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On Islamism and Modernity Analysing Islamist Ideas on and Visions of the Islamic State On Islamism and modernity Analysing Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state Malin Wimelius On Islamism and modernity Analysing Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state On Islamism and modernity Analysing Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state. Malin Wimelius, Department of Politicai Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden ISBN 91-7305-461-5 ISSN 0349-0831 Research Report 2003:2 Distribution: Department of Politicai Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Abstract This dissertation is a study of Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state. It begins with the observation that although a growing amount of research explores Islamism; few studies closely investigate Islamist ideas. The aim of this dissertation is to empirically and theoretically contribute to the understanding and interpretation of contemporary Islamism and its intellectual origins. Sayyid Qutb, Abu al-Ala al- Mawdudi and Ruhollah Khomeini are generally considered as sources of inspiration to Islamists currently active. Their ideas are analysed and compared to those of two Islamist parties; the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) in Pakistan and the Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) in Algeria. Islamism is part of a global religious resurgence that has taken many politicai and other social scientists by surprise. According to modernization and secularisation fheories, such a resurgence was not to be expected. The focus in this study is therefore on the relationship between visions of the Islamic state and modernity. In this respect, two theoretical positions are critically assessed; one stating that we should understand Islamism in terms of a rejection of modernity and the other that Islamism can be understood and interpreted as an expression of there being multiple or alternative modernities. A key issue in this regard revolves around the question of how modernity is alternative and what that means. A content-oriented analysis of ideas — based on a social constructivist approach and anchored in practical hermeneutics - is utilized in the reconstruction and analysis of Islamist texts. A framework for analysis is developed in which dimensions of modernity are constructed. Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state are analysed in terms of what is rejected, accepted or possibly added to these dimensions. The empirical contribution to research on Islamism is the content-oriented analysis of Islamist ideas. This analysis also helps to explore similarities and differences between the ideas of Qutb, Mawdudi and IGiomeini and those of the JI and the FIS. The comparisons show that Islamist ideas are under evolution; there are important differences between the two contemporary parties and their sources of inspiration. Moreover, the content-oriented analysis reveals the complexity of the relationship between modernity and visions of the Islamic state. The theoretical contribution involves both theory-testing and theory-development. It is concluded that theories of multiple or alternative modernities, with some reservations, can be applied to Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state. Key words: Islamism, Islamic state, modernity, content-oriented analysis of ideas, Islamist texts, Qutb, Mawdudi, Khomeini, Jamaat-e-Islami, Front Islamique du Salut, alternative modernity. On Islamism and modernity Analysing Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state I V AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som med vederbörligt tillstånd av rektorsämbetet vid Umeå universitet for vinnande av filosofie doktorsexamen framlägges till offentlig granskning vid statsvetenskapliga institutionen Hörsal S213H, Samhällsvetarhuset Fredagen den 6 juni, kl 13.15 av Malin Wimelius Fakultetsopponent Docent Ishtiaq Ahmed, Stockholms universitet On Islamism and modernity Analysing Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state. Malin Wimelius, Department of Politicai Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden ISBN 91-7305-461-5 ISSN 0349-0831 Research Report 2003:2 Distribution; Department of Politicai Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Abstract This dissertation is a study of Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state. It begins with the observation that although a growing amount of research explores Islamism; few studies closely investigate Islamist ideas. The aim of this dissertation is to empirically and theoretically contribute to the understanding and interpretation of contemporary Islamism and its intellectual origins. Sayyid Qutb, Abu al-Ala al-Mawdudi and Ruhollah Khomeini are generally considered as sources of inspiration to Islamists currently active. Their ideas are analysed and compared to those of two Islamist parties; the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) in Pakistan and the Front Islamique du Salut (HS) in Algeria. Islamism is part of a global religious resurgence that has taken many politicai and other social scientists by suiprise. According to modernization and secularisation theories, such a resurgence was not to be expected. The focus in this study is therefore on the relationship between visions of the Islamic state and modernity. In this respect, two theoretical positions are critically assessed; one stating that we should understand Islamism in terms of a rejection of modernity and the other that Islamism can be understood and inteipreted as an expression of there being multiple or alternative modernities. A key issue in this regard revolves around the question of how modernity is alternative and what that means. A content-oriented analysis of ideas - based on a social constructivist approach and anchored in practical hermeneutics - is utilized in the reconstruction and analysis of Islamist texts. A framework for analysis is developed in which dimensions of modernity are constructed. Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state are analysed in terms of what is rejected, accepted or possibly added to these dimensions. The empirical contribution to research on Islamism is the content-oriented analysis of Islamist ideas. This analysis also helps to explore similarities and differences between the ideas of Qutb, Mawdudi and Khomeini and those of the JI and the FTS. The comparisons show that Islamist ideas are under evolution; there are important differences between the two contemporary parties and their sources of inspiration. Moreover, the content-oriented analysis reveals the complexity of the relationship between modernity and visions of the Islamic state. The theoretical contribution involves both theory-testing and theory-development It is concluded that theories of multiple or alternative modernities, with some reservations, can be applied to Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state. Key words: Islamism, Islamic state, modernity, content-oriented analysis of ideas, Islamist texts, Qutb, Mawdudi, Khomeini, Jamaat-e-Islami, Front Islamique du Salut, alternative modernity. On Islamism and modernity Analysing Islamist ideas on and visions of the Islamic state Malin Wimelius Department of Politicai Science Umeå university Statsvetenskapliga institutionen Umeå universitet Statsvetenskapliga institutionens skriftserie, 2003:2 ISSN 0349-0831 ISBN 91-7305-461-5 © Malin Wimelius Tryck: Print & Media, Umeå universitet, 2003:304032 Tor myfamiCy vii Preface H. G. Wells wrote that human history is in essence a history of ideas. The same can be said about the project of writing a dissertation. Like all other Ph.D. candidates, I started with a set of tentative research questions and ideas. As a result of unexpected side tracks and the joy of exploration, these have developed into something which I was not able to foresee at the beginning. I guess sometimes explorative adventures are necessary in order for new ideas to develop and for old ones to mature. I am indebted to many people for helping me to get back on track when I have wandered off or have had doubts about ever being able to finish writing this dissertation. First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Abdul Khakee. He has supported me from day one and meticulously read and commented on every version of every chapter. His encouragement, advice and analytical skills have indeed been invaluable to my effort. Thanks also to Professor Gunnel Gustafsson, who has been involved as an advisor during this last year, and whose comments have contributed to the sharpening of some of my arguments. Through a generous grant from the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), I was able to spend some months in Oslo, at the Norwegian Institute for Human Rights in the spring of 2001.1 was introduced to a group of scholars who all do research on religious traditions and human rights. In a series of seminare, they provided me with thoughtful comments and constructive criticism. In particular, I would like to thank Professor Tore Lindholm for taking an interest in my dissertation and for sharing some of his thoughts on its topic. I am also grateful for the financial support I have received from the Department of Politicai Science at Umeå University, which has enabled me to participate in conferences and courses in as various places as Uppsala and Jerusalem. Many colleagues at the department have been most helpful. Although an always smiling Kjell Lundmark has never missed a single opportunity to quip about my choice of topic, he has continuously cheered me on. A special thanks also to Svante Ersson who has been particularly supportive during these final months and, importantly, was the one who initially helped
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