DOCSLIB.ORG

From Doubt to Certitude Augustine Returns to Thagaste O 359 A.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Doubt to Certitude Augustine Returns to Thagaste O 359 A.D THE YEAR of VOLUME X . ISSUE I CONSECRATED LIFE ORIGINS OF THE ORDER THE AUGUSTINIAN SAINT AUGUSTINE P. 3 CALL TO ORDER P. 12 354 A.D. 372–373 A.D. C AURELIUS AUGUSTINE IS BORN IN THAGASTE, NORTH WHILE IN CARTHAGE, AUGUSTINE BECOMES AN H AFRICA (NOW SOUK AHRAS IN ALGERIA) TO MONICA, A ADHERENT OF THE MANICHAEAN RELIGIOUS CATHOLIC AND PATRICIUS, A PAGAN WHO IS A ROMAN MOVEMENT INSPIRED BY REVELATIONS R OFFICIAL (CURIALIS OF THAGASTE). AUGUSTINE HAS RECEIVED BY A MAN WHO CALLED HIMSELF O A BROTHER NAVIGIUS AND A SISTER, WHOSE NAME IS MANI. BORN IN 216 A.D. IN BABYLONIA, MANI UNRECORDED. THAGASTE, SITUATED IN THE NORTH-EAST WAS EXECUTED FOR HIS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS BY N HIGHLANDS OF NUMIDIA, HELD NATURAL HABITATS FOR BAHRAM I, IN 277 A.D. SAINT AUGUSTINE LIONS AND PANTHERS, CAPTURED AND SOLD FOR ROMAN O L AMPHITHEATER GAMES. 373 A.D. FROM DOUBT TO CERTITUDE AUGUSTINE RETURNS TO THAGASTE O 359 A.D. TO TEACH RHETORIC. G AUGUSTINE ATTENDS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN THAGASTE (NOW SOUK AHRAS) AND HIGH SCHOOL IN MADAURA (NOW 376 A.D. Y M’DAOUROUCH, ALGERIA), 15 MILES SOUTH OF THAGASTE. AUGUSTINE RETURNS TO CARTHAGE TO TEACH RHETORIC. 354–359 A.D. 372–376 A.D. 370–372 A.D. 370–371 A.D. AUGUSTINE RETURNS TO THAGASTE FOR A YEAR, AS HIS PARENTS ATTEMPT TO GAIN THE MEANS TO FURTHER HIS EDUCATION. HIS FATHER, WHO HAS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY, DIES UNEXPECTEDLY. A WEALTHY LANDOWNER HELPS THE FAMILY SEND AUGUSTINE TO CARTHAGE FOR FURTHER STUDIES. 371–372 A.D. AS MARRIAGE BETWEEN CLASSES IS STRICTLY REGULATED BY ROMAN LAW, AUGUSTINE, A ROMAN CITIZEN, ENTERS INTO A MONOGAMOUS CONCUBINAGE RELATIONSHIP WITH A WOMAN OF A LOWER CLASS STATUS. A SON, ADEODATUS, IS BORN IN CARTHAGE TO AUGUSTINE AND HIS PARTNER. by George P. Lawless, O.S.A. Sixteen centuries ago, during the Easter While he deplored their destruction of A public lecture delivered by Father Vigil, 24-25 April 387, a thirty-three year property, still he enjoyed their company in Lawless at Villanova University on old Roman from the province of Numidia much the same way that he reveled in the company of other adolescent friends, when November 29, 2011. in North Africa was baptized by Ambrose, bishop of Milan in the north of Italy. That together they heedlessly stole pears from an decision to seek baptism together with his orchard in an incident made famous from son, Adeodatus, and his friend Alypius, was his Confessions. Augustine was no different to have incalculable consequences for the from other boys from school, and he had Christian Churches and for all of western an intense dislike for the study of Greek. civilization. That convert to Catholic However, the fact that he went to high Christianity was Aurelius Augustine. school at all set him apart from many of Augustine was born November 13, his peers at Thagaste. 354, at Thagaste (now Souk Ahras) in When he completed high school at modern Algeria. Situated some sixty miles fifteen years of age, Augustine returned inland from the Mediterranean Sea on home. As he was preparing to leave one of three overland routes connecting for advanced studies in philosophy and the seacoast of Hippo (Modern Annaba) rhetoric at the end of the year, his father and Carthage, the backwater town of died. Patrick, the father of Augustine, was Thagaste featured little more than a hotel a man who lived all his life as a pagan and for travelers. With only an elementary was converted to Christianity only shortly school available to him in his hometown, before his death. This significant loss Augustine, a serious but by no means happened at the very time that Augustine exceptional student, attended high school was experiencing a year of youthful idleness at Madaura some twenty miles distant from while his parents were scraping together Thagaste. enough money to advance still further As a teenager, he associated with a group their son’s education. Now widowed and of teenagers who were called “Wreckers.” with three children, Monica the mother 4 . THE AUGUSTINIAN . SPRING/SUMMER 2015 THE AUGUSTINIAN . SPRING/SUMMER 2015 . 5 384 A.D. (FALL) AUGUSTINE IS APPOINTED OFFICIAL ORATOR IN MILAN. 385 A.D. MONICA JOINS AUGUSTINE IN MILAN. AUGUSTINE VISITS THE BISHOP OF MILAN, AMBROSE, AND ATTENDS SUNDAY WORSHIP TO HEAR THE FAMED PREACHER. 387 A.D. AUGUSTINE, HIS SON ADEODATUS AND HIS 386 A.D. FRIEND ALYPIUS ARE BAPTIZED ON APRIL 24 MONICA ARRANGES A LEGALLY AND SOCIABLY SUITABLE ON THE EVE OF EASTER IN MILAN BY BISHOP MARRIAGE FOR HER SON. AUGUSTINE’S PARTNER, THE AMBROSE IN THE CATHEDRAL OF MILAN. MOTHER OF ADEODATUS, RETURNS TO NORTH AFRICA ALONE. ADEODATUS REMAINS WITH HIS FATHER. 384–386 A.D. 387 A.D. 383–384 A.D. 386 A.D. 387 A.D. 383-384 A.D. 386 A.D. 387 A.D. AUGUSTINE, WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS, SETS SAIL AUGUSTINE HAS A GREAT MOMENT OF AUGUSTINE LEAVES MILAN AND GOES TO THE PORT OF TO ROME WHERE HE WILL TEACH, KNOWINGLY LEAVING CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY IN THE OSTIA TO RETURN TO NORTH AFRICA, BUT IS DELAYED HIS MOTHER BEHIND PRAYING IN A CHAPEL. MONICA GARDEN OF HIS RESIDENCE IN MILAN. FOR ALMOST TWO YEARS WHILE THE PORT IS CLOSED BY RETURNS TO THAGASTE. A BLOCKADE. DURING THIS TIME, AUGUSTINE AND MONICA EXPERIENCE A COMMON MYSTICAL MOMENT WHEN THEY TALK ABOUT DIVINE WISDOM. DESCRIBING THE MOMENT AUGUSTINE SAID: “WE DID FOR ONE INSTANT TOUCH IT...” (CONFESSIONS 9.10.23-25). of Augustine, was singularly fortunate to Near the end of his pursuit of philosophy read The Categories of Aristotle, a book on A YOUNG URBAN PROFESSIONAL the sake of savoring the eloquence of the that crucial link with the interior realm of have the help of a wealthy landowner and and rhetoric at Carthage, Augustine logic which helped shape the orderliness famous preacher. Although first attracted Dissatisfied with the failure of Faustus the spiritual and the immaterial. resident of Thagaste who was willing to joined an oriental religious sect called of his mind. There followed a gradual by Ambrose’s delivery of the gospel, it was to make a strong case for Manichaeism, Monica, meanwhile, had joined her son provide the necessary financial support for Manichaesim, to which he gave his disenchantment with the Manichaen not long before Augustine showed interest Augustine shortly thereafter despaired of shortly after his arrival in Milan. With her his education at Carthage, a city some 170 allegiance for at least the next nine years religion, but its ardent devotees prevailed in the gospel of delivery. He became less finding the truth. He became a skeptic. intrusive manner she apparently wasted miles away from home. of his young life. upon their co-religionist to persevere. critical of the Bible with its confusing Augustine started teaching again and soon no time arranging a suitable marriage for Ancient Carthage was notorious as When Augustine returned to his Their most distinguished teacher, Faustus, contents and its inelegant style. Gradually discovered that Roman students refused to her son. As a result, Augustine’s unnamed a sizzling frying-pan for illicit loves, birthplace after the completion of advanced they promised, would eventually come he became open to receive its message. pay tuition and fees. Eventually, through mother of Adeodatus was summarily so much so that the Latin word play studies, his mother barred him from the to Carthage and respond to Augustine’s At the same time, through his interest the influence of Symmachus, the Prefect of dismissed and returned to North Africa. Carthago, Carthage, and sartago cauldron, in house. Monica made more strenuous many questions. Faustus finally came, but in philosophy, he attached himself to an Rome, his own merits as a teacher and the Augustine withheld her name from Augustine’s Confessions prompted T.S. Eliot’s objection to her son’s adherence to his torrent of words was all fantasy and established circle of people who were important fact that he was not a Catholic posterity, undoubtedly out of personal poetic version of this youthful adventure: Manichaeism than to his cohabitation fable. Augustine’s disillusionment increased. conversant with the Christian religion and Christian, Augustine secured for himself respect for her, but also for the obvious “To Carthage I came, burning, burning, with a woman. With his proselytizing To make matters worse, the students Greek Philosophers, notably Plato, Plotinus the prestigious post of Public Orator at reason that his Confessions were widely burning, burning.” Paganism had, indeed, temperament, Augustine had already made at Carthage proved to be reckless and and Porphyry. Milan. This ambitious young man from circulated during his lifetime as Bishop of been a powerful force at Madaura where converts to the Manichaean religion and disorderly with the result that Augustine’s The story of the conversion to a middle-class provincial family in far-off Hippo. From the beginning, both parties Augustine spent his high school years and told even his staunchly Christian mother level of job satisfaction as a teacher was Christianity of Marius Victorinus had a Africa had now become an upper-class were aware that their liaison was destined again at Carthage where he continued his that some day she too would become a pitifully low. Putting all these considerations profound effect upon Augustine because urban professional who would surely catch to be ephemeral. This is why “mistress” is formal education. Manichee. After having opened a school, together, Augustine determined to seek he was, like himself, a noted and respected the eye of the Imperial Court. conceivably an ill-suited word for depicting Having become the father of a son born Augustine found the environs of his native new horizons.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 27 August. Feast of Saint Monica She Is the Patron Saint of Alcoholics
    Daily Saints - 27 August. Feast of Saint Monica She is the patron saint of alcoholics, alcoholism, difficult marriages, disappointing children, homemakers, housewives, married women, wives, mothers, victims of adultery or unfaithfulness, victims of verbal abuse, widows. Because of her name and place of birth, Monica is assumed to have been born in Thagaste (present-day Souk Ahras, Algeria). She is believed to have been a Berber on the basis of her name. She was married early in life to Patricius, a Roman pagan, who held an official position in Tagaste. Patricius had a violent temper and appears to have been of dissolute habits; apparently, his mother was the same way. Patricius' mother lived with the couple and the duo's temper flares proved to be a constant challenge to young Monica. Monica's alms, deeds, and prayer habits annoyed Patricius, but it is said that he always held her in respect. Monica’s prayers and example finally won her husband and mother-in-law to Christianity. Her husband died in 371, one year after his baptism. Monica had three children who survived infancy: sons Augustine and Navigius and daughter Perpetua. Unable to secure baptism for them, she grieved heavily when Augustine fell ill. In her distress she asked Patricius to allow Augustine to be baptized; he agreed, then withdrew this consent when the boy recovered. But Monica's joy and relief at Augustine's recovery turned to anxiety as he misspent his renewed life being wayward. He was finally sent to school at Madauros. As time passed, Perpetua and Navigius entered the religious life, but unfortunately, Augustine became lazy and uncouth.
    [Show full text]
  • “So Many Voices”: the Piety of Monica, Mother of Augustine MATTHEW HASTE
    JDFM 4.1 (2013): 6-10 “So many voices”: The Piety of Monica, Mother of Augustine MATTHEW HASTE In The History of St. Monica, Émile often built on hagiographic depictions, are common in Matthew 6 Haste is a PhD Bougaud (1823–1888) introduced the many Catholic biographies of Augustine’s mother. candidate his subject with the lofty claim that At the other end of the spectrum, modern secular in Biblical readers should sing such a biography scholars have examined Monica from seemingly every Spirituality at 1 the Southern rather than read it. Believing Monica angle and yet few have focused on her personal piety. Baptist had possessed “the most beautiful love From Elizabeth Clark’s literary theory study of the Theological Seminary in that perhaps ever existed,” Bougaud “Monica-functions” in Confessions to Anne-Marie Bow- Louisville, Kentucky, where he also serves in Ministry encouraged mothers to look to her ery’s conclusion that Monica provides “the feminine Connections. He previously example and recognize “how divine face of Christ,” many of these works reveal more about served as the Adult is the strength with which God has the presuppositions of the author than Monica.7 Discipleship Pastor of Living endowed them in the interest of their Modern readers of Augustine’s may Hope Baptist Church in Confessions 2 Bowling Green, Kentucky. children’s eternal salvation.” While wonder if there are other options for appreciating this such a statement may sound admi- fourth-century woman. To put it more bluntly, one rable, Bougaud goes on to explain might ask, “What can an evangelical Protestant learn that a mother’s divine strength con- from Monica, the mother of Augustine?” This essay will sists of her ability to bring about her endeavor to answer that question by examining the life children’s salvation through her own and piety of Monica as set forth in Confessions, with steadfast will.3 Bougaud continues, particular reference to her final days recounted in Book “As regards the life of the body, a 9.17–37.
    [Show full text]
  • Life with Augustine
    Life with Augustine ...a course in his spirit and guidance for daily living By Edmond A. Maher ii Life with Augustine © 2002 Augustinian Press Australia Sydney, Australia. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following people: ► the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, Australia, for support- ing this project, with special mention of Pat Fahey osa, Kevin Burman osa, Pat Codd osa and Peter Jones osa ► Laurence Mooney osa for assistance in editing ► Michael Morahan osa for formatting this 2nd Edition ► John Coles, Peter Gagan, Dr. Frank McGrath fms (Brisbane CEO), Benet Fonck ofm, Peter Keogh sfo for sharing their vast experience in adult education ► John Rotelle osa, for granting us permission to use his English translation of Tarcisius van Bavel’s work Augustine (full bibliography within) and for his scholarly advice Megan Atkins for her formatting suggestions in the 1st Edition, that have carried over into this the 2nd ► those generous people who have completed the 1st Edition and suggested valuable improvements, especially Kath Neehouse and friends at Villanova College, Brisbane Foreword 1 Dear Participant Saint Augustine of Hippo is a figure in our history who has appealed to the curiosity and imagination of many generations. He is well known for being both sinner and saint, for being a bishop yet also a fellow pilgrim on the journey to God. One of the most popular and attractive persons across many centuries, his influence on the church has continued to our current day. He is also renowned for his influ- ence in philosophy and psychology and even (in an indirect way) art, music and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870
    The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dzanic, Dzavid. 2016. The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840734 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 A dissertation presented by Dzavid Dzanic to The Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 - Dzavid Dzanic All rights reserved. Advisor: David Armitage Author: Dzavid Dzanic The Civilizing Sea: The Ideological Origins of the French Mediterranean Empire, 1789-1870 Abstract This dissertation examines the religious, diplomatic, legal, and intellectual history of French imperialism in Italy, Egypt, and Algeria between the 1789 French Revolution and the beginning of the French Third Republic in 1870. In examining the wider logic of French imperial expansion around the Mediterranean, this dissertation bridges the Revolutionary, Napoleonic, Restoration (1815-30), July Monarchy (1830-48), Second Republic (1848-52), and Second Empire (1852-70) periods. Moreover, this study represents the first comprehensive study of interactions between imperial officers and local actors around the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expansion of Christianity: a Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries
    THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY SUPPLEMENTS TO VIGILIAE CHRISTIANAE Formerly Philosophia Patrum TEXTS AND STUDIES OF EARLY CHRISTIAN LIFE AND LANGUAGE EDITORS J. DEN BOEFT — J. VAN OORT — W.L. PETERSEN D.T. RUNIA — C. SCHOLTEN — J.C.M. VAN WINDEN VOLUME LXIX THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY A GAZETTEER OF ITS FIRST THREE CENTURIES BY RODERIC L. MULLEN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mullen, Roderic L. The expansion of Christianity : a gazetteer of its first three centuries / Roderic L. Mullen. p. cm. — (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae, ISSN 0920-623X ; v. 69) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-13135-3 (alk. paper) 1. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. I. Title. II. Series. BR165.M96 2003 270.1—dc22 2003065171 ISSN 0920-623X ISBN 90 04 13135 3 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Anya This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................ 1 PART ONE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN ASIA BEFORE 325 C.E. Palestine .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Thought of St. Augustine Churchman 104/4 1990
    The Thought of St. Augustine Churchman 104/4 1990 Rod Garner St. Augustine, also known as Aurelius Augustinus, was born in AD 354 and died in 430 at Hippo, North Africa, in a region now better known as modern Algeria. He was raised in a town called Thagaste. There he suffered the twin misfortunes of the early death of his father, Patrick, and an impoverished education which did little to foster his knowledge and understanding. His mother, Monica, influenced him deeply and remained his best friend until her death in 388. Three years later (and against his wishes) Augustine was ordained presbyter for a small congregation at the busy seaport of Hippo Regius, forty five miles from his birthplace. His reluctance could not mask his outstanding abilities and it was not long before he was consecrated bishop of the province. For thirty four years his episcopal duties engaged him in a constant round of preaching, administration, travel and the care of his people. Despite the demands on his time, and the various controversies which embroiled him as a champion of orthodoxy, he never ceased to be a thinker and scholar. He wrote extensively and his surviving writings exceed those of any other ancient author. His vast output includes one hundred and thirteen books and treatises, over two hundred letters, and more than five hundred sermons. Although a citizen of the ancient world whose outlook was shaped by the cultures of Greece and Rome, Augustine is in important respects our contemporary. His influence has proved pervasive, affecting the way we think about the human condition and the meaning of the word ‘God’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monumental Villa at Palazzi Di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During the Fourth Century AD
    The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. by Maria Gabriella Bruni A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classical Archaeology in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Committee in Charge Professor Christopher H. Hallett, Chair Professor Ronald S. Stroud Professor Anthony W. Bulloch Professor Carlos F. Noreña Fall 2009 The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and the Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) during the Fourth Century AD. Copyright 2009 Maria Gabriella Bruni Dedication To my parents, Ken and my children. i AKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to my advisor Professor Christopher H. Hallett and to the other members of my dissertation committee. Their excellent guidance and encouragement during the major developments of this dissertation, and the whole course of my graduate studies, were crucial and precious. I am also thankful to the Superintendence of the Archaeological Treasures of Reggio Calabria for granting me access to the site of the Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and its archaeological archives. A heartfelt thank you to the Superintendent of Locri Claudio Sabbione and to Eleonora Grillo who have introduced me to the villa and guided me through its marvelous structures. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my husband Ken, my sister Sonia, Michael Maldonado, my children, my family and friends. Their love and support were essential during my graduate
    [Show full text]
  • The Book of Saints and Heroes
    Conditions and Terms of Use PREFACE Copyright © Heritage History 2009 Long, long ago, when the world was young and gay, Some rights reserved grown-up people must have been much more like children than they are at present. The grown-ups were quite as fond of fairy This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization tales as any child can be to-day; and they actually believed in dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the fairies more than some wise and grave little boys and girls do at promotion of the works of traditional history authors. present. Why should they not believe in them, for they met them The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and dancing in the open dells of the forests, and saw them, beautiful are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced girl fairies, wading and swimming in the river pools. These within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. fairies were as friendly as they were fair to see; and the fairy of the oak tree or the well would step out of it when a handsome The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, however, are the property of Heritage History and are licensed to individual users with some shepherd or warrior passed; and the pair would fall in love with restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the integrity each other, and sometimes marry. Homer, the oldest of Greek of the work itself, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that poets, tells us, as if it were the most natural thing in the world, compromised or incomplete versions of the work are not widely disseminated.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Justice in St. Augustine's Political Philosophy and Nigerian
    International Journal of Education and Human Developments, Vol. 6 No 2; July 2020 ISSN 2415-1270 (Online), ISSN 2415-1424 (Print) Published by Center for Global Research Development Analysis of Justice in St. Augustine’s Political Philosophy and Nigerian Political System ONUCHE, Joseph PhD. Department of Philosophy Kogi State University Anyigba, Kogi State Nigeria Abstract St Augustine of Hippo (354-430CE) is the most influential Christian philosopher in western Christianity after Paul the Apostle. This paper analyses justice in Augustine‟s political philosophy as contained in His „City of God‟. It will be argued that, we could learn from his answers to bad politicking which resulted in destruction of State. His answers on various theological and philosophical issues have continued to be relevant in modern theological and philosophical debate. A lot can still be learnt from him even in the area of Church‟s response to bad governance. Augustine‟s argument is that Kingdoms (Countries, nations) without justice are robberies, as Kings (Governors) of such are robbers. This supposition is illustrated with three historical allusions namely: the encounter of Alexander the Great with a Pirate, the establishment of Roman Empire by Romulus, and the establishment of Assyrian Empire by Ninus. Contextually, Nigeria as it is today falls into this category of robberies as the British colonial masters forced this unequal union for their personal, self-seeking and self-interest, to satisfy their libido dominandi. An analysis of what Augustine meant by justice will be carried out. Philosophically, Augustine evaluated justice from Neo-Platonic background and theologically from Pauline concept of justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman North Africa North Roman
    EASTERNSOCIAL WORLDS EUROPEAN OF LATE SCREEN ANTIQUITY CULTURES AND THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Cilliers Roman North Africa Louise Cilliers Roman North Africa Environment, Society and Medical Contribution Roman North Africa Social Worlds of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages The Late Antiquity experienced profound cultural and social change: the political disintegration of the Roman Empire in the West, contrasted by its continuation and transformation in the East; the arrival of ‘barbarian’ newcomers and the establishment of new polities; a renewed militarization and Christianization of society; as well as crucial changes in Judaism and Christianity, together with the emergence of Islam and the end of classical paganism. This series focuses on the resulting diversity within Late Antique society, emphasizing cultural connections and exchanges; questions of unity and inclusion, alienation and conflict; and the processes of syncretism and change. By drawing upon a number of disciplines and approaches, this series sheds light on the cultural and social history of Late Antiquity and the greater Mediterranean world. Series Editor Carlos Machado, University of St. Andrews Editorial Board Lisa Bailey, University of Auckland Maijastina Kahlos, University of Helsinki Volker Menze, Central European University Ellen Swift, University of Kent Enrico Zanini, University of Siena Roman North Africa Environment, Society and Medical Contribution Louise Cilliers Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Ruins of the Antonine Baths in Carthage © Dreamstime Stockphoto’s Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Typesetting: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 990 0 e-isbn 978 90 4854 268 0 doi 10.5117/9789462989900 nur 684 © Louise Cilliers / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2019 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Augustine of Hippo 4 3 0 3 5 4 - P ARADISE
    Saint Augustine of Hippo 4 3 0 3 5 4 - P ARADISE aint Augustine in the renowned work incorporeal and directs everything to its The City of God, deals with the sublime own end. Therefore either God will be spiritual vision of God that the souls seen through the eyes in the sense that Sin Paradise enjoy: “Therefore it may very they would have in a such high sublimity well be and it is perfectly credible that in a function similar to that of the mind and eternity we shall see the material forms by which they may be able to discern of the world of new heavens and of new also the spiritual nature, and it is difficult, earth in such a way that we will see God or rather impossible to clarify such a with luminous clarity, wherever we turn supposition with examples or with texts our eyes, through the body that we will of the Sacred Scripture. Alternatively, have and through the bodies that we will and this is an idea easier to comprehend, observe. God is present everywhere and God will be so known by us with such directs to their end all things including a clarity that we shall see Him by the the material ones. And this will not spirit in ourselves, in one another, in occur as in our time, when the invisible Himself, in the new heavens and in the perfections of God, regarding the works new earth and in every creature that will accomplished by Him, are contemplated exist in eternity, and also by the means with the intellect as in a mirror, in an of the body we shall see God in every obscure manner and only in part, body, in every direction where the sharp because here the faith by which we vision of the spiritual body shall reach.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Humanities Notes
    Humanities Notes Humanities Seminar Notes - this draft dated 24 May 2021 - more recent drafts will be found online Contents 1 2007 11 1.1 October . 11 1.1.1 Thucydides (2007-10-01 12:29) ........................ 11 1.1.2 Aristotle’s Politics (2007-10-16 14:36) ..................... 11 1.2 November . 12 1.2.1 Polybius (2007-11-03 09:23) .......................... 12 1.2.2 Cicero and Natural Rights (2007-11-05 14:30) . 12 1.2.3 Pliny and Trajan (2007-11-20 16:30) ...................... 12 1.2.4 Variety is the Spice of Life! (2007-11-21 14:27) . 12 1.2.5 Marcus - or Not (2007-11-25 06:18) ...................... 13 1.2.6 Semitic? (2007-11-26 20:29) .......................... 13 1.2.7 The Empire’s Last Chance (2007-11-26 20:45) . 14 1.3 December . 15 1.3.1 The Effect of the Crusades on European Civilization (2007-12-04 12:21) 15 1.3.2 The Plague (2007-12-04 14:25) ......................... 15 2 2008 17 2.1 January . 17 2.1.1 The Greatest Goth (2008-01-06 19:39) .................... 17 2.1.2 Just Justinian (2008-01-06 19:59) ........................ 17 2.2 February . 18 2.2.1 How Faith Contributes to Society (2008-02-05 09:46) . 18 2.3 March . 18 2.3.1 Adam Smith - Then and Now (2008-03-03 20:04) . 18 2.3.2 William Blake and the Doors (2008-03-27 08:50) . 19 2.3.3 It Must Be True - I Saw It On The History Channel! (2008-03-27 09:33) .
    [Show full text]