Lessons Learned: Milestones of Toxicology Steven G. Gilbert1 and Antoinette Hayes2 1Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders and 2Pfizer Research, Contact information: Steven G. Gilbert at [email protected] – More information and interactive (clickable) version at www.toxipedia.org – © 2006-2010 Steven G. Gilbert

Shen Nung Ebers Papyrus Gula 1400 BCE Homer Socrates Hippocrates Mithridates VI L. Cornelius Sulla Cleopatra Pedanius Mount Vesuvius 2696 BCE 1500 BCE 850 BCE (470-399 BCE) (460-377 BCE) (131-63 BCE) 82 BCE (69-30 BCE) Dioscorides Erupted August 24th Antiquity The Father of Egyptian records Wrote of the Charged with Greek physician, Tested antidotes Lex Cornelia de Experimented (40-90 CE) 79 CE Chinese contain 110 use of arrows religious heresy used observational to poisons on sicariis et with strychnine Greek City of Pompeii and 3000 BCE – 90 CE pages on anatomy Sumerian texts refer to a medicine, noted poisoned with venom in the and corrupting the morals approach to human disease himself and used prisoners veneficis : law and other poisons on pharmacologist and Herculaneum and physiology, toxicology, female deity, Gula. This for tasting 365 herbs and epic tales of The Odyssey of local youth. Death by and treatment, founder of as guinea pigs. Created against poisoning people or prisoners and the poor. Physician; wrote De destroyed and buried spells, and treatment, mythological figure was said to have died of a toxic and The Iliad. From Greek poison hemlock; active modern medicine, named mixtures of substances prisoners; also could not Committed suicide with Materia Medica, basis for by ash. Pliny the Elder recorded on papyrus. associated with charms, overdose. toxikon: arrow, poison. chemical the alkaloid cancer after creeping crab. leading to term Mithridatic. buy, sell or possess poisons. Egyptian Asp. the modern pharmacopeia. suffocated by volcanic gases. spells, and poisons. coniine. Greek Fire Ergot Outbreak Moses Maimonides Albertus Magnus Raymundus Lullius Knights Templars Petrus de Abano The Black Death Venetian Council of Zhou Man Rodrigo & 673 CE 994 CE (1135-1204) (1193-1280) 1275 (1118-1307) (1250-1315) (1347-1351) Ten - 1419 1423 Cesare Borgia Middle Ages Ancient 40,000 died Jewish Dominican friar Ether discovered Christian military Italian scholar Bubonic and Group of Chinese explorer (1400-1500) “napalm” described by the from eating philosopher and wrote extensively by Spanish order alleged to translated pneumonic people who lost thousands of crew Poisoned many people in Italy 476 CE – 1453 Crusaders as consisting of contaminated wheat/rye ; physician wrote on compatibility chemist and be experts with Hippocrates and plague ravaged Europe , carried out members to uranium for political and monetary gain. naptha, quicklime, sulphur, caused gangrene; known as Treatise on Poisons and of religion and science and later called poisons. They searched for Galen to Latin. Wrote book leaving the highest number murders with poison for a exposure while mining lead Used arsenic in a concoction and saltpeter. St. Anthony’s Fire. Their Antidotes. isolated arsenic in 1250. sweet vitriol. the “Elixir of Life.” on poisons De Venenis. of casualties in history. fee. in Jabiru, Australia. called La Cantrella.

Leonardo de Vinci Pope Clement VII Paracelsus Georgius Agricola Catherine Medici William Piso 1640 Shakespeare Hieronyma Spara Catherine Monvoisin Guilia Tophania King Louis XIV Renaissance (1452-1519) (1478-1534) (1493-1541) (1494-1555) (1519-1589) 1640 (1564-1616) ~1659 (LaVoisin) (1635-1719) 1682 Experimented with Died (possibly “All substances Wrote De Re Queen of France, In Brazil, From Romeo Roman woman and (1640-1680) Italian woman who Passed royal decree 14th–16th bioaccumulation of murdered) after are poisons; Metallica, published expert assassin, studied effects and Juliet, Act 5: fortune teller who Accused sorcerer supplied poison (arsenic) to forbidding apothecaries there is none which is not a poisons in animals eating Amanita 1556. The most tested poisons of Cephaelis “Here’s to my love! O true organized wealthy wives and and convicted wives looking to murder to sell arsenic or poisonous poison. The right dose Centuries and called the procedure phalloides, death cap comprehensive book on on the poor and ipecacuanha, apothecary! Thy drugs are sold them an arsenic elixir to poisoner in France. their husbands. Later substances except to persons differentiates a poison from a “passages.” mining and metallurgy. quick. Thus with a kiss I die.” murder their husbands. mushroom.. remedy.” the sick. an emetic also used to treat She was burned at the stake. executed by strangulation. known to them. dysentery. Devonshire Colic John Jones Richard Meade Carl Wilhelm Percivall Pott Felice Fontana Friedrich Sertürner Francoise Magendie Fowler’s Solution Pierre Ordinaire Mateu J.B. Orfila 1700s 1701 (1673-1754) Scheele (1742-1760) (1714-1788) 1767 (1783-1841) (1783-1855) 1786-1936 1797-1915 (1787-1853) Devonshire, English doctor wrote In 1702 wrote A Swedish apothecary British physician Italian chemist and Isolated an alkaloid Discovered emetine Potassium arsenite Created elixir Considered the father 1700s England. High The Mysteries of Opium Mechanical and chemist who who recognized physiologist who from opium poppy and studied effects solution prescribed using absinthe of modern toxicology. incidence of lead Reveal’d, described many Account of Poisons, discovered oxygen, coal tar caused was the first to study in 1803. He named of strychnine and as a general tonic popularized and sold by Henry In 1813 he published colic from drinking treatments using opium, but dedicated to poisonous plants, barium, chlorine, cancer of the scrotum in venomous snakes. Discovered it morphine after Morpheus, the cyanide. Called and used from about Pernod. Absinthe was used by Traite des Poisons, the father of contaminated cider. also withdrawal and snakes, and other animals. manganese, and chimney sweeps. Led to that viper venom affects blood. Greek god of dreams. 1786 to 1936. Used Vincent Van Gogh; banned in which described the symptoms of experimental pharmacology. addiction. hydrogen cyanide. Chimney Sweepers Act of by Charles Darwin? 1915, subject of Degas. poisons. 1788.

Thomas de Quincey James Marsh Robert Christison Claude Bernard Ascanio Sobrero Theodore G. Wormley Joseph Caventou & Arsenic Act 1851 Louis Lewin Emil Fischer Constantine Fahlberg (1785-1859) (1794-1846) (1797-1882) (1813-1878) (1812- 1888) (1826-1897) Pierre Pelletier Required arsenic to be colored (1854-1929) 1852-1919 Saccharin - 1879 with soot or indigo to prevent English writer Chemist developed Toxicologist at French Italian chemist, in In 1869 wrote the first German Constantine Fahlberg 1820 “accidental” poisoning. 1800s became addicted and perfected the Marsh test for University of physiologist 1847 discovered first American pharmacologist discovered saccharin to opium in early arsenic. The improved Marsh Edinburgh wrote Treatise on studied the effects nitroglycerin, a book dedicated Friedrich Gaedcke studied and classified while working in the 1800s and test was used forensically for Poisons in 1829; invented of carbon monoxide and powerful explosive to poisons, 1855 Isolated hallucinogenic plants, laboratory of Ira published Confessions of an the first time in 1840 during the French pharmacists isolated Remsen (right) poison harpoon for whaling curare. Influenced by and vasodilator. Alfred Nobel Microchemistry of Poisons. quinine from bark of Cinchona cocaine from alcohols, and other Opium Eater in 1821. trial of Marie Lafarge. Isolated the stimulant caffeine in 1879. that contained prussic acid. Francoise Magendie. was his student. tree in back of their pharmacy. Erythroxylon coca. psychoactive compounds. from plant extracts in 1895.

Upton Sinclair Pure Food and Chemical Warfare a U.S. Prohibition Geneva Protocol Ginger Jake 1929 Hawk's Nest Gerhard Schrader Elixir Sulfanilamide Albert Hofmann Marijuana Tax Act (1878-1968) Drugs Act - 1906 Reality - 1915 1919-1933 1925 Alcoholic tonic produced Incident 1927-1935 (1903-1990) 1937 1938 1937 Published Harvey Washington German Law that made Banned use of illegally during prohibition Hundreds of black German chemist Food Drug & Lysergic acid Federal criminal 1900-1930s The Jungle Wiley, M.D. (1844- chemist Fritz the production chemical weapons. adulterated with TOCP workers die from accidentally (LSD) synthesized offense to possess, 1930). Law prevents Cosmetic Act in 1905. Haber (1868-1934) and sale of Updated in 1993 produced OPIDN acute silicosis while made nerve agents sarin, tabun, in the Sandoz produce, or dispense production or trafficking (Jake Leg), 1938 Chronicled the unsanitary of mislabeled, adulterated developed blistering agents alcoholic beverages as the “Chemical Weapons digging tunnel for a soman, and cyclosarin while Laboratory (now hemp. Non-medical 100 die, diethylene conditions in meat packing or poisonous foods, drugs, used in WWI: chlorine and illegal but very profitable. Convention” to include affecting 50,000 hydroelectric project developing insecticides 1938; Novartis). In 1943 Hoffman use prohibited in California (1915) glycol as a vehicle. industry in Chicago. medicines, and liquors. cyanide gases. banning production. adults. for Union Carbide. agents used in WWII. tested LSD on himself. and Texas (1919). DDT – 1939 2,4-D – 1946 Minimata Japan Poison Control Journal of Tox. & Thalidomide Society of Toxicology Alice Hamilton Rachel Carson Occupational Safety U.S. EPA Recognized as Developed during (1950s) Centers 1953 App. Pharmacology (1959-1960s) 1961 (1869-1970) (1907-1964) & Health Act 1970 1970 insecticide by the Swiss WW II at British Minimata Bay First, Chicago 1959 Drug prescribed Founded Pathologist and Scientist led Act passed on December Established to 1940-1960s scientist Paul Hermann Rothamsted to pregnant women for contaminated 1953, second Adopted by March 4, 1961, first female faculty crusade against the use of 29, 1970 to ensure every consolidate federal research,on Müller, who was awarded Experimental morning sickness induced with mercury by chemical at Duke SOT until 1981 first formal member at Harvard dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane worker a safe and healthful monitoring, standard-setting the 1948 Nobel Station by J.H. Quastela industry. Thousands of adults birth defects. Medical School. Associated University, when SOT meeting held April 15, 1962 (DDT), a pesticide and workplace. and enforcement activities to and children were poisoned Frances Kelsey worksite chemical hazards persistent organic pollutant. Prize in Physiology and sold commercially in NC in 1954, and third founded Fundamentals of (9 founders, 183 ensure human & environmental from eating fish contaminated of FDA blocked with disease. Studied effects Wrote several books including and Medicine. 1946. Used to control opened in Boston in 1955. Applied Toxicology. charter members). protection. Banned in 1972. broadleaf plants. with methyl mercury. approval in U.S. of lead & rubber on workers. Silent Spring published 1962. Mr. Yuk Iraq – Mercury Bangladeshi 1970s First Modern Love Canal Disaster IUTOX 1980 Times Beach 1983 Bhopal Disaster Chernobyl Accident Tokyo Subway Sarin Vioxx (1999-2004) 1971 1971 Arsenic Poisoning Toxicology 1978 International Union of Dangerous levels of dioxin Dec. 3, 1984 April 26, 1986 Gas Attack 1995 A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, Toxicology Symbol adopted Pink- Tubewells, August 7, 1978 discovered in Times Beach, Accidental release The Chernobyl Members of religious group COX-2 selective inhibitor for 1970-2006 Textbook American Board MO. EPA orders treatment of osteoarthritis, by the Pittsburgh Poison colored drilled to US President 40 metric tons of nuclear power plant Aum 1975 of Toxicology (ABT) the town produced by Merck & Co. Center at the Children’s seed grain coated with a provide clean Jimmy Carter methyl isocyanate accident produced a Shinrikyo Louis J. Casarett declared Love Canal a federal evacuation and from a Union plume of radioactive voluntarily Hospital in 1971. Used to mercury fungicide was drinking water, were 1979 - First exam Aug. 1980 released sarin & John Doull edited emergency. 42 million pounds Academy of makes it a Carbide Indian pesticide plant debris over the withdrawn because educate children and parents consumed by Iraqis, contaminated by arsenic gas in 5 places about poisons and to prevent Toxicology: The Basic of over 200 chemicals dumped Toxicological Superfund site. in heart of city resulted in the Ukraine, Eastern in Tokyo subway, killing of risk of heart tragically affecting over resulting in millions of in ground contaminated Love death of thousands and injured Europe, Scandinavia, UK and accidental poisonings. Science of Poisons, in 1975. Sciences (ATS) All residents left 12 and injuring 6,000. attack and stroke. 40,000 people. people being harmed. Canal, disrupting many lives. 1981 by 1985. hundreds of thousands. eastern USA. Historical Milestones and Discoveries Which Shaped the Toxicology Sciences Steven G. Gilbert1 and Antoinette Hayes2 1800s The New School. “Thomas de Quincey” [on-line image] Available at http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/quincey.gif (accessed December 2005). 1 2 Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders and Northeastern University Uppingham School, UK. “James Marsh” (Marsh test apparatus, diagram from W.A.Campbell, Chemistry in Britain, 1965, 1, 200-201.). [on-line image] Available at http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/arsine/arsinev.htm (accessed Knowledge of the toxic and healing properties of plants, animals, and minerals has shaped civilization for millennia. The foundations of December 2005). modern toxicology are built upon the significant milestones and discoveries of serendipity and crude experimentation. Throughout the ages, Smithsonian Institution Libraries. “Robert Chritison” [on-line image] Available at http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/scientific-identity/thumbnails/TNSIL14-C3-14.jpg (accessed December 2005). toxicological science has provided information that has shaped and guided society. This poster presentation examines the development of the Wikipedia. “Claude Bernard” [on-line image] Available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Claude_Bernard.jpg (accessed December 2005) Copyright expired. discipline of toxicology and its influence on civilization by highlighting significant milestones and discoveries related to toxicology. The Nobel Prize. “Ascanio Sobrero” [on-line image] Available at http://nobelprize.org/nobel/alfred-nobel/biographical/life-work/sobrero.html (accessed December 2005). examples shed light on the beginnings of toxicology, as well as examine lessons learned and re-learned. This project is also an effort to Encyclopedia Dicksonia. “Theo G. Wormley” [on-line image] Available at http://chronicles.dickinson.edu/encyclo/w/ed_wormleyTG.htm (accessed December 2005). Wikipedia. “Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier” Quinine [on-line image] Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chinina.png (accessed December 2005). examine how toxicology and the toxicologist have interacted with other scientific and cultural disciplines, including religion, politics, and the History of Pharmacy. “Joseph Caventou & Pierre Pelletier” [on-line image] Available at http://evans.amedd.army.mil/pharmnew/images/THOM/24.jpg (accessed December 2005). government. Toxicology has evolved to a true scientific discipline with its own dedicated scientists, educational institutes, sub-disciplines, Wikipedia. “Cocaine” (“Friedrich Gaedcke”) [on-line image] Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coca.jpg (accessed January 2006). professional societies, and journals. It now stands as its own entity while traversing such fields as chemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. The Lycaeum “Louis Lewin” 1999 [on-line image] Available at http://nepenthes.lycaeum.org/People/Images/lewin.jpg (accessed December 2005). Wikipedia. “Chloroform” [on-line image] Available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Trichl%C3%B3rmet%C3%A1n.jpg (accessed December 2005). We invite you to join us on a path of discovery and to offer your suggestions as to what are the most significant milestones and discoveries in Nobel Prize. “Emil Fischer” [on-line image] Available at http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html (accessed December 2005). toxicology. An interactive version of the poster is available at www.asmalldoseof.org. Wikipedia. “Caffeine” [online image] Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine (accessed December 2005). 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