared with USA Today's 1.7 million. Its main rival in the business newspaper sector is the London-based Financial Times, which also publishes several international editions. The Journal primarily covers American economic and international business topics, and financial news and issues. Its name derives from Wall Street, located in New York City, which is the heart of the financial district; it has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8, 1889, by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser. The newspaper version has won the Pulitzer Prize thirty-four times,[3] including 2007 prizes for its reporting on backdated stock options and the adverse effects of China's booming economy.[4][5] In 2011, The Wall Street Journal was ranked No. 1 in BtoB's Media Power 50 for the 12th consecutive year.

discourse (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse ) Discourse (Latin: discursus, “running to and from”) denotes written and spoken communications such as: [1] In semantics and discourse analysis: A generalization of the concept of conversation within all modalities and contexts. The totality of codified language (vocabulary) used in a given field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, et cetera.[2] In the work of Michel Foucault, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired: discourse describes “an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are enouncements (énoncés)”.[3] An enouncement (l’énoncé, “the statement”) is not a unit of semiotic signs, but an abstract construct that allows the signs to assign and communicate specific, repeatable relations to, between, and among objects, subjects, and statements.[3] Hence, a discourse is composed of semiotic sequences (relations among signs) between and among objects, subjects, and statements. The term discursive formation conceptually describes the regular communications (written and spoken) that produce such discourses. As a philosopher, Foucault applied the discursive formation in the analyses of large bodies of knowledge, such as political economy and natural history.[4] In the first sense-usage (semantics and discourse analysis), the word discourse is studied in corpus linguistics. In the second sense (the codified language of a field of enquiry), and in the third sense (a statement, un énoncé), the analyses of discourse are effected in the intellectual traditions that investigate and determine the relations among language and structure and agency, as in the fields of sociology, feminist studies, anthropology, ethnography, cultural studies, literary theory, and the philosophy of science. Moreover, because discourses are bodies of text meant to communicate specific data, information, and knowledge, there exist internal relations within a given discourse, and external relations among discourses, because a discourse does not exist in isolation (per se), but in relation to other discourses, which are determined and established by means of interdiscourse and interdiscursivity. Hence, within a field of intellectual enquiry, the practitioners occasionally debate “What is” and “What is not” discourse, according to the conceptual meanings (denotation and connotation) used in the given field of study.

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Marjorie (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie ) Marjorie is a female given name derived from Margaret. It can also be spelled as Margery or Marjory. Marjorie is a medieval variant of Margery, influenced by the name of the herb marjoram. After the Middle Ages this name was rare, but it was revived at the end of the 19th century." It is also an Old French, Middle English form of Margaret, which means pearl.

vulnerability (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability ) Vulnerability refers to the inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment. A window of vulnerability (WoV) is a time frame within which defensive measures are reduced, compromised or lacking[citation needed]

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Aristotle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle ) Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης [aristotéls], Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC)[1] was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as '!"#!"$ "%&"$' – "The First Teacher". His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"),[2] it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.[3] 48 Harness the power of particularity p.244

• Sol Stein From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sol Stein (b. October 13, 1926, Chicago) is the author of 13 books and was Publisher and Editor-in-Chief of Stein and Day Publishers for 27 years.

• On Becoming a Novelist From Google Books John Gardner’s classic exploration of the creative processes and career paths of modern fiction writers In this essential guide, John Gardner advises the aspiring fiction author on such topics as the value of creative writing workshops, the developmental stages of literary growth, and the inevitable experience of writer’s block. Drawn from his two decades of experience in creative writing, Gardner balances his compassion for his students with his knowledge of the publishing industry, and truthfully relates his experiences of the hardships that lie ahead for aspiring authors. On Becoming a Novelist is a must-read for those dedicated to the craft and profession of fiction writing. This ebook features a new illustrated biography of John Gardner, including original letters, rare photos, and never-before-seen documents from the Gardner family and the University of Rochester Archives.

• Stein on Writing From Amazon Stein on Writing provides immediately useful advice for all writers of fiction and nonfiction, whether they are newcomers or old hands, students or instructors, amateurs or professionals. As the always clear and direct Stein explains here, "This is not a book of theory. It is a book of usable solutions--how to fix writing that is flawed, how to improve writing that is good, how to create interesting writing in the first place." With examples from bestsellers as well as from students' drafts, Stein offers detailed sections on characterization, dialogue, pacing, flashbacks, trimming away flabby wording, the so-called "triage" method of revision, using the techniques of fiction to enliven nonfiction, and more. p.245

• Colin Powell From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Colin Luther Powell (/ˈkoʊlɨn/; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army.[1] He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U.S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, the first African American to serve in that position.[2][3][4][5] During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Persian Gulf War. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and was the first of two consecutive African American office-holders to hold the key Administration position of U.S. Secretary of State.

• Meet the Press From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Meet the Press[5][6] is a weekly American television news/interview program airing on NBC. It is the longest-running television series in American broadcasting history, despite bearing little resemblance to the original format of the program seen in its television debut on November 6, 1947.[7] Meet the Press is the highest-rated of the American television Sunday morning talk shows.[8] It has been hosted by 11 moderators, beginning with Martha Rountree. The current host is David Gregory, who assumed the role in December 2008. The show began using a new set on May 2, 2010, with video screens and a library-style set with bookshelves, and different, modified intro music, with David Gregory previewing the guests using a large video screen, and with the Meet the Press theme music in a shorter "modernized [style]... the beginning repeated with drum beats" (see "High-definition broadcasting" below for additional information).[9] Meet the Press and similar shows specialize in interviewing national leaders on issues of politics, economics, foreign policy and other public affairs. These shows help fulfill the obligations of the networks to provide a public service to the community.[neutrality is disputed] Over the past few years, the program's usual time slot over the NBC network is between 9-10 a.m. local time in most markets, though this may vary by markets due to commitments by affiliates to religious, E/I or local news and public affairs programming. It also varies several weeks in the summer due to morning coverage of French Open tennis or the Monaco Grand Prix by NBC Sports. In earlier years, the program would air at noon every Sunday. The program also re-airs Sunday afternoons at 2 p.m. ET and early Monday mornings at 4 a.m. ET on MSNBC (and also over the audio simulcast of MSNBC on Sirius/XM Satellite Radio), along with an early Monday morning replay as part of NBC's "All Night" lineup. The program is also distributed to radio stations via syndication by Dial Global, and aired as part of C-SPAN Radio's replay of the Sunday morning talk shows. The longevity of Meet the Press is illustrated when one considers that the program debuted during what was only the second official "network television season" for American television.

• Arlington National Cemetery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington County, Virginia, directly across the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial, is a United States military cemetery beneath whose 624 acres (253 ha) have been laid casualties, and deceased veterans, of the nation's conflicts beginning with the American Civil War, as well as reinterred dead from earlier wars. It was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, which had been the estate of the family of Confederate general Robert E. Lee's wife Mary Anna (Custis) Lee (a great-granddaughter of Martha Washington).

• Purple Heart From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving on or after April 5, 1917 with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award that is still given to members of the U.S. military, the only earlier award being the obsolete Fidelity Medallion. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York.

•Bronze Star Medal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Bronze Star Medal is the fourth-highest individual military award and the ninth- highest by order of precedence in the U.S. Military. It may be awarded for acts of heroism, acts of merit, or meritorious service in a combat zone. When awarded for acts of heroism, the medal is awarded with the "V" device. The medal is sometimes referred to as the Bronze Star. Foreign soldiers,[1] as well as officers from the other federal uniformed services are also eligible to receive the decoration when serving with or alongside a service branch of the United States Armed Forces.[2]

•Star of David From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Star of David, known in Hebrew as the Shield of David or Magen David (Hebrew ,[Biblical Hebrew Māḡēn Dāwīḏ [maːˈɣeːn daːˈwiːð], Tiberian [mɔˈɣen dɔˈvið ;דָּוִד מָגֵן Modern Hebrew [maˈɡen daˈvid], Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish Mogein Dovid [ˈmɔɡeɪn ˈdɔvid] or Mogen Dovid), is a generally recognized symbol of Jewish identity and Judaism.[1] Its shape is that of a hexagram, the compound of two equilateral triangles. The hexagram has been in use as a symbol of Judaism since the 17th century, with precedents in the 14th to 16th centuries in Central Europe, where the Shield of David was partly used in conjunction with the Seal of Solomon (the hexagram) on Jewish flags. Its use probably derives from medieval (11th to 13th century) Jewish protective amulets (segulot). The term "Shield of David" is also used in the Siddur (Jewish prayer book) as a title of the God of Israel.

•Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Kareem Rashad Sultan Khan (born 12 February 1987 in Neptune, New Jersey, died 6 August 2007 in Baqouba, Iraq) was a Muslim-American U.S. Army Specialist who died in Operation Iraqi Freedom.[1] He received a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart for his service.[1] He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[1][2] The son of Feroze Khan of New Jersey and Elsheba Khan of Maryland, Khan was a 2005 graduate from Southern Regional High School in the Manahawkin section of Stafford Township, New Jersey. Khan was assigned to the 1st Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (Stryker Brigade Combat Team), based in Fort Lewis, Washington. According to the Gannett News Service, he was "spurred by the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center [and] wanted to show that not all Muslims were fanatics and that many, like him, were willing to lay their lives down for their country, America. He enlisted immediately after graduation and was sent to Iraq in July 2006."[2] He was promoted posthumously to the rank of Corporal.His service was cited during a 19 October 2008 interview on Meet the Press with general Colin Powell.[3][4] In particular, Powell referred to a photograph in The New Yorker which showed Khan's mother by his gravestone in Arlington National Cemetery.[1] Powell said Khan's example refutes the anti-Muslim sentiment present in the Republican campaign during the 2008 U.S. Presidential election, namely that being Muslim disqualifies a person from being a genuine, patriotic American, or that a Muslim could not become President.[5][6] p.246

•The Arithmetic of Life and Death From Google Books Whether you realize it or not, numbers are everywhere--and integral to almost every facet of your life . . . from your next raise in pay to the inevitable rise of inflation, your weekly family budget to your end of the national debt. And as George Shaffner amazingly reveals, there are discerning answers (and a great measure of comfort) in numbers. In The Arithmetic of Life, he applies the basic principles of mathematics-- addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division--to some of the most profound and just plain puzzling questions of our time. Illuminated with anecdotes, humor, and insight, each chapter explains a unique part of life that can be understood only through the magic of numbers. Whether it's an unconventional theory on why more things go wrong than right, a simple calculation of how much it will cost you to smoke for a lifetime, why crime (accumulatively) doesn't pay, or a glimpse into the probability of life after death, this enlightening and lucidly reasoned book will forever change the way you think about numbers--and the world around you.

•George Shaffner From Nebraska Center of Writers GEORGE SHAFFNER, the son of a West Point man, grew up all over the South and lived for years in Nebraska. He is the author of several books, including the novel In the Land of Second Chances (Algonquin Books, 2004), The Arithmetic of Life and Death (Ballantine Books, 2001), and The Arithmetic of Life (Random House, 1999). He lives in Sammamish, Washington. One Part Angel, the sequel to In the Land of Second Chances, was published by Algonquin Books in 2006. p.247

•Green Bay Packers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Green Bay Packers are an American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). Green Bay is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, having been organized and playing in 1919.[5] The Packers are the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team in the United States. The Packers are the last vestige of "small town teams" that were once common in the NFL during the 1920s and 1930s. Founded in 1919 by Earl "Curly" Lambeau (hence the name Lambeau Field on which the team plays) and George Whitney Calhoun, the Green Bay Packers can trace their lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896. In 1919 and 1920 the Packers competed as a semi-professional football team against clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest. They joined the American Professional Football Association (APFA) in 1921, the forerunner to what is known today as the National Football League (NFL). Although Green Bay is the last NFL "small town" team, its local fan base and media extends into nearby Milwaukee; the team also played selected home games there between 1933 and 1994. The Green Bay Packers have won 13 league championships (more than any other team in the NFL), including nine NFL championships prior to the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowl victories—in 1967 (Super Bowl I), 1968 (Super Bowl II), 1997 (Super Bowl XXXI) and 2011 (Super Bowl XLV).[6] The Packers have long-standing, bitter rivalries with their NFC North (formerly the NFC Central) opponents, the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings and the Detroit Lions. The Bears-Packers rivalry is one of the oldest rivalries in NFL history, dating back to 1921.

•Lisa Nowak From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Lisa Marie Nowak (née Caputo) (born May 10, 1963) is a former American naval flight officer and NASA astronaut. Born in Washington, D.C., she was selected by NASA in 1996 and qualified as a mission specialist in robotics. Nowak flew aboard Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-121 mission in July 2006, where she was responsible for operating the robotic arms of the shuttle and the International Space Station. Nowak gained international attention on February 5, 2007, when she was arrested in Orlando, Florida, and subsequently charged with the attempted kidnapping of U.S. Air Force Captain Colleen Shipman, who was romantically involved with astronaut William Oefelein. Nowak was released on bail, and initially pleaded not guilty to the charges, which included attempted kidnapping, burglary with assault, and battery. Her assignment to the space agency as an astronaut was terminated by NASA effective March 8, 2007. On November 10, 2009, Nowak agreed to a plea deal with prosecutors and pleaded guilty to charges of felony burglary of a car and misdemeanor battery. The episode "Rocket Man" of the police procedural Law & Order: Criminal Intent was loosely based on this incident, and is also referenced in the Ben Folds song Cologne. Nowak remained a Navy Captain until August 2010, when a naval board of inquiry, composed of three admirals, voted unanimously to reduce Nowak in rank to Commander and to discharge her from the Navy under other than honorable conditions.[1]

•John Schwartz From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Burnham Schwartz is an American novelist. p.248

•Johnny Weir From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia John Garvin "Johnny" Weir-Voronov[1] (born July 2, 1984) is an American figure skater. He is the 2008 World bronze medalist, a two-time Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2001 World Junior Champion, and a three-time U.S. national champion (2004–2006).

•Libby Copeland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Libby Copeland is a freelance writer in New York, and was previously a staff writer for the Washington Post. She started her career with the Post in 1998 as an intern in the Style department,[1] and went on to cover culture, crime and Washington politics.[2] [3] In 2005, she was the Feature Specialty Reporting winner for the large circulation papers in the annual competition held by the American Association of Sunday and Feature Editors.[4] In 2009, she left the Post and moved to New York. Since becoming a freelancer, she's become a regular contributor to Slate, and has written for New York Magazine, the Wall Street Journal and Cosmopolitan, among other places. She has appeared on MSNBC, CNN and NPR.

•Dolce & Gabbana From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dolce & Gabbana (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdoltʃe e ɡabˈbaːna]) is an Italian luxury industry fashion house.[1] The company was started by Italian designers Domenico Dolce (born 13 August 1958 in Polizzi Generosa, Sicily) and Stefano Gabbana (born 14 November 1962 in Milan). By 2005 their turnover was €597 million.[2] The two met in Milan in 1980 and worked for the same fashion house. In 1982 they established a designer consulting studio; in time it grew to become “Dolce & Gabbana”. They presented their first women’s collection in 1985[3] in Milan, where a year later their store would open its doors. (Dolce & Gabbana 2011). Two years later they launched their leotard line, and in 1989 they began designing underwear and swimming costumes (Domenico). Dolce and Gabbana started to export their products to Japan and other countries like the U.S., where they founded their own showroom in 1990 (Gabbana, Stephano 2011). In 1992, the same year they presented their men’s collection, they also launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana (Dolce & Gabbana 2011). They won the Woolmark award in 1991, and the prize “most feminine flavor of the year” in 1993 (Dolce & Gabbana 2007). They won an Oscar for best male perfume in 1996. Towards the end of the 1990s their sales were around 500 million dollars and in 2003 alone their revenue reached 633.2 million dollars (Gabbana, Stephano 2011). p.249

•Roberto Cavalli From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Roberto Cavalli (Italian pronunciation: [roˈbɛrto kaˈvalːi]) (born 15 November 1940) is an Italian fashion designer from Florence. He is known for detailed exotic prints and for creating the sand-blasted look for jeans which are now a standard style for the majority of jean makers. He is the father of fashion designer Daniele Cavalli (b. 1986).[1]

•Maidenform From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Maidenform Brands (NYSE: MFB) is a manufacturer of women's underwear, founded in 1922 by three people: seamstress Ida Rosenthal; Enid Bissett, who owned the shop that employed her; and Ida's husband, William Rosenthal. They rebelled against the flat-chested designs of the time and instead produced both dresses and support undergarments, particularly bras that accentuated the natural shape of a woman's figure, hence the name Maidenform. The company was founded in Bayonne, New Jersey, and although no manufacturing facilities remain in Bayonne today, some company facilities are still located there.[citation needed] In October 2007, the company's headquarters moved to a new location in Iselin, New Jersey.[1][2] After going through a long restructuring effort at the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, Maidenform became a publicly traded company in July, 2005. Maidenform became a top leading shapewear brand taking over 40% of market share. This is #1 shapewear brand among other shapewear brands in America. Now Maidenform has about 8,000 stores in the US including Macy's and JCP Penney. Also, it has more that 75 stores all over the world. For example, Debenhams and House of fraser in Europe and SOGO, TAKASHMAYA in Asia.

•Playtex From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Playtex is a brand name for undergarments, baby products, gloves, feminine products and sunscreen. It was founded in 1947, when International Latex Corporation (ILC) created a division named Playtex to produce and sell latex products. Playtex was the first to advertise undergarments on national television in 1955 and the first to show a woman wearing only a bra from the waist-up in a commercial in 1977. Playtex-branded tampons were introduced in the 1960s and became the primary competition to incumbent Tampax. Playtex invented the plastic tampon applicator in 1973. It was one of the tampon manufactures that were sued for aggressively advertising over-absorbent tampons, which led to toxic shock syndrome. Playtex was acquired by Esmark in 1975, and then by Beatrice Foods in 1985. A year later it was acquired for $1.25 billion and its cosmetics brands were sold to Revlon. In 1988, Playtex split into two companies, Playtex Apparel Inc. and Playtex Products LLC. Playtex Apparel was sold to Sara Lee in 1991, and to HanesBrands in 2007.

CHAPTER49 Have fun with initials and acronyms, but avoid “capital” offenses.

P251 abbreviation a short form of a word, etc

P252 VCR the abbreviation for ‘video cassette recorder’

geezer 1 (British English) a man Some geezer called Danny did it. 2 (North American English) an old man, especially one who is rather strange p253 Luddite a person who is opposed to new technology or working methods

flip side different and less welcome aspects of an idea, argument or action

P254 Sheidlower the author of The F-Word, a detailed history of the word fuck; and the President of the American Dialect Society

ｐ２５６ longhand the written characters used in the common method of writing opposed to shorthand, or typing or printing

Poynter the free service that you can post your pictures and share them with many people all over the world p257 Newsweek’s (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek) Newsweek was an American weekly news magazine that was published in New York City in print form from 1933 to 2012

“ B4 U h8 Y not be gr8!” “Before you hate why not be grate!” p258 Telegram! by Linda Rosenkrantz There was a time when the sight of a Western Union delivery boy coming up the walk filled Americans with a sense of excitement or trepidation. Between its invention in the mid-nineteenth century and its post-1960s relegation to money transfer and congratulations, the telegraph served as the primary medium for urgent messages. Telegram! collects the most poignant and revealing examples of this earliest form of instant communication. p259 Titanic(cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_RMS_Titanic) RMS Titanic has been featured in a large number of films, TV movies and notable TV episodes. Films range from one of the most popular movies ever made, to one of the lowest rated movies ever made.

Christopher Walken(cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken) Ronald Walken (born March 31, 1943), known professionally as Christopher Walken, is an American actor, screenwriter, and director who has appeared in more than 100 films and television shows p260 altissima(cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailanthus_altissima) Ailanthus altissima commonly known as tree of heaven, ailanthus, or in Standard Chinese as chouchun (Chinese: 臭椿; pinyin: chòuchūn; literally "foul smelling tree"), is a deciduous tree in the Simaroubaceae family

Toronto Star (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star) The Toronto Star is a Canadian broadsheet daily newspaper p261 Wired Style . Features a comprehensive, comprehensible A to Z list covering acronyms and when to use them, computer buzzwords and when to lose them, and playful additions to your literary lexicon. Softcover.