BULLETIN HISTORICAL 50CIETY MONTGOMERY COUNTY j\roj^msrowN

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PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT \T6 BUILDING 1654 DEKALB STREET NORRISTOWN.PA.

SPRING, 1963 VOLUME XIll NUMBER 4

PRICE $130 The Historical Society of Montgomery County

OFFICERS Hon. David E. Groshens, President George K. Brecht, Esq., Vice-President Hon. Alfred L. Taxis, Jr., Vice-president Dr. Edward F. Corson, Vice-President Eva G. Davis, Recording Secretairy Mrs. Earl W. Johnson, Corresponding Secretary Mrs. XjERoy Burris, Financial Secretary and Librarian Lyman a. Kratz, Treasurer

TRUSTEES

Kirke Bryan, Esq. Robert C. Bucher Harry L. Christman Mrs. H. H. Francine Donald A. Gallager, Esq. Herbert H. Ganser Hon. David E. Groshens Kenneth H. Hallman Nancy P. Highley Arthur H. Jenkins Hon. Harold G. Knight Lyman A. Kratz William S. Pettit Robert R. Titus Mrs. F. B. Wildman, Jr, The statue of General W. S. Hancock as it stood in the shop of the Gorham Mfg. Co., Providence, R. I. The casting and erection of the statue, at Washington, was done by W. S. Allebaugh, a Norristown boy, now deceased. THE BULLETIN

of the

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Published Semi-Annually — Spring and Fall

Volume XIII Spring, 1963 Number 4

CONTENTS Hancock at Gettysburg Glenn Tucker 265 Real Estate Transaction, Anno 1718 John F, Reed 289 Recollections of the War Charles A. C. Lear 299 Neighborhood News and Notices Charles R. Barker 826 Reports 340 Constitution and Membership 343

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Mrs. LeRoy Burris John F. Reed Mrs. Earl W. Johnson

Dr. William T. Parsons Chairman Copyright, 1963, by the Historical Society of Montgomery County

268 Hancock at Gettysburg*

Glenn Tucker

Major General revealed at Gettys burg the connwtence, versatility and dominant spirit of a great tactician under supreme trial.^ His was the quick shift and deft employment of troops at the iwint of peril, his cool genius on the firing line. His achievement would not likely have been so note worthy nor his handling of his units classic had he not been pitted in most of his fighting against another of America's most eminent tacticians. This was , who, now that the rancors of the personality wars have abated and the morbid eyes ofearlier political prejudice have grown dim, is being viewed by numerous painstaking students of this war, and responsible historians, as the thorough, dogged soldier General Lee believed him to be.2 If, as an accepted definition goes, "tactics is the art of dispos ing and maneuvering troops on th field of battle," then Hancock displayed in many bloody contests of the Confederate War his

*This is the substance of a paper read before the Fourth Annual Civil War Study Group at Gettysburg College August 1, 1961, revised and an notated at the request of the Publication Committee of the Historical Society of Montgomery County. The writer, Glenn Tucker, of Flat Rock, , is the author of Hancock the Superb, High Tide at GettyS' burg, Chiekamauga and other books of American history (Bohbs-Merrill Company, Inc., publishers). *General Hancock was bom February 14,1824 at Montgomery Square, eleven miles norUi of Norristown, in a house still standing on the BeUilehem road. He died February 9, 1886 and is buried in Norristown, where he was reared and which he always regarded as his home. ®The military qualities of James Longstreet, Hancock's frequent opponent, are analyzed by the writer of this paper in High Tide at Gettys burg, 4-8, and in an article appearing in the April, 1962 issue of Civil War Times, in which a trend of opinion supporting Longstreet is seen.

265 266 BtTLLBTIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY firm mastery of this branch of military learning: on the Penin sula, where he dexterously turned 's flank and forced Longstreet, who commanded Johnston's rear, to evacuate Wll- liamsburg and retire toward Richmond; at Chancellorsville, where he prudently conducted the rear-guard and allowed the confused Hooker to withdraw his army—defeated mainly at the summit — to the security of the north bank of the Rappahan- nock; at Spotsylvania, where in the murky dawn he crashed through the salient of L^'s defenses and captured Edward John son's veteran division; and in the most compelling fashion at Gettysburg, where by his perception, resolution and quick con trivances he saved the Federal army and the Union cause on eadi of the three days of that epodial struggle. This country has developed other distinguished tacticians: George H. Thomas, the noble, selfless hero of Chickamauga and Nashville; Andrew Jackson, whose spectacular victory with his frontiersmen over the British veterans at New Orleans still awes and perplexes the student of military affeirs; George Patton, whose fame in the years since his passing seems ever to grow more lustrous; Anthony Wayne perhaps — soldier of the Revo lution and winner of the Northwest whose battles resounded -with fire superiority or flashed with the bleam of naked steel; hard hitting "Old Pete" Longstreet; shoeless Pat Cleburne, the so- called " of the West,"® of whose command it has been said that when it defended "no odds broke its lines; where it attacked no numbers resisted its onslaught."^ (This writer, mind you, is not including in this group of tacticians those who have been essentially great as statesmen-soldiers, as Wash ington or Lee, nor leaders of our own generation, nor those pre eminent as strategists, as Winfield Scott, Stonewall Jackson, Joseph B. Johnston, Nathan Bedford Forrest, or .)

*A title conferred on him by President Jefferson Davis. Thomas Rob- son Hay, "Pat Clebume — Stonewall Jackson of the "West," a foreword to Captain Irving A. Buck Clebume and His Command (Jackson, Tenn., 1959), 39. *Buck, Clebume, 40. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 267

Among the talented tacticians — Hancock, Longstreet, An drew Jackson and others who might be added — were men of widly ranging background and outlook. Some were capable stu dents of history and military affairs. Some could never have heard of Jomini or Clausewitz. They had got along well enough without Hardee's Tactics or Halleck's Elements of Military Art and Science. Andrew Jackson, for example, probably never opened a military textbook of any character before he marched his cooncapped riflemen to the Tallapoosa and the . Some may have been impulsive and nervous, others more apa thetic and constrained. But widely as they may have differed in personality, temperament and mental characteristics, they possessed one attribute in common. This was their intense, burning, driving determination to win. The overpowering resolution which inflamed them became a dynamic force which they were able to communicate to their followers on the battleline. What Andrew Jackson may have lacked in military education he more than compensated for in the impact of his ascendant personality on the fierce, at times mutinous pioneers who composed his army. And it was just this dominant spirit which Hancock exhibited at almost every turn at Gettysburg. To look on him in battle was to know he was a leader and to have confidence that he was a winner. Handsome, vigorous, healthy, erect — personally as brave as any man in either army — his finely cut features radiating not only strength and purpose but also a high degree of intelligence; frank and articulate; at times so profane as to be conspicuous even in an age when oaths and army life had the same affinity as fence rails and camp fires — Hancock at Gettysburg made one of the sub lime pictures of American history. Many momentous American historical events have been caught in all their significant glory by the artist or poet. But one of the supreme, stirring moments of the American story, the arrival of Hancock on the panic-swept field of Gettysburg, when a good many about him seemed to be losing their heads and the defeated Northern army was at the point of disintegration, has been largely neglected. It remains for some writer, artist or poet, 268 bulletin op historical society of Montgomery county perhaps in these centennial years, to portray this dramatic, momentous incident in all its splendor for jwsterity. One detracts nothing from the somber Meade's careful gen eralship by awarding to Hancock the full measure of credit to which he is entitled for his conduct on this field. What is due to Hancock is honor to Meade also, for Meade was exercising the role of a capable army commander when he discerned and gave play to Hancock's superb talents. Hancock's principal contributions to Union victory may be dealt with in this order: 1. Arriving at the moment of Federal defeat, he checked the flight of a large part of the army down the Baltimore pike and by his exertions and inspiring presence turned a mass of broken units into a fairly reliable defensive force that might hold the position until Meade brought up fresh troops. 2. By posting elements of the First, Eleventh and Twelfth Corps in strong defensive situations, he laid out the Federal position along the fishhook extending from Gulp's Hill to Little Hound Top, an interior line which proved no small factor in Northern victory. 3. On the second day, by his prompt dispatch of Caldwell's division and later his deft employment of other units, he saved the left wing from destruction and checked Longstreet's advance. 4. By his personal exertions on the firing line, his skillful use of available units in the weakened center of the army, and especially his quick employment of the First Minnesota regiment and subsequently the balance of Harrow's brigade, he stopped the advance of Anderson's division, which threatened to split the Federal army. 5. By his intuitive grasp of the conditions of the battle, he sensed the menace on the Union right when Howard's Eleventh Corps on East was assailed at dusk on July 2 by Jubal Early with the brigades of Hays and Avery. Without awaiting intelligence from Howard's imperilled quarter, he dis patched Carroll's brigade, which reached the point of danger just after the Confederate break-through and drove back the Louisi- HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 269 ana and Carolina brigades, thus saving one of the key positions of the battlefield. 6. On the afternoon of July 3, in personal command of the Federal center, which was Lee*s objective, he met and repulsed Longstreet's celebrated assault delivered with the divisions of Pickett, Pettigrew and Trimble. His presence not only gave firm ness to the firing line, but he devised and executed also the means by whidi the assaulting column was taken in flank and thrown back with heavy loss. These contributions were sufficient to mark Hancock as a great soldier even if he had never fought another battle. In the words of his assistant adjutant general Francis Walker, he was "easily the best tactician of the Potomac army."® Truly it may be said that Gettysburg was Hancock's masterpiece. Most of his achievements at Gettysburg are well established and uncontested. Because there has been question and challenge about his responsibilities on the first day of the battle, and the part he played in selecting the position and laying out the lines along which the battle would be fought, primary attention will be given in this paper to the two and a half hours of his command on the field in ^e late afternoon of July 1. The story of Hancock at Gettysburg begins on July 1 at Taneytown, which the Second Corps reached at 11 A.M., march ing up that morning after a day of rest at Uniontown. At Taney town Hancock talked with Meade and learned that general's views about the battle he was proposing to fight behind Pipe Greek. Soon after this conference Meade re<»ived information of the death of Reynolds. He followed Hancock to Second Corps headquarters and while written orders were being prepared, he directed Hancock to go to Gettysburg and take Reynolds' place as commander of the left wing of the Army. Meade's powers to make replacements and substitutions were as comprehensive as could be granted to a commander in the field. Halleck's order of June 27, 1863, stated: You are authorized to remove from command and send from your

* Glenn Tucker, Hancock The Superb, 158. 270 bulletin of HISTOBICAL society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

army, any officer or other person you may deem proper, and to appoint to command as yon may deem expedient. In fine, general, you are intrusted with all the power and authority which the President, the Secretary of War, or the general-in-chief can confer on you, and you may rely upon our full support." It may be seen thereby that Meade's authority was plenary. That is as it should be on the eve of a great battle on which the fate of depended. Ample precedents existed in the American army and in history. In great emergencies, rank must yield to the good of the cause. In decisions made in the presence of the enemy the will of the commanding general must be abso lute. Empowered by these orders to exercise his own judgment, Meade determined to replace Howard, who was commanding on the field after the death of Reynolds, and pass over Sickles, who was nearing Gettysburg, and select Hancock. Quite clearly a reason was his greater confidence in the Second Ccnrps com mander. He did not intend to supersede Slocum when the commander of the Twelfth Corps should reach the field. He had his diief of staff Butterfield explain this orally to Hancock and later con firmed it with a written order whidi he sent at 6 P.M. to Han cock and Doubleday: "If-General Slocum is on the field, and I hope he is, he of course takes command."'' All three of these generals, Howard, Sickles and Slocum, ranked Hancock. But as Meade explained the transaction to the Committee of Congress, he was "anxious to have some one in front who understood and could carry out my views."® In his orders to Hancock he left no possible doubt whatever about who would command the left wing if the report of the death of Reynolds proved accurate. There is no point in analyzing here whether Meade should have gone personally to the front, as many able students of this

^Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington 1882-1900) I-27-Part 3-Pg. 461. (Hereafter cited as O.R.) ' 0. R. 1-27-3, 446. "Meade testimony of Committee on Conduct of the War, 348, cited by General Hancock in his pamphlet, Gettysburg, 827. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 271 battle have contended. Methods of command may differ without losing effectiveness. Stonewall Jackson undoubtedly would have been there already. There seems scant likelihood that Lee would have ridden forward at this stage. Lee ordinarily moved with the main army and the main Federal army was not yet up, nor had it been ordered up, but instead, it was under preliminary orders to concentrate behind Pipe Creek. Others may judge differently about Meade's obligations at this hour. But if there is any near-universal agreement about a detail of the , it is that if Meade did not choose to go to the front himself, he could have made no better selection of a substitute than Hancock. Disagreement exists about the hour of Hancock's arrival and the matter is of some importance. Precise as this general was about his time notations and battle memoranda, part of the mis understanding comes from his own statements and an error in his official report. The error resulted no doubt because he was criti cally wounded on the third day at Gettysburg and was unable to supervise the preparation of the report with his customary care and promptness. The report said he arrived at 3 P.M., which was inaccurate. The report was undated but the fact that Han cock made later modifications suggests that it was prepared during his absence, while he was convalescing during the months of lull between Gettysburg and the Wilderness. In his testimony before the Committee of Congress he gave the time of his arrival as "not later than half past three." This was still too early. In the full statement he wrote about the battle in 1876, he again gave the hour as 3:30.® Quite obviously he was too occupied to note the precise time and when he thought back about it, made miscalculations. Major E. P. Halstead, assistant adjutant general of the First Corps, supplied other evidence. He said General Doubleday sent him to Howard with a request for reinforcements "about 4 o'clock." He met Howard at the Cemetery gate and had a con-

®Hancock report, 0. R. 1-27-1, 368, for arrival at 3. Hancock, Gettys- burg, 822, for arrival at 3:30. 272 BUl^ETIN OP HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY siderable conversation with him as to whether objects seen to the west were advancing Confederates or, as Howard contended, "nothing but rail fences, sir!" Howard then sent Halstead to the left to find Buford and the major rode in that direction "as far as I deemed it wise and prudent," then returned to Howard.^® At that instant, which by Halstead's timing must have been well after 4 o'clock, Hancock arrived and announced the orders he bore from Meade to take command on the field. Major General was there and said Hancock arrived "at a swinging gallop."^^ Doubleday gave the time of Hancock's arrival as 4:30 It is clear from his account that the First Corps already had broken and he was back on Cemetery Hill. Since Fender's all-out assault on the Seminary was launched at 4 P.M. and since Howard ordered the retirement of the Eleventh Corps to Ceme-' tery Hill at ten minutes after four, and since it was just four o'clock when Early's division, thundering down the Heidlersburg Road and into Gettysburg, approached Cemetery Hill, it would seem that Doubleday's timing was more accurate than Hancock's. Richard Meade Bache, General Meade's biographer, made the point effectively that the time Hancock mentioned in his report, viz. 3 P.M., was incompatible with what he saw transpiring on the field on his arrival. Bache gives the hour as 4:30 P.M. General Howard also gave 4:30 as the hour, but qualified by saying it was "according to the time I had gone by all day."^^ But Howard, too, was inconsistent, because in a letter he wrote to General Meade that night, objecting to being superseded by Hancock, he said Hancock arrived at four.^^ Hancock himself said he did not regard as important the

"Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, III-285. " The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, III, 13. " , ChancellorsvUle and Gettysburg, 150. " Richard Meade Bache, Life of General George Gordon Meade, 299. 0. 0. Howard, "Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg," Atlantic Monthly, July, 1876, 58. Discussed in Hancock, Gettysburg, 823. For the time of Howard's retirement see 0. R. 1-27-1, 250, 704. " Howard to Meade, July 1, 1863, cited in Hancock, Gettysburg, 823. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 273

precise hour of his arrival/® but that was not strictiy the case. Had he arrived at 3 he might well be charged with part of the responsibility for the breakup of the north and west of Gettysburg. In fact, it has been the impression at times that Hancock was in command of the Union army when it was defeated on the first day.In what is undoubtedly the most dramatic account of Gettys burg ever penned — the stirring Book Seven of Stephen Vincent Benet's John Broion's Body — the line runs, "Hancock t^es command in mid-combat" and it goes on to recount the battle of Hill and Ewell against Hancock and Howard, Till Hancock and Howard are beaten at last, Outnumbered and outflanked, clean out of the town, Retreating as best they can to a fishhook ridge, And the clamor dies and the sun is going down.^® The lines might be attributed to poetic license except that the epic poem, perhaps the most enduring bit of literature yet written about The , is characteristically accurate both about the conflict as a wholeand about Gettysburg. If Hancock had reached the field prior to the collapse of the Eleventh Corps when its right flank was turned by Jubal Early along Rock Creek north of Gettysburg, or the breakthrough of the Confederates at almost the same instant at the Seminary west of the town, he might be guilty of the dereliction of not employ ing what remained of Steinwehr's full division, in order to cover the withdrawal of Doubleday from Seminary Hill and the Forney farm. Howard did dispatch Coster's brigade to cover the retire ment of Schurz with the Eleventh Corps and Coster, fighting stubbornly near the railroad station, gave Schurz some relief, In the same manner, Orland Smith's brigade might have helped cover Doubleday, who was exerting every resource to prevent his corps from degenerating into a rout. There appears a miscon-

Hancock gives much attention to the time of his arrival, but minimizes its importance. Gettysburg, 823-824. "Stephen Vincent Benet, John Brown's Body (Garden City, 1928) 293. 274 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county ception that Howard did a notable service merely by holding Steinwehr's troops on Cemetery Hill and thus saving the position. It would have been better to save as much of the army as pos sible in front of the hill. By the proper emplojmient of Orland Smith, part of the First Corps loss in prisoners might have been averted. Specifically, Smith could have given comfort to Stone's heroic brigade, exposed and assailed all the way into and through Gettysburg by the brigades of Perrin and Ramseur of A. P. Hill's Confederate corps. Orland Smith's brigade reached the field last of the Eleventh Corps, but well ahead of the Confederate victory, which it might have helped stay. Steinwehr said his division arrived at 2 o'clock.^^ But Smith was directed to occupy Cemetery Hill, well in the rear of the intense fighting. This was the brigade which not four months later, under Hooker in Lookout Valley, made a spectacular charge into a j«rt of Longstreet's corps, which helped to persuade "Old Pete" that he could not chew up the force coming to the relief of Chattanooga, caused his retire ment from the valley, and allowed Hooker to open the "cradcer line" into the beleaguered city. It was a good brigade composed of Ohio, Massachusetts and New York troops. Just such a charge as Howard ordered it to make in Lookout Valley on October 28 might have helped Doubleday on July 1 at Gettysburg. Reserves are good things to have in the rear, but there comes a time in battle when they must be employed to avert disaster, and if ever there was such an hour, it was between 3 and 4 o'clock on the afternoon of July 1 at Gettysburg. The reserves did little or nothing to fortify Cemetery Hill. Steinwehr said they supported the reserve artillery.*® If the artillery could not be used as an offensive arm, would not a few squads have sufficed thatfar in the rear, especially with Buford's cavalry in the fields below and since Lee did not have his cavalry present and was not ne^ly so mobile as Buford? Hancock could find no trace of the lunettes which in later literature were supposed to have been thrown up around eadi

" Steinwehr's report, 0. R. 1-27-1, 721. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 275 piece of Stelnwehr*s men; allhe noticed was some shallow holes dug for the wheels and trails of the guns.^® The hill was the ob viousrallyingpoint for the First and Eleventh Corps whenthey came back through the town — pointed out to them more by nature than by Hancock, Howard, Steinwehr, Doubleday, Rey nolds or Buford. A firm line could more likely be established there if the two corps retreated in fairly good order. As it was, the First corps lost many more prisoners than the Eleventh — about 2,200 minimum as compared with 1,500 — partly due no doubt to the failure to employ Orland Smith's brigade as a cover for Doubleday's retirement. A brigade is only a brigade to be sure, but Dodson Ramseur was showing that day what could be accomplished with a single brigade, as did the next afternoon on and ardent did at the Peach Orchard salient. LeavingSieinwdu* on Cemetery Hillmayhave been the factor that won for Howard the vote of thanks by Congress for selects ing the position for the battle, but the vote only served to show there were not many good tacticians in the fallible and immod erate Thirty-eighth Congress. Howard disclosed his attitude when in his report he said Doubleday and Schurz were asking for help, but "I had only two small brigades in reserve andcould not spare troops."^® In reserve for what? He went on to say he did allow Steinwehr to push out Coster to cover the retreat. The point being made here is that if Coster were needed to cover the retreat of the Eleventh Corps, why was not the other brigade, Smith's, sent to the aid of the First Corps, which needed succor even more urgently? Doubleday had used his last reserve, why not Howard? One can never divine what some general would have done in a given situation, but it seems likely that such a giftedtactician as Hancock, had he been in command, would have thrown in Orland Smith and employed all his reserves to save the army

" Hancock to , Southern Hietorical Society Papers,V, 172. "O.iJ. 1-27-1, 708. 276 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county b^ore saying the position. The hill would always be in the rear as a vantage point after a more orderly retirement. Thomas did not need to garrison Snodgrass Hill before retiring to it and making his gallant and successful stand on it at Ghickamauga. It was always behind him, ready for his occupanQr. Buford at 8:20 P.M. had sent a dispatch to Meade ending with the well known line, "In my opinion there seems to be no directing person."^^ Meade cited this dispatch to the Committee of Congress as justification for having sent up Hancock, who had already departed from Taneytown before it was received. Bu- ford's staff officer Lieutenant A. B. Jerome wrote after the war of a similar dispatch dictated to him by Buford earlier, but after the death of Reynolds, which, he said, had words of this purport: "For God's sake, send up Hancock. Everything is going at odds, and we need a controlling spirit."^^ Clearly Hancock was not on the field at 3:20, the time of Buford's dispatch. Clinching evidence that he was not present at the defeat may be found in his message to Meade at 5:25 P.M. July1,in wWch, incidentally, hestat^ that hehad arrived an hour earlier, or at 4:25 P.M. To Meade he reported: "Howard said that Doubleday's command gave way."^ Hancock would •not have stated it so, had he been present and observed the defeat personally. He would not then have quoted Howard's complaint against Doubleday, but would have supplied his own version. Hancock's own recording in this dispatch to Meade shows tiie condition of the field when he arrived:

General: When I arrived here an hour since, I found tiiat our troops had given up the front of Gettysburg and the town. We have now taken up a position in the cemetery and cannot well be taken. It is a position, however, easily turned. ., ." It is impossible to time many battle incidents accurately.

° Meade before Committee on Conduct of War, cited in Hancock, Gettysburg, 827. -Jerome to Hancock, Oct. 18, 1865. Ibid. ®0. R. 1-27-1, 366. " Ibid HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 277

The participants do not devote their first efforts to looking at their watches. But as nearly as can be calculated, Hancock reached the field some time after four o'clock, at about the same instant General Lee was reaching Seminary Ridge across the valley.. He was not involved in the retirement, despite the re sounding tones of the epic poem or his own statement that he reached the field at 3:00. Only Howard was reluctant to recognize Hancock's status as commander of the left wing. The order **has mortified and will disgrace me," he told Meade.^® Hancock had sent ahead his aide, Major (later (Seneral) William G. Mitchell, to notify Howard of Meade's orders. Hancock told Howard he had the order in his podcet and asked if that general desired to see them. As Hancock reported it: "He replied that he did not, but acqui esced In my assumption of command."^® Hancock continued: As it was necessary at once to establish order in tiie confused mass of his troops on Cemetery Hill and the Baltimore pike, I lost no time in conversation, but at once rode away and bent myself to the pressing task of making such dispositions as would prevent the enemy from seizing that vital point and from that moment until evening, when I transferred the command to General Slocum, I exercised positive and vigorous command over all the troops present, and General Howard, so far as my knowledge goes, gave no orders save to the troops of his own corps, the Eleventh." But Howard did cause some confusion by his unwillingness to yield the command gracefully, and he did give some orders to other than Eleventh Corps organizations. Hancock had directed Boubleday to protect a battery and Doubleday sent all that re mained of Wadsworth's division. "Immediately after," he said, "orders came from Major General Howard, who ranked Hancock, to send the troops in another direction." The contrary orders, according to Doubleday, caused "delay and confusion."^®

"O.K. 1-27-1, 696. Hancock, Gettysburg, 823. Hancock, Gettysburg, 822. "Ibid. 0. R. 1-27-1, 252. Hancock was careful to check on Doubleday's execution of his orders. Tucker, High Tide at Gettysburg, 194-196. 278 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Howard told an entirely different story from Hancock's when he wrote Meade his letter of protest that night, and also when he filed his report, and when he dealt with the matter in later years. He never seemed to recognize or in any event to acknowl edge that Hancock had been placed above him. In the letter that night he said: "Hancock's order to assume command reached here in writing at seven (P.M.). At that time, General Slocum being present, having just arrived at this point, I turned over the command to him."^® The false implication is given here that it was 7 P.M. when Howard was first aware of the order, in his report Howard stated it thus: About 7 P.M. Generals Slocum and Sickles arrived at the cemetery. A formal order was at that tiine put into my hands, placing General Hancock in command of the left wing. But General Slocum being present, and senior, I turned the command over to him and resumed the direct command of the Eleventh Corps.. . All this was fiction. Howard could not have turned over the command to Slocum because he did not possess it. Howard's pr^umption in passing the command to Slocum is reminiscent of the story told about the winning, urbane, profane Speaker of the House of Representatives Uncle Joe Gannon. Some mag nates who wanted a railroad bill passed called on Uncle Joe, told him their desire, then confided that they had been looking him over and if the bill went through they could get behind him and land him in the Presidency. Uncle Joe recalled for them the story of the temptation — how Satan took Christ to the mountain top, showed Him the vast country, and told Him He could reign over it if He would bow down and worship the devil. "The thing about you fellows offering me the presidency that is like the devil offering Christ that territory," said Uncle Joe, "is that neither one of you owned a damn inch of it."^^ So it was with Howard. If he passed the command to Slocum

® 0. R. 1-27-1, 696. •®76id. 704. " One of the many stories told about "Uncle Joe" Cannon by the late Senator James E. Watson of Indiana, who when in the House served as whip under Cannon. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 279

he was dealing in other people's goods. He did not own an inch of it. According to the witnesses present — General Schurz and Major Halstead — Howard protested to Hancock that he was the senior. When Hancock offered to show the orders, Howard stormed, "No, I don't doubt your word. General Hancock, but you can give no orders while I am here."^^ Hancock went about his work coolly and it was to him rather than Howard that most of the other officers looked and to his commands they responded. Hancock found the Federal army on Cemetery Hill a confused mass. Formations had been broken during the rapid retreat. Rarely if ever on an American battlefield did the coming of one man bring such a transformation. As the Times put it:

The presence of Hancock was magnetic. Order came out of chaos. The flying troops halt and again face the enemy. The battalions of Howard's Corps tiiat were retreating down the Baltimore pike are called back, and, with a cheer, go into position on the crest of Cemetery Hill." General Schurz, Howard's next in command in the Eleventh Corps, described the arrival as "a most fortunate event," and; It gave the troops new inspiration. They all knew him by fame, and his stalwart figure, his proud mein, and his superb soldierly bearing seemed to verify all the things that fame had told about him. His mere presence was a reinforcement, and everybody on the field felt stronger for his being there.®*

The cont^nporary historian Swinton described it well:

In such an emergency it is the personal qualities of the commander alone that tell. If, happily, there is in him that mysterious but potent magnetism that calms, subdues, and inspires, there results one of those sudden moral transformations that are among the marvels of the phenomena of battle. This quality Hancock possesses in a high degree.

^Battles and Leaders, III, 285. "Hancock Papers, Pennsylvania State Library, Harrisburg. Tucker, Hancock the Superb, 135. ®* Schurz, Reminiscences, III, 14. 280 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

and his appearance soon restored order out of seemingly hopeless confusion" J. William Hofmann of the 56th Pennsylvania, who had opened the infantry battle for the North, related how Han cock restored order to the "surging mass" that had become dispirited by retiring through the town.^® Nearly all are familiar with the picture given by Lieutenant Edward N. Whittier, who noted Hancock's arrival and said "his very atmosphere was strong and invigorating," and commented that "even his linen was clean and white."®' That was one of the mysteries of the army: how Hancock always had fresh shirts. They were supplied by his faithful English valet "Mr. Shaw," who spent mudi of his time over the scrubbing board.®® Hancock was accompanied by his chief of staff Colonel Charles H. Morgan who left one of the best accounts of condi tions. He said Generals Buford and Warren were on the hill when Hancock arrived. Hancock talked with Howard a moment, then Howard, Buford and Warren assisted Hancock in estab lishing a defensive line. Morgan said: By threats and persuasion, the tide flowing along the Baltimore turn pike was diverted, and lines of battle formed behind the stone walla on either side of the road. To show the disorder into which General Howard's troops had been thrown by the unequal conflict they had waged during the day, it is only necessary to mention that 1,500 fugi tives were collected by the provost guard of the Twelfth corps some miles in rear of the field.®

" Numerous statements by observers are similar to Swinton's remarks and are summarized by this writer in High Tide at Gettysburg, 192-197 and Hancock The Superb, 132-139. ®Military Service Institute. Letters and Addresses at a General Meet ing in Memory of Winfield Scott Hancock, held at Governor's Island, February 25, 1886 (New York 1886), 42. "Edward N. Whittier, The Left Attack (Ewell's) at Gettysburg. Military Society of Massachusetts (, 1903), 316. "George R. Agassiz, editor. Meade's Headquarters, 1863-1865. Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox (Boston, 1922), 191-192. ®General Morgan's description in Hancock, Gettysburg, 830. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 281

Hancock's greatest service was in lajang out the lines along which the battle would be fought on July 2 and 3, and as has often been stated, tiie position was a decisive factor in Federal victory. It will be recalled that when he looked ovct the terrain he declared the position was one of the strongest he had ever seen. Then, graciously deferring to Howard, he said that if the position met that general's favor also, he — Hancock — would select it. When Howard concurred, Hancock rendered his de cision : "Very well, sir, I select this as the battlefield."^® Soon after his arrival Hancock sent back to Meade an oral report conveyed by his aide Major William G. Mitchell, describ ing conditions on the field and sajring he could hold the position and believed Gettysburg was the place for the battle. Meade got this report at 6 P.M. and on the strength of it decided to fight at Gettysburg.^^ Hancock's subsequent written report was less important. Meade in the final and decisive instance selected Gettysburg as the place to give battle. He treated it more as a matter of circumstance than intent. In his note at 6 p.m. to Hancock, sent immediately after receiving Mitchell's oral report, the line oc curred, "It seems to me we have so concentrated that a battle at Gettysburg is not forced on us .. Certainly Hancock is entitled to the initial credit for deter mining the line the Federal army would defend. As observer Doubleday stated it: Hancock appreciated the value of this curved ridge as a defensive position for our army, and resolved to hold it, if possible. By posting troops far on the right and left he gave the enemy the impression that we had a long line and had been heavily reinforced. They accord ingly delayed their attack until the next day, and the ridge remained in our possession.*® Most positively the show of strength on Cemetery Hill was

Battles and Leaders, III, 286. " General Morgan Narrative in The Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock by His Wife (New York, 1887), 191; Hancock, Gettysburg, 826. *® 0. R. 1-27-3, 466. Reminiscences of Winfield Scott Hancock by His Wife, 269. 282 buixetin of historical society of Montgomery county what caused Early to delay his attack on the high ground in his front until he could consult with Ewell. It caused Colonel Armi- stead L. Long of Lee's staff to report to Lee after a reconnais sance that the position appeared to be strongly held. Had Han cock not devised this show of strength, Lee's forces undoubtedly would have overrun Cemetery Hill and the second phase of the battle would have been fought on some other field. Lee had seen at once, when he first surveyed the field from Seminary Ridge with his glasses, that, in his words, it was "only necessary to press 'those people' in order to secure possession of the heights."-*-* That was scon after 4 P.M. After Hancock had posted the troops, laid out the defensive line and secured his flanks, the situation was substantially different. One of Hancock's early acts was to employ Wadsworth's division, battered from its gallant defense of McPherson's farm and Seminary Ridge, but given new strength by the fortunate arrival of the Seventh Indiana that had been guarding the divi sion trains. He sent the division to Gulp's Hill, which until then was unoccupied. Wadsworth arrived on Gulp's Hill before Con federate patrols began to work their way up the eastern slope. Hancock sent the Fifth Maine Battery to a position commanding the western approaches to Gulp's Hill. These units secured Gulp's Hill in the nick of time. On the left he sensed at once the importance of the Round Tops. Such was Hancock's responsibility and initiative that he did not hesitate to give orders to a division of the Twelfth Corps, although the orders he carried from Meade had placed him in command of no more than the First, Eleventh and Third Corps. But Slocum had not reached the field and the need to garrison the Round Tops was urgent. When Brigadier General John W. Geary rode up ahead of his troops, Hancock pointed to Little Round Top and said: That knoll is a commanding position, and we must take possession of it, and then a line of battie can be formed here and a battle fought.

** Southern Historical SocietyPapers, IV, 127.Walter H. Taylor, Four Years With General Lee, 95; O.R. 1-27-2, 318. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 283

If we fail to fight here we will be compelled to fall back about seven miles. In the absence of Slocum I order you to place your troops on that knoll.*® Geary responded and had Greene*s brigade move at a double- quick. He occupied the position at 5 P.M. and saw at once the significance of it. "These Hills," wrote Geary later, "I regarded as of the utmost importance, since their possession by the enemy would give him an opportunity of enfilading our entire left wing and center with a fire which could not fail to dislodge us. .. As Hancock laid out the lines, the Eleventh Corps covered the Baltimore pike, stationed on both sides of the road. The First Corps covered the Taneytown road and Culp's Hill. A division of the Twelfth Corps covered the Round Tops. Buford was in the open country on the left, and the left was covered also by the approach of the Third Corps from Emmitsburg. Soon the arrival of the remainder of the Twelfth Corps gave security to the right. Well might Hancock report to Meade that a battle could be fought in the Gettysburg position. It has always seemed to this writer that July 2, 1863, was the most consequential day in American history and surely Winfield Scott Hancock dominated that day with his tactical skill and quick resourcefulness. When on the afternoon of July 2 Sickles advanced to the salient of the peach orchard, Hancock immediately saw the tactical blunder that left a half mile gap between his corps and the Third Corps along the Emmitsburg road. As he witnessed the splendid spectacle of the advance, his words to Caldwell, who commanded his firat division, were prophetic: "Wait a minute and you will see them tumbling back." Not long after Longstreet's blow fell on Sickles, Hancock was forced to say, "Caldwell, get your division ready."^' Hancock accompanied the division—it was the one he had led at Sharpsburg and Fredericksburg—^when it went into action

"Tucker, Hancock The Superb, 138; Hancock, Gettysburg, 827-828. *®Bache, Meode, 310; Hancock, Gettysburg, 828. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg (Harrisburg, 1904), II, 628. 284 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

in the Wheat Field. When Sickles was wounded, Meade assigned Hancock to command the Third Corps as well as his own. Bimey, who commanded one of Sickles' divisions, protested, but the •army commander replied testily, "I claim the right to issue the order." Again Meade had shown his high confidence in Hancock. When the brigades of Barksdale and Wofford broke the Third Corps line at the Peach Orchard, Caldwell's division, fighting desperately in front of the Round tops, without a connection on its right, was taken in reverse and forced back. Hancock was ready with Willard's brigade to hold until Meade could send fresh troops. Throughout tiie afternoon Hancock showed his alertness time after time by plugging holes in the Federal line, drawing regiments from Gibbon's division, all of which suffered heavy loss. Perhaps the most notable of these instances was his employment of the First Minnesota to check the advance of one of Anderson's brigades. The Minnesotans charged into the front Confederate regiment in what Hancock termed ''handsome style," and won his commendation: "I cannot speak too highly of this regiment and its commander in its attack .. Later he gave a Minnesota Senator this explanation: Troops had been ordered up and were coming on the run, but I saw that in some way five minutes must be gained or we were lost. It was fortunate that I found so grand a body of men as the First Minnesota. ... No soldiers, on any field, in this or any other country, ever displayed grander heroism.*® Hancock's third division, commjanded by the intrepid Alex ander Hays, repulsed the attack of Wright's Georgia brigade which reached the crest of Cemetery Ridge on the evening of July 2, in what some have regarded the supreme moment of Lee's battle. But A. P. Hill did not support Wright, who stood alone in the center of the Federal Army. The spirited assault that threatened to pierce Hancock's center was beaten back and the artillery the Georgians had seized was recovered. Hancock was personally responsible for the repulse a little

*® Grand Army Review, February, 1886. HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 285 later of the brigades of Hays and Avery of Early's division after they had obtained a lodgment on Cemetery Hill. In the opinion of this writer, this was the crisis of the battle. In the gathering darkness the Louisiana "Tigers" under Hays and the North Carolinians, from the Piedmont and mountains — their leader Avery dead at the foot of the hill — stormed to the summit, put Von Gilsa's brigade to flight, clamord over the stone wall and overran and captured the guns of Weidrieh'a and Ricketts' batteries. As Captain Neill W. Ray of the 6th North Carolina described it; "We had full possession of East Cemetery Hill, the key to General Meade's position."^» Here was clearly an instance where Hanw)ck's intuition, or what Henry J. Hunt called "a happy inspiration,"^® saved the Federal position and i>erhaps the battle. He turned to Gibbon, who stood nearby, and told him to send Carroll's brigade to Howard's assistance. This brigade, commanded by one of the best soldiers in the army, a grand nephew of the noted Charles Carroll of Carrollton, arrived at what Howard and everyone else had conceded was a highly critical moment. Guided by the Confederate powder flashes, Carroll charged and cleared the hill before Rodes, who was supposed to support Early, had moved out of the town of Gettysburg. The details of Hancock's repulse of the assault of Pickett, Pettigrew and Trimble on July 3 are the possession of nearly every American, North and South, and need not be repeated. Certainly Hancock's ride along his lines during the Confederate bombardment preceding the assault, on which he was accom panied by his orderly bearing the corps flag, was one of the dramatic episodes of the battle. Long was the story told by Second Corps survivors. Toquote an eyewitness account, "Every soldier's heart stopped beating."®^ The ride was entirely demon-

" WalterClark,Hiatwies cf the Several Regiments andBattalions from North Carolina in the Great War, 1861-65 (Raleigh, 1901), 1, 313. " Henry J. Hunt in Battles and Leaders, III, 313. ®^A. J. Bothwell quoted in Philadelphia Times, (undated clipping in Hancock Scraphook, Pennsylvania State Library). 286 bulletin of historical society PF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

strational. It was to show the men their general was with them on the front line. Later, when he was admonished by a sub ordinate who said he ^ould not risk his life that way, Hancock's reply showed his high sense of duty: "There are times," he said, "when a corps commander's life does not count."®^ Was it fool hardy? A touch so, perhaps, but his corps did stand firm during the devastating bombardment and the infantry attack, and he was on the lines with it. One of the colonels described him just before the coming of Pickett's and Pettigrew's men: "I had never seen him when he looked every inch the magnificent, ideal soldier so truly as on this occasion."®^ The attack being repulsed, Hancock immediately recom mended pursuit. One thing that prompted him was the nature of his wound. He had been hit in the groin by a ball that had passed through the pommel of his saddle. Bits of wood and in some unexplained manner a nail had been carried into the wound. He was able to draw out the nail and judged it had been fired from a Confederate cannon. He did not then know a ball had been embedded also. In his letter to Meade dictated from his ambulance on the Taneytown road, he said: "The en^y must be short of ammunition, as I was shot with a tenpenny nail."®^ He thought that if the Sixth and Fifth Corps were pushed forward Lee's army could be destroyed. Hancock's major tactical feat in tiie repulse of Pickett's division, which was on the right of Longstreet's column of as sault, was his employment of Stannard's brigade to take Kemper, on Pickett's right, in flank with a heavy fire. To that end he had Stannard throw forward a part of his brigade and face it at a right angle to the main Federal line. The maneuver contributed notably to Pickett's discomfiture. Stannard later claimed per sonal credit for it but Hancock had ordered it and sent his aide

Tucker, High Tide at Gettysburg, 352. " Memorandum of Colonel Wheelock G. Veazey, 16th Vermont Regi ment, in Frances A. Walker, General Hancock, 137. " A. T. Freed, The Life and Public Services of Winfield Scott Hancock (, 1880), 44. The bullet is now in the collection of the Historical Society of Montgomery County. THE EIRST CORPS! Is. now being organized at Washington, under the command of Maj. Gen. HANCOCK All able-bodied meiip who haveserved two years Atul have been honorably iliNeliniTred, may Enlist in this Corps for One, Two, or Three Years. KVERV VETERAN WlIiL. RECEIVE A m iMinY or $300 H*®-""* ori*IOcl^ P«"'o"n «» 'srh o««r,Hif rrniuln.lcr In tiMalnirnb. Thej «HI br FREE TRANSPORTATION! pliranl i.uproper .ubj,r(*forVnlUlmrw. "on THE SOLDIERS' REST! ««•' •« Oieyarrive, |i«ooDal preiVrrnre. being; regarded

d.™ mu be allowed

I.An.ppb<««..fa,«.„d«l.«m.«b..di,«-d«Bri,.di«0»«lUTko«^AdjauntO.««lrflh.im,..d=-t The iliite oforiginal eiifr.v intoM>rvire. 4. The rank on entryrt.Uinto werrlee. it. Date and cniwe ofdiNeharge. 4. Rankat time ofdischarge. ."5. Orgaiiizafluii In nliieh serviee »»ns rendered.

* B«nMMaAl.dOO Jill Ik HANCOCK AT GETTYSBURG 287 to guide the troops. He conceded that Stannard might have thought of it at the same time. Rarely has a subordinate general had so many opportunities to influence the course of a decisive battle and shape the destiny of a great nation as came to Hancock at Gettysburg. While Gettysburg marked the turn of the tide against the Confederacy and presaged the reunification of the states, the nation which emerged from the war was not the comparatively loose confeder ation of self-reliant commonwealths such as had existed during the first seventy-odd years of the Republic. Both sides gained, but both lost much at Gettysburg. Here on this battlefield the doctrine of local self-government yielded to that of a strong central power. Perhaps it was inevitable that such a transition had come about in a world of intense nationalis tic rivalries, but the certain fact is that states rights did go down to defeat here on this very field. The old government endured. But it was not the same gov ernment. The trend since the armies met on Cemetery Ridge and Culp's Hill has been inexorably toward the concentration of authority. The expanding Federal government, nourished by Constitutional amendments, new legislation, broadened execu tive powers and complementary court decisions, is now supreme. If its growth has not been solicited, then at least it has been sanctioned by a patient public opinion. The average citizen in business, agriculture, the professions and trades, who once had little contact with Federal authority, now finds it always at his elbow. Whether he may regard it exasperating or beneficent, it is there. One could make a good case to support a contention that the battle of Gettysburg had more influence on present-day Supreme Court decisions than does the strict wording of the Constitution. One of the caprices of history, which is so often whimsical, was that the doctrine of states rights should fall and centralized power triumph largely at the hands of an ardent Jeffersonian Democrat — Hancock — a lifelong advocate and defender of local self-government. But he was a soldier who did a soldieFs duty. Like Andrew Jackson he was a devoted believer in an 288 buixetin of historical society of Montgomery county indissoluble Union. Even his enemies in time came to admire him for his strict adherence to constitutional principles. He was the first presidential candidate in history to carry every South- em state. Something of the sentiment of his former enemies was reflated by the Charleston, South Carolina, News and Couri&r, when in 1886he died. That newspaper said: The South has changed but little in some respects since the men who recoiled from Hancock's lines at Gettysburg began the retreat which ended at Appomattox. But the men who stood with him on the summit of the hill that day and who cheered him in triumph as he rode along the lines, scarcely mourn his loss . . . more sincerely than do those whom he opposed.'® After reflection on his services at Gettysburg one might employ the words of his fellow-cadet at West Point, later Con gressman Egbert L. Viele; "No field marahal of , in the palmiest days of her military glory, ever won or wore greener laurels than Hancock, *TheSuperb'."®®

« Reprinted in New York Tribune, February 13, 1886. ^Beminiseences of Winfield SeoU Hancock by His Wife, 311. Real Estate Transaction, Anno 1718* John F. Reed Since Sir William Keith has been described by his contem poraries as anywhere between a charming fellow and a scoun drel we must assume he was at least a little of both; especially since such an authority as young Ben Franklin—^whose authority seems fairly unimpeachable—^was "taken in" by the charming deputy-governor before discovering the negative side of the Scottish laird's character. Sir William, however, cannot be wholly blamed for his somewhat scoundrelly (if they were really so) acts; it was a prerogative of many colonial governors, especially royal—^thoughKeith was not royal, but an appointee of .the original Penns, William and Hannah—^to repair or increase their fortunes through their appointments. Sir William's trou ble was that his appointment was not royal and that he faced Quaker inquiry into his deeds, or misdeeds, according to how one considers them. Had the laird been appointed to one of the royal sinecures his so-called misdeeds would have gone almost unnoticed. For instance, he was nearly an angel compared to New York's pernicious Combury. Needless to say, the Quakers whom he was sent over to govern, and who ran the colony of Pennsylvania from the in creasingly strong fortress of the Assembly even to the detri ment of Penn interests, were plain-thinking people. In short, they little if at all approved of the glitter of human ostentation. That was where the bold Sir William erred, for he failed to take into account this predilection of his Quaker constituents. Had they previously divined his ambitions he surely would never have received his appointment. A major protest would have undoubtedly crossed the ocean—as it subsequently did, but after Sir William's revealment—to the ailing Proprietor and his good

*John F. Beed, a member of the Publication Committee has in his possession an original copy of the Hamilton - Keith deed, tiie text of which appears at the end of this article.

289 290 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

wife Hannah long before Sir William had stepped on American shores to assume his governorship on the thirty-first day of May in the year of Grace, 1717. Now it certainly behooves a man attempting to set himself up in high estate to acquire not only the means but also the space. Regaliiy—or in this case vice-regality (though Penn himself would have scarcely liked the term, though it applied) — is of little account if confined from enough room to show off its display. Louis XIV with all his Versailles (the building that is) would have scarcely possessed a third of its splendor without the long park vistas through which to view it. Sir William seems to have gotten or had the means to satiate his ostentatious appetite, and the means would provide the space. In the first bright flush of his governorship he had even been voted extra funds, to the Assembly's later regret, which con sidering Quaker frugality was a wonder even though conces sions given by the new governor had actually bought the added stipend. But to return to space, there still were plenty of wild- wood acres left not-too-remotely distant from Philadelphia, which was Sir William's vice-regal capital of course. His ulti mate choice of place, however, was a strange one considering the evils of communication in those long-off days. Just how much hunting he did for the acres he wanted we have no way of knowing. Perhaps he bought sight unseen, as the saying goes. Because of the wild nature of the ground he could not have seen much anyway. Or perhaps he was talked into the purchase by the smartest of all Philadelphia lawyers of the time, the very man from whom it is said that the proverbial term "smart as a •Philadelphia lawyer" came. Andrew Hamilton not only had the most acute legal mind of his time, but he also must have •been a rather keen real-estate operator as well. On the .3rd of February, 1718, a scant year after Sir Wil liam had landed, Andrew Hamilton, himself a one-time deputy- governor from 1701 to 1708 and later the hero of the great >Peter Zenger freedom-of-the-press trial in New York in 1734, purchased a section of near-wildemess acres on the border of old Philadelphia—now Montgomery—and Bucks Counties from the REAL ESTATE TRANSACTION, ANNO 1718 291 heirs of the late Samuel Carpenter. A brief month later the selfsame land was in turn turned over to Sir William Keith for, undoubtedly, a quickand considerable profit. AndrewHamilton was far too careful a man to have failed in that respect. Samuel Carpenter had gotten his land directly from the Proprietor, William Penn, who got it from the Indians, so little search of title was necessary. Apparently Samuel didn't do much more tiian merely hold on to his acreage (he is listed as an inhabitant of Philadelphia), for when William Keith took over the land was described as close to a trackless wilderness with a smattering of neighbors; not much of a place for the governor to show off his splendor. But then the governor had his inten tions, as we shall see. Samuel Carpenter died before any great plans he might have had for the property could be proceeded with, leaving his widow Haimah as his chief heir. Hannah was soon amenable to selling off much of the property that now had become quite destitute of promise for her. Besides, she could probably use the money—her share, that is. She being the sole executrix of her late husband's estate could do as she pleased, with certain provisos; for she had to seek "the Consent & Approbation of Samuel Carpenter Son of the-s(ai)d Samuel Carpenter de ceased (,)" John Carpenter (relationship not noted), William Fishbourn (a neighbor, and perhaps a creditor) and herself before the deal could be fully consummated. Naturally her own consent, since she initiated the sale, was forthcoming, and the scent of monetary accumulation undoubtedly influenced the others, for evidently the junior Carpenters were not minors or their consent might not have been needed. Anyway, "by Indenturesof Lease &Release bearing Date of the second & Third Days [why two dates?—possibly the time for gaining consent was a little longerthan usual] of February 1718 for the consideration therein mentioned"—a necessary adjunct, the size of which escapes history, for the information is taken from Hamilton's deed to Keith—they granted, bar gained and sold "to the sd. Andrew Hamilton &his Heirs for ever" (no mention of assigns, but it must have been meant) 292 bulletin of historical society op Montgomery county

1,200 acres of land. The land was described as "Scituate Lying & being in Philadelphia County Beginning at a Corner black Oak marked S.C."—for old Sam Carpenter himself of course— "in Joseph Fisher's, Line From Thence by the sd. Fisher's Land South East Four hundred & Eight Perches [i. e., rods} to a Comer Post of Thomas Kenderdines Land From Thence extend ing North East by the sd. Kenderdine's Land & other Land late of the sd. Samuel Carpenter deceased Four hundred & Seventy Four Perches to another Corner Post standing in William Fish- boum's Line Thence North West in the Line dividing the Coun ties of Philadelphia & Bucks {this last the only survey line of any importance to us} by the said William Fishbourn's Land & other Land late of the sd. Samuel Carpenter deceased {Samuel must have had a full 5,000 acres from William Penn] Four hun dred & Eight Perches to a Corner white Oak, marked S.C. [again, of course, for Samuel]. From thence South West Four hundred & Seventy Four Perches to the place of Beginning .. All of whidi, except for tiie Philadelphia-Bucks County line, is so much gibberish to the modern reader. We only insert it to keep the records straight for anyone quite so foolish as to wish to investigate further. We shall not do so. Incidentally it will be noticed, if one badc-tracks over the thing, that the survey was a complete rectangle, 408 x 474 perches, which is rather a rarity among ancient surveys, which often consisted of angles (acute and obtuse, but rarely right), rhomboids, trapezoids and what not, whatever the lay of the land and the whim of the surveyor deduced. So Andrew Hamilton got his briefly-possessed 1,200 acres with "all Ways Woods Water Privileges & appurtenances w(ha)tsoever." Now it was his turn to do with it what he could; in short, to get as much out of the deal as possible, for Andrew apparently had no idea of retaining the place for his own and singular use. He was no land-grabber for keeps as was many another, including, later, the heroic Washington. Andrew Hamilton was out for a well (and quickly) turned British guinea, or whatever legal coin or letter of credit he might reason ably get. William Keith evidently soon became"the object of his REAL ESTATE TRANSACTION, ANNO 1718 293 affection" as far as a land transaction could induce affection. It was a case of hunter meeting with hunter: William Keith was hunting for land and Andrew Hamilton for a buyer (at a profit). Thus a mutual accord was soon struck on, and by indenture "made the Fifth Day of March In the year of Our Lord one thousand Seven hundred & Eighteen Between the Parties following, To witt, Andrew Hamilton of Philadelphia Esqr. of the one p(ar)t & William Keith Esqr. [surprisingly not noted here as Sir William} of the same Place of the other Pt." (Sir William at least rated a capital 'P' to his 'Part,* Hamilton did not — perhaps this made up for the oversight on the lacking Sir William), the deal was consummated. Or not quite. A lot more words, definitions and agreements —^mostly words—were necessary before all was done to com plete satisfaction. "Now this indenture witnesseth that the sd. Andrew Hamilton for & in Consideration (sic) of the sum of Five hundred Pounds"—it would be interesting to know his profit, but that is api)arently none of our business—"Lawfull Money in America [British guineas, Spanish dollars, or any passable coin that is] to him in hand paid by the sd. William Keith Esqr. before the sealing & delivery of these p(re)sents (the Receipt whereof he doth hereby acknowledge & thereof doth acquit & for Ever discharge the sd. William Keith his Heirs & Assigns) [left out before, the latter term 'assigns' finally got into the business] by these p(re)sents HATH Granted Bar gained Sold aliened enfeoffed [a thousand-year-old, and more, term that should have been dead by then, as it is now: vassal age, which it indicates, is a thing of the past in enlightened na tions] released & confirmed and Doth hereby Grant bargain," etc. — but why repeat? Why all this verbosity anyway? But this is nothing compared to what follows (quoted only in brief). The instrument provided that Keith would not only acquire his 1,200 acres but also "all & singular the Ways Waters Water Courses Fishings Fowlings Hawkings Huntings Rights Liberties Privileges Improvements [were there any?] Hereditaments & Apurtenances w (ha) tsoever thereunto belonging or in any wise appertaining And the Reversions & Remainders Rents Issues 294 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

& Profits thereof." Oh, for the good old days! Today one is lucky to purchase a tenuous refuge with the rights curtailed to a minimum. Also, Hamilton was required to turn over "two Copies of all Patents Deeds Evidences & Writings w(ha)tsoever concern ing the p(re)mises [one cannot blame the scribe for some, if odd, abbreviations considering the prolixity of the instrument] or any p (ar) t thereof (To be taken at the Charge of the said William Keith his Heirs & Assigns)"—^Andrew Hamilton was acute enough to see to that; he was in the business for the last penny he could bleed from it. All of which gave Keith the right "TO HAVE AND TO HOLD" his 1,200 acres "& all the Estate Right Title Interest Claim & Demand w(ha)tsoever." All this and much more Sir William Keith—or rather the poor scribe—^went through to pass ownership of a then measely 1,200 acres (a tax impossibility now). But still the interest in the land was not totally Keith's. He had a yearly quit-rent to pay the Penns. Not for simply an original payment did the Penns surrender actual title to their lands; the owners were to be in debted, presumably forever or as long as a Penn could enforce it, for an annual payment to maintain the owner's good fortune of possession. The American Revolution, far sooner than any Penn could foresee or wish, put an end to this. Thereafter Hamilton guaranteed—^we need not report it all ^that he had "not Done Comitted (sic) or wittingly or willing ly suffered any Act or Thing w(ha)tsoever whereby the P (re)mises . . . shall or may be impeached Charged or incum- bered in Estate Title Charge or otherways howsoever." In brief. Sir William was to be free to enjoy his new possessions without any legal encumbrances being thrust upon him. If such a state should refuse to come to pass, however, and claims pre vious to Sir William's ownership proved imminent, all persons party to such claims would be compelled to execute (how is not stated) such releases as would prove necessary to free the prop erty for the then-present owner's full enjoyment, whatever he, his heirs and assigns "or their Council learned in the Law" should require. All this Andrew Hamilton guaranteed, and REAL ESTATE TRANSACTION, ANNO 1718 295 further agreed to assume all responsibility for any such claims that arose from the period during or prior to his own brief tenure. The "parties aforesaid" then "interchangeably set their Hands and Seals ... in the P(re)sence of Geo: Barclay (and) Robt. Wills." One more problem did Sir William face, however; in 1723 the Provincial Assembly passed an Act, for reason or reasons unexplainied, which evidently made void this and like transactions. Probably there was a flaw in the previous Act that had been designed to permit their consummation. Anyway, it was necessary for Andrew Hamilton to gather up copies of the deeds and have them "inrolled or recorded" again before Richard Hill, Justice of the Peace of the City and County of Philadel phia, on June 4, 1723, in order to make the transaction with Keith again formal. Sir William may have indeed sweated a good deal over this unexpected matter, for he had already com pleted his "palace," a house thereafter to be rather famously known not by any name he himself had given it but as Graeme Park; and he had begun to put in other improvements, includ ing roads at public expense. Unfortunately for Sir William he was not long in tumbling into disgrace, in the opinion of his plain-thinking opponents, for his high living; for his governmental differences with James Logan, whom he dismissed sam proprietary consent; and finally for his differences with the Penns themselves for his too-free handling of their American affairs and for Logan's dismissal. Keith himself was dismissed from office, in 1726, after nine years in the governorship; and after a brief effort to regain some of his lost prestige he vanished across the sea to - town and left his wife, the Lady Ann, as owner of his mansion and acreage. She soon disposed of both to her son-in-law, Dr. Thomas Graeme, from whom the place drew name, who not only continued but considerably e3q)anded the estate's great days— despite Quaker criticism no doubt. But those great days are gone now, long gone with the dust of those who gave them their glory. The mansion at Graeme Park still stands, a gaunt relic of the past. It now belongs to the State of Pennsylvania which 296 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county has evinced great plans for its future, plans that have never materialized. Unless something is done, Graeme Park is per haps to be one of the pities of time, a decaying remembrance. In the haste of the present too often the precious past is ignored dntil too late for its restoration. The past is the strength that built today, as we today must build for tomorrow. Hiis nation is great now because of its own great past; and to-morrow will be even greater only if we not only preserve and build the pres ent but also preserve the past, that to-morrow may view for its own inspiration the whole unbroken run, down through the ages, of the nation's greatness.

THIS INDENTURE made the Fifth Day of March in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred & eighteen Be tween the parties following, To Wit, Andrew Hamilton of Phila delphia Esq: of the one Pt & William Keith Esq: of the Same Place, of the other Pt, Witnesseth That Whereas Hannah Car penter, Executrix of the Last Will & Testament of Samuel Car penter late of Philadelphia deceased did by the Consent & Ap probation of Samuel Carpenter Son of the Sd Samuel Carpenter deceased, John Carpenter, William Fishboum & Hannah his Wife by Indenture of Lease & Release bearing Date the Second & Third Days of February 1718 for the Consideration therein mentioned Grant Bargained & Sold to the Sd Andrew Hamilton & his Heirs forEver Twelve Hundred Acres of Land Situate Lying & being in Philadelphia County BEGINNING at a Cor ner black Oak marked S.C. in Joseph Fisher's Line From Thence by the Sd Fisher's Land South East Four hundred & Eight Perches to a Corner Post of Thomas Kenderdine's Land & other Land of the Sd Carpenter deceased Four Hundred & Seventy Four Perches to another Corner Post standing in William Fish- boum's Line Thence North West in the Line dividing the Coun ties of Philadelphia and Bucks by the Sd William Fishboum's Land & other Land late of the Sd Samuel Carpenter deceased Four Hundred & Eight Perches to a .Comer white Oak marked S.C. From Thence South West Four Hundred & Seventy Four Perches to the Place of Beginning Containing twelve hundred Acres with all Ways, Waters, Water Courses, Privileges & Appertenances aforesaid the same belonging or appertaining. NOW THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH That the Sd An drew Hamilton for and in Consideration of the Sum of Five REAL ESTATE TRANSACTION. ANNO 1718 297 hundred Pounds Lawful Money of America to him in hand paid by the Sd William Keith Esq: before the Sealing & Delivery of thesePresents (Ihe Receipt whereof he dothhereby acknowledge & therefore doth acquit & forEver Discharge the Sd William Keith, his Heirs &Assigns by these Presents Hath Granted Bar gained Sold aliened enfeoffed released & confirmed and Doth hereby Grant bargain Sell alien enfeoff Release & Confirm unto the Sd William Keith & to his Heirs & Assigns the formen- tioned Tract or Parcel of Land Containing Twelve hundred acres Together also with all & Singular the Ways, Waters, Water Courses, Fishing, Fowling, Hawking, Hunting Rights, liiberties. Privileges, Improvements, Hereditaments & Appertenances whatsoever thereunto belonging or in anyway appertaining And the Reversions & Remainders, Rents, Issues & Profits thereof and true Copies of AH Patents Deeds Evidences & Writings w[ha]tsoever concerning the p [re]misses or any P[ar]t thereof (to be taken at the Charge of the Sd William Keith his Heirs & Assigns) & all the Estate Rights Title Interest Claim Demand w[ha]tsoever of him the Sd Andrew Hamilton of in & to the Samep[re] missesTo Have And To Holdthe Sd Twelve hundred Acres of Land Hereditaments & p [re]misses hereby Granted & Released or menc[i]oned to be Granted and Released with the Apurtenances unto the sd. William Keith his Heirs & Assigns to the only p[ro]per use & Behoof of the sd. William Keith his Heirs & Assigns for Ever Under the p[ro]portionable p[ar]t of the Yearly Quit Rent hereafter accruing for the hereby Granted p[re]misses That the Sd Andrew Hamilton hath and Doth Convenant wittingly or willingly be Suffered any Act or Thing wtsoever mentioned to be granted & Released or any Pt or Parcel thereof are or shall or may be any way impeached charged or encumbered in Estate, Title, Charge or other ways howsoever And that He the Sd Andrew Hamilton, his Heirs & Assigns & all & every other person & persons whomsoever hav ing a Lawfully Claiming or that shall or may at any Time or Times hereafter do have or Claim any Estate, Rights, Title or Interest under him of in or to the person or any Part Parcel Thing Shall & will at all Time & Times hereafter upon the reas- sonable Request Cost & Charge in Law of the Sd William Keith his Heirs & Assigns make Execute & Acknowledge or Causes so to be all & every such further & other reasonable Act & Acts, Deed or Deeds, Device or Devices in Law wtsoever for the further & better Assurance & Confirmation of the Sd Twelve hundred Acres of Land. The Distances hereby granted & re leased & intended to be granted & released with the appurten- 298 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county ances unto the Sd William Keith his Heirs Exec:rs Grant Coven- ent & agree to be with the Sd William Keith against the lawful Claim of the Sd Alexander Hamilton & his Heirs & every other person or persons Claiming by from or under him or them will forEver Warrant & Doth by these Present. In witness the Parties Afsd to these presents, Indentures have interchangeably Set their Hands & Seals the Day & Year first above written. Sealed & Delivered A. Hamilton [Seal] in presence of: Geo. Barclay Robt. Wills. BE IT REMEMBERED That the Fourth Day of June Anno Domi 1723 at Phila/da before Mr. Richard Hill, one of the Justices of Peace for the City & County of Phila/da came the within named Andrew Hamilton in his proper person & brought this writing or Conveyance which he aclmowledged to be his Deed and Desired that the Same may be inrolled or recorded as his Deed according to an Act of Assembly of this Province lately made & Voided In Witness whereof I have hereunto Set my Hand & Seal the Day Year Aforesaid. Ridi'd Hill [Seal] Recollections of the War Charles A. C. Lear

This memoir of the Civil War as recalled by the participant thirty years later, first appeared in the pages of the Norristown Weekly Herald in nine installments from September 21 to December 7» 1891. The author was identified in the first issue in which his story appeared, in this way; "Mr. Charles A. C. Lear of Port Kennedy gives the readers of the Herald a very interesting sketch of the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1882. At that time our correspondent was a boy slave and unable to read or write. He has certainly made considerable progress since." Mr. Lear continued to work as a barber in the area well into the Twentieth Century and was active in civic and religious affairs. He is buried in the cemetery of the Port Kennedy Presbyterian Church. This article was prepared and correlated by Mrs. Earl W. Johnson of the Publication Committee.

I The battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5tii, 1862, was Mc- Clellan's initial battle as commander ofthe Army of the Potomac. Joe Hooker's division bore the brunt of the fight. It is 12 miles from Yorktown to Williamsburg. It was over this distance Kearnej^s [Keamy's] division had to maich in order to reinforce Hooker. The rain fell heavily and of course the roads became muddy, but onward pushed Old Phil, through it all. The sound of the cannon quickened the pace of the soldiers. Blankets, overcoats, shirts, knapsacks, drums, in fact everything that would impede locomotion, were thrown away, except haver sack, canteen, gun and ammunition. Just before dark we reached the battlefield in rear of Han cock's brigade, unslung knapsacks, and down into the dark damp woods in line of battle we went. I was with the 4th Maine Infantry regiment then. Soon Col. Elijah Walker gave the command "Charge bayonets, forward double-quick, march," and with a wild yell the regiment dashed forward for about two hundred yards, coming up in line on the right of Hancock and capturing about 40 of the enemy.

299 300 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Here we remained the balance of that night and the next morning I went out over the battlefield in front of where Fort Magruder stood. Many a blue coat laid there and in the woods which had been cut down by the Johnnies to impede progress. One poor fellow who had been shot in the abdomen had set himself against a stump in a squatting position with his gun between his knees, muzzle up, but empty. He was dead and had stiffened in that position. I think he belonged to a New York Regiment, the 38th, Col. Ward. Inside Fort Magruder was a pitiable sight. One of Hooker's regular batteries had dismounted the large gun in the fort, and the dismounting of that gun had discharged from the Con federate service about twelve or fifteen of their soldiers who never again fired at a Yankee. The gun even lay on some of them. It was a beautiful morning and "Little Mac" and his brilliant staff showed off to fine effect. While stumbling aboht over that field I saw a soldier belong ing to the 37th New York, go off to the dead body of a Confed erate officer, cut every button off his coat front, turn him over and cut off those behind, and with a very uncomplimentary ex pression about the State he (the rebel) came from, put the but tons in his pockets and walk away.- The buttons had the palmetto tree on them. Why Hooker had to fight that battle relatively alone, while the whole army of about 100,000 men lay in supporting distance, is to me one of the conundrums of the Civil War. A boy then was I, fleeing from slavery, following the army of God, liberty and justice, at the head of which was a man who had no sympathy for me or my condition in life or out of it; for it was while the army lay on this field of blood, the stench of dead men and animals not yet cleared from the atmosphere, that Gen eral McClellan issued an order which was read on dress parade to all the troops (so my Lieutenant told me, for I could not read then,) forbidding all officers and soldiers harboring or allowing slaves to follow the rear of his army. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR 301

"But," said Lieutenant Carr, when he told me of the order, "Charles, you stick to me; I'll see you through. To hell withthe order." Carr didstickto me, and Xstuckto him,for he wasmyfoster- father. I could look up to no one but him, and on toward Rich mond the army marched and I with it, carrying my officers grub and my own, his blanket and mine —onward and forward to the front of the Confederate capital. On the 31stdayof May, same year, in another thunder storm, began theconflict at Seven Pines or Fair Oaks, in which Casey s division was surprised and used up. But old (in 1863 the rock of Chancellorsville) saved the army from a bad tearing out. One of Johnston's aids was captured. But I stuck to Carr. II The battle on the 31st was indecisive and was renewed with vigor on Sunday morning, June 1st. I had not seen my officer since the afternoon of the preceding day. It wasa damp morning and the smoke of the battle of the previous day hung heavy over the field. I started early to find my regiment and lieutenant. I had some hot coffee in a canteen for him. By inquiring I learned that Bimey's brigade lay along the railroad, and I was not long in finding it and my regiment and company. The lieutenant was glad to see me. Hewassitting on the cold, wet ground, and asked me if I had any hot coffee. I said, Yes, sir," and slung canteens, for I had three. A broad grin came over his face. He said to me: "Charles, the rebels are notfar off, and you had better not goupon the railroad." It wasneedless to say I obeyed this order. It was getting very light and the men had lain along this part of the railroad all night on the wet ground, therefore a ration of whiskey was issued to them as soon as it was light enough. The Major (I forget his name now, but afterwards killed at Fredricksburg) came down the railroad and said, "Fall in men, and get your whiskey." There was a general hustling at this command. He didn't say it very loud, either, but we were near enough for the Johnnies to 302 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

hear it, and they answered with a volley. Some of those men have not taken their drink yet, at least not in this world. With that volley the renewal of Saturday's battle began, and there I was right in it, scared to death, hugging mother earth and mud for dear life. The railroad acted as a sort of breastwork and the leaden bullets would strike the iron rails and flatten out or ziz;- zip and a hundred other tunes for which I had neither bass nor tenor. Carr said to me: "Charles, you'll have to make the best of it." He need not have told me that. I was "thar" doing that very thing. The soldiers lay on their stomachs and fired over the iron rails. One poor fellow got shot in the head and rolled down the bank against me. I did not know what to do. Bullets were flying too thick. I lay there as a block to his further rolling down the bank. He gave one or two gasps, stretched himself at full length and passed into the other world. I knew he was dead and quietly moved farther down the bank. The rattle of the small arms continued, punctuated by the roar of cannons, until about 10:30 or 11 o'clock a.m. A charge was ordered along the whole line. The sun was now shining beau tifully and very hot. A grander sight had never met my gaze before, up to this time. Men leaped from behind the railroad embankment, muddy and dirty, yelling like so many demons, bayonets glistening in the sun, bullets whistling in all directions, men falling as they ran, stretcher-bearers picking up the wounded here and there, everywhere, and taking thm to the field hospital. For curiosity, I went to the hospital. It is needless to say I did not tarry long, for I have been to many a butdier shop, but that hospital sickened me. I would prefer going where the bullets flew thick and fast, but excuse me from that butcher-hospital. When it was safe I went out on the field of battle, or rather in the woods and bushes of battle. Blue coats and gray jackets lay on every hand. The gray backs got the worst of the fight, and had to retreat to Richmond. Along this railroad from where my regiment fought was only seven miles from the city. My Lieutenant told RECOLLECTIONS OP THE WAR 303 me we would be in Richmond before night, but I have not got there yet, and I doubt if he has. In the ^ternoon of the same day, I heard along the Williams- burg road a tremendous yell, and hastening over to see and know about it, I heard the tramp of horses feet coming right toward me. Getting out of the road, up the side of the bank, and upon the fence, I saw soldiers standing on each side of the Richmond road, still yelling and throwing their caps into the air, "Little Mac" and his brilliant staff were passing along the road. The soldiers threw their caps all about him, he held his cap in his hand, and I saw him try to catch one of theirs in his. Shortly after McClellan passed, an omnibus, drawn by four iron greys, filled with soldiers came from the front of our picket line. Two colored men were with it. But the soldiers had rdieved them of the lines and were driving themselves. They had been sent from Richmond for Rebel wounded, and had driven into our lines, and of course, never went back. The army lay on, around and about the battlefield, from June 1st to about the 25th, throwing up earthworks, etc., burjdng dead men and dead horses. Searching parties were often sent out to hunt up the dead bodies of both human beings and animals, for the atmosphere for weeks after the battle was not pleasant. After the battle of Sunday, June 1st, while going over the field, I saw a rebel sharp-shooter hanging from the forks of a pine tree, dead. So tight was he wedged in there that, after being killed, he didn't fall out. His head hung down. His gun had fallen from his hands and stuck in the earth at the foot of the tree. A bundle containing a gray jacket and pantaloons, all new, lay at the root of the tree. I took the pantaloons and another colored boy, Jeff Jenkins by name, the jacket. The rebel had gotten up that tree to pick off Union officers at a distance, but some Yankee bullet had stopped him. Not far from where this sharp-shooter met his fate was a holly bush, near to which lay another Johnnie shot in the head somewhere, but not dead. He lay on his back in the hot sun un conscious, sweeping the ground the full length of his arms. He was a rebel, because he was dressed in his gray uniform. I 304 bulletin op historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

stood for at least ten minutes looking at him. The sun shone in his face. I took hold of him by the coat collar, pulled him around into the shade of the holly bush and walked away. I have often thought of this man and the sharp-shooter since then. Somebody^s darlings were they. What Confederate regi ments or brigades they belonged to, I know not, or from what states they came, I cannot tell. I only knew then that they were rebels, fighting to keep me and my race in slavery, yet I could and did have compassion enough for a half-dead enemy to pull him out of the hot sun into the shade of the bush that, perhaps, today marks the spot where his mortal remains years ago were buried out of sight. Ill The movement of the troops just before we left Fair Oaks was so complicated to me that I cannot attempt any geographical description of any location of corps, divisions, or brigades, not even my regiment or company, for the reason that I knew noth ing about them. I knew something would take place before long, for very often we would be called to arms at midnight by picket firing all along the front; and in the dajrtime Porter*s guns away to our right could be very plainly heard. I know since that this fighting was going on at Mechanics- ville and Beaver Dam Creek. It began, I think, June 27, 1862, and was therefore the beginning of the seven days fighting. Every soldier's face indicated a seriousness which I had not seen before. Jests and jokes were less frequent, officers kept their swords buckled on all the time. The commissary kept things packed in the wagons day and night. I had expected to see the streets of Richmond and march with my company (G), as big as anyone else; but alas these hopes and expectations were soon blasted. One day Lieutenant Carr said to me: "Charles we are going to retreat; keep everything together as well as you can, and keep with the company as much as possible." I asked, "Where are we going. Lieutenant?" "I don't know," was the answer. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR 305

"When will we go, Lieutenant?" His reply was: "We are under orders to be ready to march at a moment's notice." I don't know what day either, of the year, month or week, we started, for there was much marching and skirmishing going on each day. But at last we got started, which way I can't say, but I remember being mixed up in the Chickahominy swamp, wading in mud one afternoon; fighting had been going on, and we at tempted to cross, got halfway over and then turned and came back. General Kearney rode his horse into the muck and mire — came near getting stuck in it — swore some at his predicament and everything else in general — got out and away down the road he went, the troops following him. That night (for we marched till midnight) we marched over some road so dark we could not see the file leader, and not a word was to be spoken out of a whisper; every tin cup and frying pan or canteen had to be fastened so as not to make any noise. Our line of marching lying so close to the enemy was of course, the reason for this. The troops bivouacked in an open field the rest of the night. My Lieutenant offered me one dollar for a canteen of water, but no one knew which way to go to find any, not knowing how near we might be to the enemy's lines, and in looking for it in the night, might get a body into Richmond or shot. I lay down, wrapped myself in a blanket, and was soon in the land of forget- fulness. The next morning there was beautiful sunshine. I awoke in what we call in Virginia "a dewberry patch" and the soldiers -ate them for breakfast. I soon joined in to gather some for my officer and self. This field in which we were eating berries proved to be a part of Glendale farm, in which before night of the same day many a brave boy who carried his musket and knapsack from Fort Moimoe, laid down his burden of this life, to accept a bright reward in the world beyond. On this field of battle Col. Seneca Simmons of the 5th Pa. Reserves was killed. Brigadier Gen. McCall was taken prisoner. The past comes up before me seen 306 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY through a veil of tears. All day the musketry and cannon roared — men being carried or helped in all directions after being wounded. On this day I followed my regiment into an open field where itformed line of battle in the edge of a woods. Gen. Kearney soon came riding along, and the colonel (Walker) was about to give orders for three cheers when the general forbade him, saying the enemy was not far off; but the cheers came anyhow, and with them some rebel bullets. Kearney doffed his cap and said: "Be ready, boys, they are coming." My Lieutenant turned to me and said: "Charles, you had better seek safer quarters"—which I did by getting behind a big log which was not far off. Bullets sang very uncomfortably near me all that afternoon. I did not know where my regiment was when night came. But I do know that a part of the ground over which McCall of the Pennsylvania Reserves fought that afternoon, I passed over at night by moonlight, holding to the mouth of a cannon and keeping up in that way until sunrise. I proudly arrived at Malvern Hill, where I saw more soldiers at one time than I had ever seen up to that time. This hill, from the direction I approached it, slopes off beauti fully and gives splendid play for artillery. The "Johnnies" were following us and batteries were arranged around it in a semi circle, one row above another, with the 1st Connecticut Heavy Artillery on the top near the house — a large brick one, in the shade of which I sat weary, nibbling at hard tack, of which I had but a few, and these I had begged from Gen. Birney's headquar ters train. Aides-de-camp and orderlies were dashing about in all directions. A small outhouse was occupied by the signal corps, and I was watching the darts and dodges of the man with the flag. It is a pretty view from this house all over the field, to and across the James river. The gunboat Galena lay in this part of the river, and the signal man was talking to her, when all at once a cloud of white smoke issued from her side, and whether it was a barrel or nail keg she fired from her guns it was a long time before I found out. The shots she fired didn't come right over the house, but near enough for me to tremble in my bare feet. They RECOIXECTIONS OF THE WAR 307 fell away down in the woods to our right, where Kearney's division (my own) was supportingbatteries, but I did not know they were there until iJie provost gruard told me, and in that direction started with about two dozen soldiers. •Itwas not a very encouraging direction for me at that time, for Jackson was trying to force a passage and turn our right. Kearneywastherewith manyotherbravetroops of the old Third Corps. These barrels or kegs which the gun-boat was pitching over in the woods in that part of the field made it soundto me to be anything but a healthy place for a fellow of my size. So I watched my chance and stole away from the guard. It was somewhere near noon when the gun-boat began to fire and soon after the whole hill was ablaze and shook from the centre to circumference. There were but few stragglers where I was, but in spite of all I could do, a rebel shell occasionally would drop uncomfortably near, which I considered to be a bad straggler indeed. The fight continued all day, wounded men, dead men, tired men, anxious men, and some men down at theriver out of harm's way fasting, I saw; still others wending their way off towards Harrison's Landing which caravan I soon joined, while the roar of cannons and the crack of rifles, the charges of both union and rebel, I could distinctly hear as I moved away from the scene of strife, which was practically the close of the seven days of fight ing, down to Harrison's Landing, to seemen die there by drink ing dirty swamp water, who had escaped the fury of the bullets. Was "Little Mac" the man for the time in which he acted, or was he not? IV At Harrison's Landing, I left the service of Lieutenant Carr and joined the Second Michigan Infantry Regiment, Co. D, Lieutenant George W. Trego. I had been with Carr from March to July. He had not given me one cent all that time. I hired to Lieutenant Trego for $10 per month. Kearney's division marched from the Landing to Yorktown. Here he took the boat, the Express, for Alexandria, Va., at which place wearrived in due timeto takethe cars for BullRun, 308 BTJLLETIN of HISTORIOAL society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

to join General John Pope. The cars landed us at or near War- renton Junction, 25 miles beyond Manassas Junction or Bull Kun. It was a Sunday morning and I was in a cornfield pulling some ears for breakfast when I heard the boom of a cannon away off in our rear. I had followed the army long enough to know Ithat this firing meant something serious. So I made haste to camp with my arms full, to find the soldiers "striking tents," and my Lieutenant rolling his blanket. It is needless to say I did not cook that com. Of pork and salt beef we had plenty already cooked in our haversacks. The com pany cook had an abundance of hot coffee, which would have to be thrown away. From this a hasiy breakfast was eaten and Colonel Poe gave the command, "Fall in, men, right face, right shoulder shift arms, forward, file left, march." I do not think it was ten minutes, if that long, from the time he said, "Fall in, men," to the "forward, file left, march," was uttered. From Warrentpn Junction to Manassas Jtmction we marched, ' either Monday evening or Tuesday afternoon. Gen. Joe Hooker, ever ready for a fight, pitched into Stonewall Jackson^s rear guard at Bristow station and handled it without gloves, as was proven by dead men and animals besides prisoners, etc., when we reached there. The rebels had captured a good deal of government pork and hard tack from Pope's supply train and his headquarters also. Many of the soldiers had a common saying after this incident about "Headquarters in the saddle," etc. I never understood it until long after the war, and I think Grant's mode of campaign ing, which proved the only one of success, justified Pope in issuing the order. Ewell commanded Jackson's rear guard at Brittow, but he was no match for Hooker. On the march from Warrentown Junction to Bull Run, a prisoner was brought to Gen. Kearney, who happened to be with us, or our regiment which had the right of column that day, marching company front. Kearney was a man sharp featured, iron gray moustache and goatee, and spoke as sharp as he looked. RECOLLECTIONS OP THE WAR 309

He asked the prisoner, "What regiment do you belong to?" And with that long Southern drawl he answered, I think, "Third South Carolina." He was a dirty looking fellow, long unkempt hair. He had "played out" and could not march any farther, and had to fall out of ranks and submit to being captured. Hooker sent Union prisoners found at Bristow from Bristow Station down to and through Manassas, over Bull Run, through Centreville, where they took tiie turnpike back through that part of Bull Run where the battle was fought more than a year pre vious to that time. When we were nearing Centreville from Manassas, mardi- ing with a steady swing, suddenly, right ahead of us, several shots were fired, and some horsemen came dashing toward us with dust fl3ring. It proved to be a scouting party of the 5th N. Y. Cavalry chased by some rebel horsemen. The dust created by these horse men prevented us from seeing how many of the enemy were coming. The regiment swung around into line of battle in less time than it takes me to write these lines. Two pieces of artillery were in a "jiffy" unlimbered right in the road and General Kearney with the same words as at "Glendale" said, "Be ready, men." He rode right up between the guns which were unlimbered in the road as he uttered the above words. The enemy, because of the dust, did not see us, and in the chase ran into or up within speaking distance of our line of bat tle. A volley spoke and six of those horsemen never mounted again. One fellow whose horse was shot under him, got tangled up in his stirrups and I heard some soldiers command him to sur render, which he did by holding his hands above his head. When Kearney rode up between the two brass pieces in the road, he said to the officer in a loud voice, "Give them a charge of cannister!" and "schbang!" went one of the guns. It was the only one fired in this little affair, but it cleared the road of every thing but dust. 3X0 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

The line of battle moved forward and that night, Thursday, we bivouacked in the old rebel quarters at Gentreville. The next morning, Friday, we started toward Bull Run again by way of the Warrenton turnpike, following Jackson, and somewhere about 8:30 or 9 ;30 began the memorable battle which terminated in the second defeat of the Union army at Bull Run. I was with some soldiers standing along the main pike well up to the front where our blue line of battle in an open field ^rted by woods could be easily seen, the trees shading them when the rebels came out of that woods yelling and firing their guns like mad men. Our blue line delivered its volley and melted away, the bullets sizzling all about me. I knew it was time for me to be making tracks to the rear, for others had started who stood with me. From a "right smart, brisk walk" I got into a "right smart, brisk run" with hundreds doing the same thing. Rebel shells were bursting over, around and about us as we ran. These shells were awful persuaders. I reached Blackfan's ford that^ night, lay down, wrapped myself in my blanket and was soon in the land of visions. This was Saturday night. On Sunday morning I awoke in a puddle of water, got up, wrung out my blanket and proceeded to Gentreville, where I found my officer. Sunday was a busy day collecting stragglers in and about Gentreville. On the way to Bull Run from this "ville," Friday, a prisoner passed under guard. Gol. Poe asked him to what regi ment he belonged. His reply was, "13th Ga." "How long have you been in the service?" "Ever since the war began, and if I had not been captured or killed, I intended to stay in until it was over." "Take him to the rear," said the Golonel.

V Kearney's division did not participate in the battle of Antie- tam, or South Mountain, either. It lay at Munson's Hill or Bay lies cross-roads, as if mourning the death of its gallant leader. Gen. I). B. Bimey assumed command for a while at least. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR 311

After the Antietam fight, the division marched from the viciniiy of Alexandria to Poolsville, Maryland, crossed at Whites ford, the Potomac River, in through Leesburg, and joined the army in the Blue Mountains at a place called White Plains, from there to the vicinity of Warrenton, where the army was relieved of the services of Gen. George B. McClellan, who was superceded by Gen. A. E. Burnside. Shortly after assuming command Gen. B. started for Frederickshurg. On the march there was quite a snow storm which before we reached our destination turned into rain. On the march I first saw our new commander as he rode I)ast the troops one day. As he passed they cheered him. Hats and caps were swung in the air and of course, I yelled too, and swung my dirty cap and made all the noise I could, because the soldiers were doing so; and for miles, as Burnside rode by the troops, could be heard the cheering, the woods resounding the echo, which must have given the enemy notice of our line of march. Burnside was a handsome man, with long side whiskers, almost white, shaved out at the chin. He rode a gray horse, or mare, almost white. He bowed to the troops in acknowledgment of their cheers. My Lieutenant was a McClellan man all over, and when he reached Falmouth, where we stopped for a while, I heard for the first time, my Lieutenant talking of resigning &c. Our brigade went into camp opposite the lower end of the town of Frederickshurg, our winter quarters. When we reached our camp, from which there was a splendid view of the town and the heights beyond, there was not an enemy to be seen. A large brick dwelling lay between our camp and the river. The rebels could be seen very plainly after they reached Marye's heights, building breastworks. The army was in three divisions at this time, Hooker, Simner [Sumner] and Franklin commanding. On the 12th or ISth began the shelling of the town, and the hills of Stafford Heights shook as if an earthquake had taken place. It was not hot weather when this occurred; it was about the l&th of December 1862. Where my regiment crossed the pon- 312 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY toon bridge was at the lower end of town, where the gas works are. Just as we reached the bridge a colored woman with hair standing straight up, and a baby in her arms, came off the bridge running for dear life, and half scared to death. Jim Johnson, a soldier in our company, who at any and all times was ready to crack a joke at somebody's expense, yelled at her: "Hello, dar, Dinah. Whar's Mars' Robert?" "You'll find him over there," was her reply, while she con tinued toward the rear. Over this pontoon we went at double-quick gait as best we could. We were halted and stacked arms near the gas works, where we remained until night. The battle to our right and front and left was raging with great fury. Late in the afternoon, when the sun got westward of us, and the rebels could see where we lay, they dropped a shell within 25 yards of us. I was with the soldiers sitting on the ground with a rubber blanket spread out, playing "high, low and Jack" when the ^ell struck, and it knocked the frozen earth and niud all over and about us and burst, sending its pieces in all directions, killing a soldier who was standing in the gas house door and wounding others. The men made a rush for their arms, and then down under the little bank along the river edge we went, for it was the only protection from this storm of leaden hail. After the first shot the rebels kept one on the road all the time. As we rushed down the little embankment I got in a soldier's way. He swore at me and said if he was me he, "would not be within a thousand miles of the place." I then ran for the pontoon bridge as best I could, shot and shell falling all about. I got to the bridge but it was worse there than where I had come from. The enemy was trying to shell the bridge and destroy it. Over I went. Somebody yelled at me to hurry up. When about halfway over a shell struck the water, about ten feet away, knockingthe coldfluid over me, and nearly sending me overboard. It was a cold shower bath in December, but I steadied myself, vtdped the water from my face and con tinued ray journey. Just before reaching the end of the bridge RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR mother shell struck in the bank about fifty feet ahead of me and burled itself in the earth. The Fourth Michigan Regiment lay along the road just at the entrance to the pontoon bridge. This shell was almost in line with the regiment. But before I reached the end of the bridge it burst and a piece of it tore the leg of one of the soldiers of the regiment nearly off. He had on a pair of boots with red tops and just where the red of the boot was is where the piece of shell struck his leg. I pitied his condition, and moved on out of range of the rebel's guns, for they had no respect of persons, no matter of what color, occupation, size or diape. Soldiers got plenty of tobacco and molasses out of an old warehouse in the town. After dark I returned to my regiment. My Lieutenant was surprised to see me and said he expected me to be killed at the bridge, as the rebels intended to blow us out of the water. The crack of the rifles was still frequent and the boom of the cannon constant. Wounded men were a common thing; dead ones I saw, but few, for the reason that I did not go far enough to the front. When we recrossed it was raining and all orders were given in whispers. Frying pans, tin-cups and all things that would make a noise, had to be carried as not to rattle or jingle. The night was dark and damp, and when we had crossed the river our tongues were at liberty to wag, and wag they did. Poor Jim Johnson's tongue was silent in death. His funny jokes we all missed; his jovial manner and high spirit under all circum stances were no more to be seen or heard. He was shot while pulling the trigger for liberty and for a constitutional govern ment, formed for every man who loves freedom of body and an expansion of soul. yj After Bumside failed in the "mud Movement" I left the Army of the Potomac in company with my Lieutenant, taking the steamer John Brooks at Acquia Creek, and sailed for Wash ington, D. C. When we reached there he took his valise, jumped a street car and told me to meet him at Brown's hotel. I didn't know enough to hang on to the car, for it was full inside and out. He 314 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

V owed me five months' faithful service when he jumped that car, and he owes me yet. I hired with him in July 1862 and he paid me $10 at Poolsville, Maryland, and that is all I ever got for the seven months' services rendered him. May the remaining $50 keep him from going "over the hills to the poor house."

In March, 1864, I again joined the grand old Army of the Potomac and served Captain H. H. McCall, Co. D, 5th Penna. Reserves at Alexandria, Va., and to Culpepper Court House we went, and there remained until the first of May of that year, when under the matchless commander, U. S. Grant, the army started on the memorable campaign which was opened in the Wilderness by the 5th Corps, May 5th under the command of Major General G. K. Warren. My regiment belonged to the Third Brigade, Third Division, 5th Corps, and was commanded by Lt. Col. George Dare, the brigade by Col. Fisher, who was the colonel of our regiment and the division by Gen. S. W. Crofford [Crawford]. Early the morning of the 4th we crossed the Germania ford on the Rapidan river, breakfasted in a pine grove about 9 o'clock after which we marched until the middle of the afternoon and bivouacked in line of battle, cut down trees for breastworks, threw up dirt against them, etc. and rested for the night. Gen. Warren rode along the line, pulling at his moustache, a hand some one, black as ebony, giving orders himself. We were in the vicinity of Todd's Farm, or Parker's store or Mine Run, where the year before Meade refused to wrestle with Lee, who had the advantage of position. Gen. Warren made his headquarters in a large frame house said to have been the one to which Stonewall Jackson was taken after being wounded at Chancellorsville in 1863. Early on the morning of May 5th (same day and month as the battle of Williamsburg began in 1862) the troops left their bivouac and were in the road awaiting the order of "forward march" which was not long in coming. It was scarcely light when we started for "Mine Run" and as early as it was every body seemed cheerful, and many jokes were cracked as we swung recollections of the war 315 along. At about sunrise a halt came, and after standing awhile the soldiers lay and sat about the road. Thehalt was rather long for an early start and many prognostications were indulged in. Again the march was taken up, and again came the "halt." By fhis time the sun was forging on toward 8 o'clock. While in one of these "halts" along the road, an aide-de- camp of the General commanding the corps came from towards Hie front at a "sweeping" gallop, passed us and was soon out of flight. Every soldier knew that there were breakers ahead. He had passed us but a very short time when orders came from the direction in which he had gone to "clear the road," and by the time it could be done, along came a "section" of artillery at a full run, the drivers using both spur and whip. Theartillery hadn't morethan passed us before we could hear the "pop, pop" of the bucktails. Our colonel. Gen. Dare gave the command, "Fall in, men — battalion left, half wheel into line." The firing on the skirmish line was increasing every minute. The regiment swung around into line among brambles, briars, bull rushes, and what not. "Forward, guide centre, march," came down ihe line as the men disentangled themselves from the briars and the thorns. Thefiring in our front, not three hundred yards away, I judge, had, instead of the "pop,pop" one continuous roar. The battle of the Wilderness was fairly on in all its fury and awfulness. Wounded men were already coming from the front, some limping, some on stretchers, and some using their empty guns for props of support. Soldiers weremoving in three differ ent directions, i. e., the unhurt to the front, with a steady tramp, tramp, tramp; the wounded to the rear as best they could, and the dead to the grave, — as they must. The section of artillery went into position in the yard of a little, old, one-story house that stood beside the road. Whoever lived there left in a hurry, for pictures, chairs, stove and other things were left and scattered around the rooms were books, papers, etc. The Captain saidtomeafter wereached the house: "Charles, you'd better give me my haversack; it's not worth while for 316 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

you to follow us into battle, unless you want to." Well, I didn't want to, and of course hunted for safer quarters, for bullets were falling about us every now and then. It was not long after this ere the 5th Corps was wrapped in the smoke of its own guns, and charge after charge could be dis tinctly heard to the right and left as well as front of where I was. When night came I knew nOt where my regiment was. Mus kets continued to rattle, men were carrying ammunition to the front on stretchers and bringing wounded comrades back on the same. Night closed the first day's fighting, whidi was indecisive, but not without some serious happenings on both sides. Heroes of perhaps fifty battles closed their eyes in the day's conflict in time to open them in eternity. That night our Colonel (George Dare) received orders to relieve another part of the field before daylight the next morn ing. But he lost his way in that jungle of a place and it was sun up nearly before he reached his destination. Being dressed in his full uniform, and mounted upon his handsome charger, he was a splendid target for a rebel sharp-shooter. He, of course, caught the full force of the murderous bullet as it flew on its errand of death. He was struck in the left breast near the arm pit and dropped from his horse and in the fall was caught by a soldier. He was carried from the field to the hospital and about sunset that day yielded up his soul. Noble, generous, brave Col. Geo. Dare, you fell not in vain, neither did those brave boys who carried a musket and who fell in that battle go down in vain. My cause was mysteriously wrapped up in the success of the boys in blue, and many can and do look and applaud the high officers only, I always have a warm spot in my heart for the men who composed the army in general, and did the tramping, carried forty to sixty rounds of cartridges, besides gun, knapsack, haver sack, and the old canteen — who stood the lonely vigil at night, and whose faithfulness made success possible, and the triumph of the old flag passable through the States of the Union — commonly known as the private soldier. VII The close of the first day's fighting in the Wilderness, when RECOIXECnONS OP THE WAR 317 summed up, was on the Union side, Generals Getty and Carroll wounded and General killed. Early on the morning of the 6th of May the battle of the 5th was renewed with great vigor. It was one continuous roar of musketry, for artillery could not be used to any advantage. Wounded men were taken from the front to the hospital, many of ihem to die in great agony. It was on this day that Bumside's (9th) Corps reached the battlefield, marching at a "right shoulder shift arms" singing "John Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave" &c, while, I should judge, not five hundred yards ahead of them ten thousand muskets were roaring like continuous thunder, and a steady stream of wounded comrades continued to pass by them to the rear as they moved to the front and into the smoke of battle where lead flew thick and fast, and death was upon the pale horse in all forms. In this day's terrific conflict, Gen. Wadsworth, of Hancock's corps (2d), went down. Gen. Warren, exhibiting great anxiety as to his command could be seen, where the bushes and trees allowed, dashing about in all directions, sometimes accompanied by an orderly, and at other times by a staff officer. He was a handsomie officer and apparently a young one, for there was nothing about him to indicate age. His corps was behaving splendidly and every now and then a batch of rebels would be brought "in out of the cold." The enemy made some kind of a movement and captured the Sth Pa. Reserves whose time was up but refused to leave the field until the rest of the division had served their time, which would be the 30th of the same month; and but for the thick bushes would have also captured your correspondent. It was the nearest he had ever been to being captured. The day's fighting seemed more severe than the 5th. The density of the woods and bushes made it a place for slaughter, for the blue line often had to charge to find out where the enemy's line was. And it is plain in this case, that when you have to hunt your enemy, and he is lying in ambush, he has two 318 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY chances to your one, and will shoot you while you are looking for him. At the dose of the second day's fighting in the Wilderness, I was in an open field where there was a drove of beeves and the army butdier was at work. Many of the soldiers, wounded and not wounded, were getting some fresh meat to eat, when the order came to start to take the plank road to Fredericteburg. Everybody thought of retreat and the wagon train, which was the first to start, nrnde wild preparation, and some of them actually pulling out of the field into the road. Everything was in a hurry, as is generally the case when a wagon train believes an army is in retreat. The rattle of the wagons, the braying of the mules, cracking of whips, and the oaths of the drivers, made a bedlam. Added to this was the dust. On towards Fredericksburg everything is moving; we pass the Ohancellorsville house and the ground over which Hooker the year before contended, and where the gallant son of Maine, H. S. Berry, laid down his life. After passing this historic ground the turn of the road which led to Spottsylvania C. H. was made, whidi turn was in a southwest course from Fred ericksburg, that it began to dawn on everybody's vision that the Army of the Potomac was not retreating but changing base. Just before the change took place, the enemy endeavored to get on the plank road that led to Fredericksburg, and he got so near that old Sixth Corps was hurried around there on a double quick. The woods were of large timber, and when they reached there one not acquainted with army tactics would have thought creation was becoming uncreated. Regiment after regiment went into line of battle without slackening their pace. The commands of the officers were sharp and loud. On they went into the woods, into the jaws of death and into the rebels, too, who gave ground, after trying for say half an hour, to hold their position. Gen. Sedgwick rode into that woods, too, pointing with finger and sending his aides in many different directions. The enemy was glad to leave the vicinity of that road and on towards Spottsylvania the Fifth Corps marched, getting near there on a Sunday evening, I think, May 8th, and lending valu- RECOLLECTIONS OP THE WAR 319 able assistance to our cavalry, which was hard pressed by the infantry of the enemy. VIII The battle of Spottsylvania Court House began with the cavalry on Sunday, May 8th, and they were reinforced by the arrival of the 5th Corps on the evening of that day. When we passed Chancellorsville there could be seen the bones — dry bones — of soldiers who were killed the year before under Hooker. I picked up the thigh bone of some poor fellow, and carried it for two days for one of the sergeants of the company to which I belonged. Some of the soldiers picked up skull bones and faces. There were plenty of them lying around there bleached white as snow, some of every bone in the body — only the spirit and the flesh were missing. Aroimd Spottsylvania on Monday, May 9th, things began to grow more serious with the passage of each hour after daybreak until night. Unlike the Wilderness fighting — for in this com bat artillery was brought into play, and play it did — the fight ing continued here from the 8th to the 12th or 13th. The Corps, and all of them too, often changed position, mostly at night, so that I knew not the next day where I came from the day or night before. I r^ember an artillery duel one day there while the troops of the 5th Corps lay in an open field on their stomachs. Shells were flying in all directions. With some other colored boy, I made for the woods, of which there were plenty, and on higher ground than where the troops lay, for they were in a sort of ravine. The woods were of quite large timber, and we hugged the large trees very closely. We could see from our jwsition about a mile over in the direction in which the enemy lay; and from what we considered an old orchard, they ran out a battery of artillery. They came out into the field on a run, and swung around to get into position. Our batteries got range of them and they never stopped to unlimber. One of their caissons exploded, and then went up a wild yell from thousands of Yankee throats. That battery was never of much account to the Confederacy after that. 320 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY Either duringor after all big battlesrain invariably occurred, especially when artillery was much used. Movanents of troops were too complicated for me to under stand. In one of these movements our whole division charged the enemy's works through the sira-mp, where snakes, frogs and every other reptile that infests standing water, reveled. On reachmg the other side of the swamp, the enany stood their ground, and in doing so, one of their sharp-shooters killed a friend of mine, in our company, "Sticker," by name. He was the dude of the company but every inch a soldier. I asked for him the next morning, for I was interested in Mm. Everybody told me, "poorStidcerwaskilledwhilehe held' his gun to his face [shoul der] in the act of pulling the trigger," and dropped dead before he could pull the hammer down. The man who shot him got the "drop" on him first. One night when it was very dark and damp, there were a great many orderlies and staff officers riding about. Plenty of cooked rations in haversacks was the common thing of the day. Every shelter tent was down and rolled up, but we didn't leave our bivouac. We all knew by instinct, if notMng else, that some thing unusual was going on, but what that "something" was could not be learned by anyone under a staff officer. We finished the night by sitting around our big fires. When it began to get light, to see objects ten feet away, an assault was ordered. I did not follow it until it was light. Where we were I can't say, but when I found my regiment, Ihe men were cooking coffee over little fires. The line of battle was in the woods. Back of, or in the rear of our line was in a ravine in which the doc tors were fixing temporary hospitals. There were many dead soldiers lying around and many more wounded. One of the sol diers of our regiment, after he had boiled his coffee, rested his cup on the ground, took his haversack in his lap and ate his breakfast with as much ease as if at an army table. Somebody asked him if he was not "afraid of hurting that man?" His response was, "He'll never know I sat upon him." It was on this day that the sad news reached us of Gen. John Sedgwick's death. Expressions of the greatest sorrow could be RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR 221 heard on all sides. A sharp-shooter somewhere perched in a tree did this murderous piece of work. The death of General Sedg- wick was talked of a long time, as well as deeply lamented by the soldiers of the 5th Corps. Troops on tiie night of the -11th were moving past our rear, and of course among private soldiers suoh movements are only guessed at. Everything was packedto start instantly if required. Early in the morning of the 12th was heard loud yelling somewhat to our left front. Orders were for every soldier to re main in line, and if any wanted water the captain was to detail a man to go and bring it. The roar of musketry soon began to be heard after this "yelling" reached our ears; louder and louder it roared; every soldier examined the lode of his gun, for everyone knew by this time that Hancock was at the "salient" and in a deadly struggle with the enemy. Warren and his staff rode along the line and were loudly cheered by the troops. While the battle raged with great fury, artillery played with a great racket in this battle. Every ambulance was crowded with wounded men. The road through the woods where they were loaded was a trail of blood. Men were shot in every conceivable way. I saw one poor fellow who had been shot in the mouth, the bullet coming out at the base of the skull. It was here that the noise of battle and the sight of wounded and dead menmade no impression on me, for the army had been fighting for twelve days (instead of seven on the peninsula with "Little Mac") and the end was not yet in sight. On this day (May 12th) went up a mighty yell from the thousands of strong Yankee throats. Hancock had captured something like a whole division of Rebels, without some of them having on their boots. When the announcement was made to the 5th Corps, the woods around old Spottsylvania resounded with the wildest kind of cheers which could be distinctly heard above the roar of bat tle. I helped to make all the noise I could in that damp woods. The cheering seemed to have angered the enemy and they at tempted to charge our line. Our men were too much elated over Hancock's success to stand any nonsense. In an instant the front 322 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county of the Third Division, 5th Corps, was in a blaze and the bullets were followed by a determined bayonet charge which sent many a rebel to his final home, besides bringing in "out of the cold" something over four hundred of them. I do not ask if I am right or not, but I always thought lhat Lee got the worst of that fight in the loss of men, although he fought on the defensive, for he could not have reached Rich mond, even if he had attempted the offensive. This is why, in the series of battles from the Rapidan to Cold Harbor, Grant lost-the most men. IX The destruction of human life in that death grapple at the "bloody angle" will never be fully told. Death had a carnival there; man's humanity seems to have left him and he to have assumed the fiendishness said to be characteristic to Satan and his company. Hancock was a splendid looking man and a No. 1 fighter; in politics a War Democrat, and proved it by his noble fighting qualities. In war he was for the Union either with or without slavery, but for the Union first, last and all the time. He commanded one of the best army corps of the Army of the Potomac, and had one of the best records as a great fighter and corps commander. The Army of the Potomac had never, up to that time, been in a series of battles without retreating. But here was a contest of at least 10 days out of 12, beginning -with the cavalry. May 2d, and the end was not yet by any means in sight. The angry roar of battle in its most bitter and destructive phase continued. Thousands of heroes in the ranks on both sides go dovra, many to rise no more. Darkness compelled the armies to pause as it were to take an account of stock. When this was done, the army again swings off to the left, and one afternoon we passed Guiney Station, on the Fredericks- burg and Richmond Railroad, where the 14th Brooklyn Regi ment routed a rebel brigade of cavalry said to have numbered about 1500 men. This little fight was at or near Bowling Green. The cavalry had gotten in between Hancock's 2d Corps and Warren's 5th Corps. RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR 323

I hadthe pleasure of seeing a good manyof the rebel cavalry marched to the rear and for laughing at one of them, got cursed. I had a six-shooter buckled to my side belonging to my captain. I pointed it at him, with no intention, however, to shoot, when one of the guards they were under commanded me to "put up that revolver." They moved off with their prisoners. That night we bivouacked near a very fine plantation man sion where there were slaves, it seemed to me,from one hundred years down to three months, dressed in some ofthe worst garbs ever mortal eyes beheld. But I saw no white faces, except those of our soldiers. I had been a slave myself down to January 1863, but I had never seen slaves so poorly clad before or since. The Fifth Corps passed from this scene of action beyond Milford, and on to the North Anna river, and in the afternoon of May 23d, 1864, crossed at Jericho Mills, on pontoon bridges. The river at this place is not wide nor very deep, but tortuous. The banks are steep and well grown with scrub bushes, mill itself, from which the crossing takes its name, is in the side of the bank; but the whole country for some miles before reach ing the river bank is more or less level, although wooded, but between the river bank and the woods is generally cleared ground, affording splendid play for artillery, of which the Fifth Corps had some pieces that did my heart good to see worked. On the hill overlooking the mill and ford is or was a planta tion house of a style some twohundred years back. Gen. Warren made his headquarters in this house, in the yard and around which were placed two batteries of artillery. Along the river were batteries stationed, as far as I could see. Our division was the first to cross at this point. Gen. S. W. Crawford, our division commander, crossed with us at the right of the column. When over, we ascended the hill and there could be seen as plain as anything, our skirmish line and the enemy banging away at each other from behind fences, bushes, etc. The sight to me was inspiring, and I, for a time, forgot my self. There was a hay stack and General Crawford upon his horse was by a persimmon tree watching through his field 324 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county glasses the action of the picket line. He said something to our brigade commander, Col. Fisher, who was on foot, standing near him. The main line of battle lay in a field just ahead of us. Just as Col. Fisher started away from him came a perfect shower of bullets all about us. Gen. Crawford dismounted but Col. Fisher walked briskly to his horse, mounted and gave tiie command, "Forward, guide centre, march!" in as cool a manner as ever I saw under the circumstances. When that line moved forward, the ball opened in all its fury. The enemy under A. P. Hill attempted to force us back into the river, but Warren had prepared for that very thing, and from 2 o'clock p.m. until dark, death reigned at both the front and rear. The enemy, thinking I suppose, that we had reserves con cealed along the banks of the river, got a battery fixed so as to throw shells right among us stragglers and the hospital brigade •which was near the pontoon bridge, and for a while pande monium reigned. My experience at Fredericksburg was here repeated. I made for the pontoon bridge, shells bursting over me and the pieces falling around. On reaching the bridge it was blockaded. A crowd was there yelling. Two oxen were right at the entrance yoked together and packed with all manner of camp utensils. The crowd pushed the oxen over the end of the bridge into the water, and over to the other side everything rushed. By this time our bat teries had silenced the enemy's which were shelling us. It was a beautiful afternoon when the fight began. One could see for at least a mile without field glasses, but in a short time after the "music began to play," the field was shrouded in a pall of smoke, for there was not wind enough blowing to carry it away. The artillery practice was simply terrific. I think there was something like nine batteries playing at once, added to which was the roar of musketry and the yell of the combatants. As some troops were passing me going to the bridge to cross over into the fight, I saw a wounded man who was being brought from the field on a stretcher. His thigh was shattered. They carried him along, but as the troops hurried past him going RECOLLECTIONS OP THE WAR 325 down hill at a "double quick," he raised upon his elbow and swung his cap. They cheered him as tiiey passed. I remained by that big rock that night and when darkness came, I rolled up in my dirty blanket and sought the repose that nature provides for a weary soul. This is known as the battle of Hanovertown or North Anna River. Neighborhood News and Notices Compiled by Charles R. Barker (continued from 'page 257) Another Soldier's Funeral. — The interment of Henry liOwer of Company H, first Pennsylvania regiment, who died at Plan del Rio on the 17th of April, 1847, will take place today, starting from the residence of his father, at Whitemarsh, Montgomery county. — The Union Grays, Capt. Martin, of which he was a member previous to his volunteering for the war, will follow his remains to the grave, as well as a large number of the officers and privates of the returned volunteers. [July 31, 1848] LIBERTY EXCURSION. — A Liberty Convention and Pic Nie will be held on TUESDAY, August 1st, in Noblet's Wood, •on the Anomink Creek, about half a mile west of Conshohocken bridge, for celebrating the anniversary of Emancipation in the West Indies, and for devising means to prevent the further ex tension of slavery, and promote its ultimate abolition in this country. This Excursion promises to be a pleasant recreation both to body and mind. The rural advantages of scenery and air con tributing to the former, while the talents of some of our best speakers will administer to thelatter. Wm. Elder and Rev. Henry D. Moore, of Philadelphia, and Samuel Aaron of Norristown, and other eloquent men will participate in the proceedings and address the meeting. The Friends of Freedom and Free Soil, and all who wishto breathe for a day the free air of the country, are invited to come and partake with us. Persons from Philadelphia will leave in the Norristown cars. Ninth and Greenstreets, at 9 o'clock A.M. Tickets for the Ex cursion, at 37^2 cents can be procured at the liberty Office, No. 46 North FIFTH street, or of the committee at the depot, before starting. [July 81,1848] TO BRIDGE BUILDERS — SEALED PROPOSALS for building an ARCHED LATTICE BRIDGE over the Schuylkill

326 NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 327 at PORT KENNEDY will be received until Thursday, the 31st of August. For information, apply to JOHN or WM. KEN NEDY, at Port Kennedy, Montgomery co. [Aug. 8,1848] A Strange Bird. — On Saturday last, Mr. John T. Brown, of the Northern Liberties, while gunning on the farm of Mr. Heily, in Lower Providence township, Montgomery county, saw a huge bird alight just ahead of his path. He fired, and it fell upon its side. On coming up to it, he found it of the Crane or Heron species, measuring five feet nine inches from one extrem ity of the wing to the other, and from the tip of the beak to the tail. While fluttering from the pain of its wound, one of the wings struck Mr. B. in the eye, and the blow has caused him much inconvenience and suffering ever since. The bird is re garded as a great curiosity in the neighborhood of its capture. [Aug. 22,1848]

Died. — At his residence, in Whitemarsh, Montgomery co., on Monday, 4th inst., Gen. HENRY SGHEETZ, in the 85th year of his age. [Sept. 5, 1848]

New Mail Route. — We are glad to learn that a daily mail is now received at Gulf Mills, King of Prussia, and Valley Forge. The mail route from Philadelphia via Manayunk, Lower Merlon, Gulf Mills, King of Prussia, and Valley Forge to Phoenixville, has been discontinued. Lower Merion, we regret, continues to have only a tri-weekly mail from Manayunk. Gulf Mills and King of Prussia is supplied from Conshohocken; Valley Forge from the Railroad; and "Schuylkill" from Phoenixville. These thriving and densely populated places will no doubt be greatly benefited by these additional mail facilities. [Sept. 7,1848]

PIC NIC PARTIES. — The undersigned, proprietor of the BELMONT COTTAGE HOTEL, on the banks of the river Schuylkill, respectfully invites the attention of all persons en gaged in getting up PIC NIC PARTIES to his delightful retreat. He flatters himself that a more quiet or beautiful spot could not be selected for a day's enjoyment during the coming season. 328 BULLETIN OP HISTOBIOAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Persons taking passage on board the Steamboats at Fair- mount will be landed near the place. THOS. L. YOUNG [May 19,1848]

Elder J. RODENBAUGH, of Montgomery county, will preach (Lord willing) in the Christian Chapel, CHRISTIAN Street, below Sixth, TO-MORROW MORNING, at 10^2 o'clock. The public are respectfully invited. [June 17, 1848] THE ROCKY FOUNTAIN OF SPRING MILL, on the Western side of the River Schuylkill, a Fountain flowing from the rocks, and all accomodations to suit the citizens and com munity at large. Parties cmi be accomodated with every thing in season. Now give the Rocky Fountain a call. A. TODD [June 27, 1848]

IMPORTANT TO BRICKMAKERS. — Having obtained liOtters Patent of the for the great improvement of Burning Bricks vnth Anthracite Coal, by which there is a saving of near half the cost for fuel and half the time in burning a kiln of bricks. The bricks are equal to those burned with wood. I offer for sale RIGHTS for Kiln, County, or State. Any person wishing to examine the bricks, or to see the process of burning a kiln of bricks with anthracite coal, can do so by calling at the BRIDGEPORT BRICK YARD, opposite Norristown. A kiln of bricks will be on fire July 13th and 14th. J. B. ANDREWS [July 13, 1848] Died. — At Spring Mills, Montgomery county. Pa., in the 64th year of his age, ABRAHAM KUNZI, formerly Manufac turing Chemist, of the county. [July 20,1848] Married. — At Barren Hill, on Tuesday morning, 5th inst., by the Rev. F. R. Anspach, Mr. PHILIP CRESSMAN, one of the principals of Tremont [Treemount] Seminary, Norristown, to Miss BARBARA ANN, only daughter of Wm. Freas, Esq., of Marble Hall — all of Montgomery co.. Pa. [Sept. 16,1848] OLD LINE — FARE REDUCED — Roxborough, Barren Hill and Hickory Town Omnibus Line leaves the BLACK BEAR, NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 329 in FIFTH Street, below Market, at 2Y2 o'clock, P.M. Fare to Roxborough and Barren Hill, 15 cts.; Marble Hall, 20 cts.; Plymouth, 30 cts.; Hickory Town, 85 cts. Leaves the Sorrell Horse, in Fourth Street, near Vine, SUNDAY, at 2^ P.M. J. CRAWFORD [Nov. 30,1848] FLAT-ROCK BRIDGE COMPANY. — The PRESIDENT and MANAGERS have declared a DIVIDEND of three per cent, on the capital Stock, payable to the Stockholders, on THURS DAY, the 25th day of January, at the residence of the Treasurer, in Lower Merion Township. WM. W. ROBERTS, Treasurer. [Jan. 18, 1849] DIVISION OF THE COUNTY. —A Public Meeting of the Citizens' of the Counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Montgomery, in favor of organizing a hew county out of parts of said counties, will be held at the house of Joseph Fell, in Bustleton, on MON DAY, the 12th day of February, 1849, at 10 o'clock in the morn ing, to adopt the necessary measures for the formation of a new county, to be composed of parts of the upper end of Philadelphia county, and the lower ends of Bucks and Montgomery counties. [Feb. 3, 1849]

WEST PHILADELPHIA RAILROAD CO. — The Stock holders and Creditors of the Company are requested to meet THIS (Wednesday) EVENING, the 14th inst., at 8 o'clock, on business of importance at the Morris House, No. 188 CHEST NUT Street, near Eighth. T. FLETCHER, Sec.P.T. [Feb. 14, 1849] TO ICE DEALERS — FOR SALE, about 2000 tons of superior Schuylkill ICE, well packed in a substantial well-built house about seventy-five feet by sixty feet — situate on the west side of the Schuylkill river, a short distance above the dam, which will be sold with the ice, or not, as may best suit the pur chaser. BENJ. T. DAVIS [Feb. 16,1849] Married. — On the 1st inst., by the Rev. Theophilus Stork, HIRAM MILLARD, of Reading, to Miss SARAH S. CHRIST- MAN, of Limerick. [Mar. 3,1849] 330 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

NEW OMNIBUS LINE FROM SPRING HOUSE TO PHILADELPHIA, — The above line leaves Spring House (Montgomery couniy) every morning, at 5 o'clock, and passing by Broad Axe, intersects the Norristown Railroad at Gonsho- hocken, in time for the 7 o'clock train. Returning, leaves Phila delphia at Ninth and Green streets, at 3 o'clock, P.M., in the Cars, for Conshohocken, where the Plymouth Railroad is taken. Fare through, SOsf. [May 5,1849]

CORNER STONE. — The Comer Stone of St. Peter's Church, at BARREN HILL, will be laid on SUNDAY, the 13th of May, at half past 10 o'clock, A.M. Drs. Kurtz and Morris, from Baltimore, will deliver ad dresses. The public are respectfully invited to attend. Omni- busses will meet the cars at Spring Mills. W. W. MORRIS, Sec. of Building Committee [May 12,1849]

OMNIBUS. — The CORNER STONE of ST. PETER'S CHURCH, Barren Hill, wiU be laid TO-MORROW, (Sunday). Service to commence at lOV^ o'clock, A.M. Two four-horse Omni buses will meet the Cars at Wissahickon to convey passengers to Barren Hill. Cars leave NINTH and GREEN at 9 o'clock. Fare from Philadelphia to Barren Hill 25 cents. JNO. CRAWFORD [May 12,1849]

Corner Stone Laid. — Yesterday morning the corner stone of St. Peter's Church, at Barren Hill, Montgomery county, to be under the pastoral charge of the Rev. F. R. Anspach, was laid with the appropriate ceremonies. [May 21,1849]

SUMMER BOARDING — MRS. DUKE is prepared to make arrangements for the board of families during the summer at her large and commodious house, formerly the BUCK TAVERN, on the Lancaster Turnpike, 8 miles from the city, •within a quarter of a mile of Whitehall, and in the healthiest part of Pennsylvania, (to which the railroad cars run several times daily.) Apply at the Seed Store, MARKET-Street, third door above Eighth. [June 16,1849] NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 331

Died. •— Suddenly, on the 26th inst., Mr. PETER PLUCK, in the 74th year of his age. [Funeral proceeds to Whitemarsh.] [June 27,1849] NOTICE. — SETH HANN has the honor to inform his friends and the public in general that he has taken the PUBLIC HOUSE, at BRIDGEPORT, opposite Norristown, and is now prepared to accomodate his friends in the most handsome man ner, and on easy terms. The distance from the city is but 17 miles, and the cars leave BROAD and RACE Sts., every day at half-past 7 o'clock, A.M., and at half-past 2 o'clock, P.M. [June 27,1849] Died. — On the 14th inst., at his residence in Whitemarsh, Montgomery County, Mr. JOHN SCHLATER, in the 86th year of his age. [July 16, 1849] THE BARREN HILL, MONTGOMERY CO., CHURCH.— The steeple will be raised upon the new Church edifice, about being erected at BarrenHill, under the careof Rev. Mr.Anspach, on Saturday next. The height, of this turret, including the spire, .is over 60 feet. It has been erected on the ground, and will be raised to its place under the superintendance of iJie builders. [Aug. 8, 1849] POWDER MILL EXPLOSION IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY. — Thepowder millof Mr. Joshua Johnson, on Swamp creek, in the vicinity of Sumneytown, Marlborough township, Montgomery county, blew up, on Thursday last, and two work men engaged in the mill were dreadfully burned. The names of these unfortunate persons are John Shaid and Daniel Moser. They both died. [Aug. 8,1849] NOTICE TO TEACHERS. — An Examination of Teachers for the Public Schools of Pottstown District, will be held at the Academy, in said borough, on FRIDAY, August 17th, between the hours of 9 A.M. and 4 P.M.; at which time, all who wish to apply as Teachers, will attend. The number of teachers, and salariesof each, as below stated: I Male Teacher, salary $33 per 332 bulletin of historical sociETy op Montgomery county month; 1 Male Teacher, |25; 1 Female Teacher, ?18; 1 Female Teadier, $16; 1 Female Teacher, $14. School to open on the first MONDAY in September, and to continue Eight months. Potts- town, July 30,1849- By the Board, S. WELLS, Sec'y. [Aug. 16, 1849]

ACCIDENTALLY DROWNED. — Edward McGiU was drowned on Wednesday, in the Schuylkill, near Norristown, by accidentally falling from a canal boat, which he was poling across the river at the time. [Aug. 17,1849] Consecration. — On Sunday afternoon last, the Right Rev. Bishop Kenrick consecrated the Burial Ground attached to the German Catholic church about to be erected in Richmond, at the corner of Tioga and West streets. A procession was formed at the German church, corner of Old York Road and Franklin streets. [Aug. 21,1849] Melancholy Accident. — On Saturday last, Henry Nash, while employed in a sand quarry on the farm of Abel L. Hallowell, in Abington, Montgomery county, was instantly killed by the falling of a bank of earth that he had undermined. The deceased was about 80 years of age. He leaves aged parents and a large family of brothers and sisters to mourn his untimely end. [Sept. 11,1849]

Fire at Norristown. — On Friday afternoon, about 3 o'clock, the barn of Mr. John Anders, at Norristown, Pa., was totally consumed, with the entire contents of grain, &c. An adjoining building was also destroyed, with two horses and a threshing machine. The property was partially insured. The fire occurred during the absence of Mr. A. from home. [Oct. 1, 1849]

Accident on the Columbia Railroad. — Yesterday afternoon, about half-past one o'clock, a collision took place on the Coumbia Railroad, about three miles above the Inclined Plane, between the way-trains of the Phoenix line. The up-train, which was to have left the depot at noon, it is stated, did not start until some min utes after 1 o'clock, from which circumstance the accident re- NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 333 suited. The down train is always detained at White Hall until the arrival of the other, but as the up-train did not arrive at the usual time, after waiting for an hour, the train for the city was put in motion and was going at the rate of about ten miles an hour when the two locomotives came together. The up-train was going at the speed of twenty miles an hour. Three persons were injured, viz: — John Burke, State Agent, who had his shoulder dislocated and head cut; George W. Huffnagle, a Com pany Agent, who had his shoulder dislocated, and George Rose, an Agent for Green & Co.'s Express Line, who had his head in jured by a box in the express car falling upon him. The engines had the bumpers knocked off and were otherwise partially dam aged. The seats in the car of the up-train were overturned with their occupants, in consequence of the concussion, but fortunately no other persons were seriously injured. Owing to this occurrence the mail line was prevented from arriving until 5 o'clock. [Dec. 21,1849] Married. — At Germantown, on the 15th inst., by the Rev. C. W. Schaeffer, Mr. WILLIAM C. YOST, of Norristown, to Miss MARGARET M., daughter of Mr. John Kerper, of Spring field, Montgomery county. [Jan. 18, 1850] Consecration of St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church, at Barren Hill — A correspondent sends us an account of the conse cration at Barren Hill, Montgomery county, on Sunday last, of the church above named, which is under the pastoral charge of the Rev. F. R. Anspach. The ceremonies are spoken of as pecul iarly significant and impressive, the Rev. F. W. Conrad, of Md., Rev. S. M. Gould, of Norristown, Rev. F. W. Eyster, of Germantown, Rev. C. F. Shaffer and Rev. T. Stork all partici pating in the ceremonies and services during the day and eve ning. A collection amounting to $1,100, was taken up, by which provision is made to discharge the liabilities incurred in the erection of the new church. [Jan. 19, 1850] Married. — On the 28th ult., by Alderman George Erety, Mr. FRANKLIN LUKENS, of Abingdon, to Miss ELIZABETH STINSMAN, of Upper Dublin. [Mar. 16, 1850] 334 bulletin op historical society of Montgomery county

Fire at Jenkintown. — On Sunday night the Hotel of M. H. Evans, in Jenkintown, on the Willow Grove Turnpike, was destroyed by fire. It originated in the garret, from a lighted lamp or candle, it is supposed, taken there by the ostler to light him to bed. The fire was discovered by a person living on the opposite side of the road. The tavern house was entirely de stroyed, but no other property in the vicinity was injured. Mr. Evans and family made a very narrow escape from. the premises. [Apr. 24, 1850]

NOTICE. — On and after SATURDAY MORNING, the 15th instant, the PLYMOUTH RAILROAD CARS will run regularly to the interior, and with the Norristown and Phila delphia trains leave Plymouth at 7 o'clock A.M. and 6Y2 P.M. Leave Conshohocken at 9 A.M.'and 6Y2 P.M. MAHLON SANDS, Proprietor. [June 11, 1850]

THE CORNER STONE of a New Church will be laid in Conshohocken, by the Right Rev. Bishop KENRICK, on next SUNDAY, 23d inst,, at 4 o'clock, P.M. The Cars will leave the Depot, corner of NINTH and Green Sts., at three o'clock. [June 21,1850]

Died. — At Glenwood, Lower Merion Township, Montgom ery county, GEORGE F. DUSWALD, son of John J. and Mary Ann Duswald, aged 9 years, 11 months and 28 days. [Aug. 27,1850]

Married. — On the 27th inst., by the Rev. Nathan Stem, C. B. NYCE, of New Orleans, to Miss ANNA M. STEINMETZ, of Montgomery Square. [Aug. 29, 1850] Great Flood upon the Schuylkill — The Norristown Bridge was considered in great danger, but is still standing. The Con shohocken Bridge was carried away. The water here rose over the railroad so as to completely cover the coal trains. The bridge at Flat Rock was destroyed, and the dam at liiis point very much impaired. Green Lane Bridge, at Manayunk, is gone except one arch; this destruction was caused partially by the masses of NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 335 timber from the Conshohocken Bridge being hurled against it; a portion of the latter structure now lies high and dry upon the western shore, a few miles above the city. The towrpath at Manayunk has been washed away. The new bridge at the "Falls" is demolished, except one arch. The bridge over Stony Creek withstood the force of the flood. The bridge divided the water, which rushed impetuously on either side of it upon the turnpike, covering the latter to a depth of several feet. The Norristown railroad was inundated so as to render it impassable. No trains could run upon the road yesterday. Passengers were taken to Norristown and adjacent places, in coaches from the depot, at Ninth and Green streets. At Robinson's Mills on the turnpike, the water rose to the height of four feet upon the road, and at the steamboat landing at the lower end of Manayunk, the river found its way over the Ridge Road for a considerable distance, and covered for several inches the floor of Major Weest's Fountain Hotel. A canal boat, commanded by Captain Geo. Irvin, was swept over the Spring Mill dam, and lodged against a rock. He sent his two men on shore to obtain assistance, but during their ab sence, the boat sunk and he was no doubt drowned. He belonged to this city, and is said to have left a family living in Beach [Beech] street. His brother Thomas is also reported as having been drowned. The Mills at Norristown, Conshohocken, and along the river on either side, suffered immensely; the greater portion of them were under water as far as their second stories. [Sept. 4, 1850]

The Track and the Bridges of the Norristown Railroad, car ried away by the flood, have been rebuilt, and the cars resumed their trips last evening. [Sept. 6, 1850]

Married. — In this city, on Tuesday, 22d inst., by the Rev. H. Bibighaus, HENRY T. SLEMMER, M.D., of Norristown, Montgomery county, to Miss CATHARINE REED of this city. [Oct. 23, 1850] 336 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county

NOTICE •— A Meeting of the Stockholders of the FLAT ROCK BRIDGE COMPANY will be held at the Public House of WM. SMITH, in Lower Merion, on MONDAY, the 4th of No vember, at 1 o'clock. Punctual attendance is requested. WM. W. ROBERTS, Sec. [Oct. 31,1850] Married, — On Thursday evening, 7th inst., by the Hon. Charles Gilpin, Mayor, JONATHAN LUKENS, Esq., to Miss SARAH ANN WEBSTER, both of Horsham Township. [Nov. 11, 1850] Railroad Accident. — The uptrain passenger cars on the Columbia Railroad which left this city at 11 o'clock on Sunday night, was delayed for several hours by an accident. It seems that when the train was nearing White Hall a rail broke, and the end projecting upwards, it passed through the cars, and produced much damage to them and consternation among the passengers. Mr. C. Willower, an agent, was severely injured, but not so seriously as to confine him to his bed. The subsequent lines yes terday were also dielayed in consequence of the above occurrence, [Nov. 12,1850] Married. — On Tuesday evening, 10th inst., by the Right Rev. Bishop Potter, STAFFORD SMITH WAGER, of Mont gomery Square, to REBECCA E. LAMBERT, of this city, daughter of the late Dr. John H. Lambert. [Dec. 13„1850] Married. — On the 17th inst., by the Rev. R. H. B. Mitchell, B, MARKLEY BOYER, of Norristown, Pa., to ELLEN L. PRYOR, daughter of the late Dr. Matthew Pryor, of Borden- town, N. J. [Dec. 18,1850] NOTICE. — MONTGOMERY COUNTY MINING COM PANY." — An Instalment of Fifty Cents per share is required to be paid to the Treasurer of said Company, J. L. MOSS, 80 WALNUT Street, on or before the 25th day of October next. By order of the Board of Directors, J. L. MOSS, Secretary and Treasurer. Stockholders are requested to bring certificates to have the payment of their instalment endorsed on the same. [Sept. 25, 1852] NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 337

Died. — On tiie morning of the 13th inst., at Norristown, Montgomery county, Hon. JOHN B. STERIGERE. [Oct. 15,1852] Married, On the 7th inst.,- by the Rev. J. V. Allison, Mr. SAMUEL MARS, of Lower Merion, to Miss JANE THOMP SON, of Ridley, Pa. On the 21st inst., by the same, Mr. BENJ. SHANK to Miss Ann T. McClellan, both of Lower Merion. [Oct. 27,1852] Died. — At his residence, in Norristown, on Tuesday morn ing, 23d inst., Hon. JOSEPH FORNANCE. [Nov. 24,1852] Married. — On the 13th inst., by the Rev. Wm. Barns, Mr. JOHN STILLWAGGON to Miss LYDIA R. SHUPERT, both of Lower Merion, Pa. [Jan. 17,1853] Died. — On the evening of the 22d inst., MARY H., eldest daughter of M. L. and Rebecca M. Burr, in the 22 year of her age. Funeral from the parents' residence, IQth st. below Shippen, Tuesday, 25th inst., 7 A.M. Proceed to St. James Episcopal Oh., Evansburg. [Jan. 24,1853] Married. — On the 29th inst., by Alderman Samuel Taylor, of the Northern Liberties, Mr. WILLIAM THOMAS, to Miss ELIZABETH BERRELL, both of Willow Grove. [Jan. 31, 1853] Died. — Suddenly, of apoplexy, at Norristown, Pa., MARY SLINGLUFF, widow of John Slingluff, in the 86th year of her age. [Feb. 8,1853] Died. — On Tuesday evening, 1st inst., at the residence of E. H. Corson, Plymouth, Mrs. CYNTHIA CALDWELL, in the 52nd year of her age. [Mar. 3,1853] Died. — On the 9th inst., Mr. JACOB BISBING, Sr., of Hickorjdiown, Pljrmouth township, formerly of Germantown, aged 79 years. Funeral from the residence of his son-in-law, James Wood, Hickorytown, Sunday 13th inst., 10 o'clock proceed to Beggarstown. [Mar. 11,1853] 338 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Died. — At his residence, Cheltenham Township, Montgom ery county. Pa., on the 11th inst., SAMUEL S. LEECH, in the 83d year of his age. [Apr. 13,1853] PLANK ROAD NOTICE. — The Board of Managers of the HAVERFORD •PLANK ROAD COMPANY, will meet at Whitehall, on SATURDAY, the 30th instant, at 12 o'clock M, and continue in session until 5 o'clock P.M., to receive subscrip tions to the Stock of said Company, for the extension of the road three miles west of its present termination. [Apr. 23, 1853] Married., At Pottstown, on the 17th inst., by the Rev. C. R. Demme, GEORGE F. MILLER to Miss EMMA HELENA WEISER, both of Pottstown, Pa. [May 19,1853] Norristown Affairs. — Keswick Institute. — This is a new female institution, to be opened on the 1st of September next, situated on high and lovely ground, which, like all our private schools, has a spacious garden, with extensive grounds, planted with a park of shade trees, combining all elements conducive to health and comfort. Norristown is truly the Athens of Pennsyl vania. [June 20,1853] Died., Suddenly, oh the 19th inst., Mr. ABRAM SHULER, aged 25 years, in the vicinity of Sumneytown. [July 21,1853] Married., On the 4th inst., by the Rev. F. W. Hutter, Mr. DAVID W. FREAS, to Mrs. SARAH FISHER, both of White- marsh. [Aug. 20,1953] Died., In New Orleans, on the 16th instant, OLIVER EVANS, eldest son of Dr. Joseph Cloud, and grandson of Dr. Joseph Cloud, of the U.S. Mint, aged 27 years and 8 months. [Aug. 27, 1853] Died., Near, Line Lexington, Pa., on the 1st inst., of con sumption, HANNAH, wife of Yellis Cassel, in the 60th year of her age. [Sept. 6,1853] Died., At Pottstown, on the 27th inst., General PHILIP BOYER, in the 72d year of his age. [Sept. 29,1853] NEIGHBORHOOD NEWS AND NOTICES 339

Isaac Roberts advertises sale of a farm, residence and build ing lots at Pottstown, soon to become the capital of Madison county. [Oct. 1, 1853] Married., On the 20th August, by the Rev. J. B. Keller, the Rev. CHARLES KALBFUS, of Ralston, Lycoming county, to Mrs. MARY HAUGHEY, daughter of the late Thos. Scarlett, of Montgomery county. [Od- 3, 1853] Married., At Black Rock, Montgomery county. Pa., on the 12th inst., by the Rev. Samuel Durborow, JOHN A. HENKELS, of Philadelphia, to ANNIE E., only daughter of Hon. Joseph Hunsicker, ofthe former place. [Oct. 22,1853] Church Consecration. — The new Lutheran Church at the Trappe, Montgomery county, will be consecrated to the service of Almighty God, on Saturday and Sunday next, the 5th and 6th of November. It is a fine structure, 50 by 80 feet, surmounted by a handsome steeple. A bell of 800 lbs. has been placed in it. Rev. Dr. Baker, ofthis city, and Rev. Dr. Richards, of Reading, with others, will officiate on the occasion. [Nov. 1, 1853] Fire. — The burning of the barn of Daniel Rorer, at Shoe- makerstown, Montgomery county, on Tuesday mght, is supposed to be accidental. A boy was in thebarn at the time, with a light, feeding the cattle. Two of the Frankford Fire Companies, De- catur andFranklin, went to thefire, a distance [of] seven miles, over a summer road, and were in service. [Nov. 11, 1853] Married., At Mechanicsville, Lower Merion, Montgomery co.. Pa., by the Rev. Walter Patton, on the 22d inst., Mr. JOHN WOODWARD, of Conshohocken, to Miss EMILY B. STEW ART, ofthe same place. [Dec. 24,1853] Died., On the 28th inst., Mr. JESSE PAWLING, in the 72d year of his age. Funeral from his late residence. Lower Merion Township, near the 8-mile stone on Haverford road, Sunday, 10 A.M. 30, 1853] Report on Membership NEW MEMBERS (Elected November 17, 1962) Mrs. James Andersen Mrs. Earl T. Potts Paul W. Callahan, Esq. Miss Susan Scbnabel Mr. and Mrs. Philip R. DetwHer Kent Slavin •Rev. Luther F. (Jerhart Mrs. Jacob R. Setter Mrs. N. L. Hydeman Mrs. James J. Sweeney Mr. and Mrs. Frederick E. Lobb Mrs. Reginald McC. Ward Andrew Mack, Jr. Mrs. Donald W. Wolf

DEATHS Edward W. Hocker Miles C. Perry Emily R. Ralston Ralph R. Wismer

PRESENT STATUS OF MEMBERSHIP Honorary 1 Life 58 Annual 566

Total 625 Helen W. M. Johnson Corresponding Secretary

840 Report of the Librarian

1962 AN UNUSUAL YEAR The Historical Society of Montgomery County has experienced an unusual year. The use of the societsr's collections and services has heen unexampled in the history of the society. The celebration of the Norristown Sesqui- centennial was partly responsible for this activity, but the sustained attendance since is undoubtedly due to the real estate growth of the area, bringing new and eager people to our door.

BUSY ROUTINE OF SERVICE It is estimated from our guest register that over 4200 people have entered our building in 1962. In the breakdown this figure includes p^ons attend ing the library, the museiun, lectures and meetings. The schools of higher learning represented were, Albright, Bryn Athyn Academy, University of Delaware, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania Military College, University of Pennsylvania, Temple, University, Trinity College, Ursinus and Yale. In addition we have had more than our usual quota of local grade and high school students, scouts, questers, den mothers, authors, artists, lawyers, genealogists, historians, civic leaders, and etc. The states represented in addition to Pennsylvania were, Con necticut, Delaware, Id^o, Iowa, , Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, New Mexico, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Virginia, and Dublin, Ireland. All of which, in summation, represents a busy year.

NEW GOALS SET FOR 1963-4 In comparison with the published financial reports of other county and state societies, it is apparent that this society, with its modest income and small staff, is maintaining a work schedule equal to that of organizations having more than twice the annual income. We are proud of the leader ship and vitality of the society, and perhaps it is in poor taste to mention money matters in connection with such an excellent service record. How ever, the library dilemma in the country at large, both private and public, grows daily more acute. The general situation of greater demand than income has become burdensome and should not be permitted to continue. Out of respect for the health and digmity of this society, new goals must be set and achieved in the coming year: 1. Enlarged memberriiip among our new friends, or a service fee to non-members. 2. Increased income and endowment funds. On this serious note we shall draw our report to a conclusion. It is gen erally believed that no one reads reports. Is this true? Jane Keplinger Burris

341 November Meeting November 17, 1962 The regular meeting of The Historical Society of Montgomery County was convened at 2 o'clock on November 17, 1962, at the building of the society, with the Honorable David E. Groshens, president, presiding. The minutes of the previous meeting held April 28, 1962 were read by the Acting Secretary and approved. President Groshens recounted many facts about the Continental Army when they were encamped near the Emlen House in Whitpain township 185 years ago. Among the quotations from the Writings of Washington mention was made of the court martial of Anthony Wayne, the evacuation of Fort Mifflin, and the offer of a reward of $10.00 for the best substitute for shoes. President Groshens introduced Paul W. Callahan, Esquire, who read his paper "Conscription Laws During The Civil War." Mr. Callahan presented a very comprehensive account of how conscription affected Montgomery County and the significance it had on the Union forces. Several accounts were colored with humor. President Groshens made mention of the exhibits in the rostrum case which included the wheel used for drawing the draft numbers during the Civil War in Montgomery County. At the close of the meeting the Hospitality Committee served punch. Howard William Gross Acting Secretary

342 The HISTORICAL SOCIETY

OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Charter, By-Laws, Officers Trustees, Committees, and List of Members

February 22, 1963

INTRODUCTION For the purpose of havinga share in preserving whatis of consequence in American.life^ the Historical Society of Montgomery County was organ ized more than eighty years ago. The society's primary object is the preservation of the history of Montgomery County. The Historical Society of Montgomery County has its own building, 1654 DeKalb Street, Norristown, Pennsylvania, where regular meetings are held, and where are located the society's fine library, museum, and assembly room. Each year the society publishes some two hundred pages of printed material whidi are distributed free to its members. This Montgomery County institution needs the support of all county residents, as well as that of other interested persons. Membership dues are but five dollars a year, and there is no initiation fee. Applications for membership may be seat to the building of the society. In addition, the society welcomes ^ts of manuscript material, books, pamphlets, letters, antiques, and othermatter of historical importance. It should benoted that the value of all such gifts may be used as a deduction for income tax purposes. Members are rrferred to the list of all members printed in this Bulletin. Those persons whose nmnes do not appear on the list may be solicited for membership.

343 344 buixetin of historical society of Montgomery county

CHARTER OF THE SOCIETY BE IT KNOWN that the subscribers having associated themselves together for the purpose of forming a Historical Society, and being de sirous of becoming incorporated agreeably to the provisions of the act of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania entitled "An Act to Provide for the ^corporation and Regulation of Certain Corpora tions," approved the twenty-ninth day of April, A.D., one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four, and its supplements, do hereby declare, set forth and certify that the following are the purposes, objects, articles and conditions of their said association for and upon which they desire to be incorporated. I. The name of the incorporation shall be The Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. II. The purpose for which the corporation is formed is the study and preservation of the history of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. III. The place where the business of said corporation is to be trans acted is Norristown, in said county. IV. The corporation is to exist perpetually. V. The names and residences of subscribers are as follows j Name Residence Theo. W. Bean Norristown, Pa. P. G. Hobson Collegeville, Pa. Isaac Chism Norristown, Pa. Jos. K. Gotwals Norristown, Pa. A. D. Eisenhower Norristown, Pa. The corporation has no capital stock. The membership thereof shall be composed of the subscribers and their associates, and of such other persons as may from time to time be admitted by vote in such manner and upon such requirements as may be prescribed by the by-laws. VI. [The corporation is to be managed by a board of trustees consist ing of five members. The foregoing sentence was struck from the charter by resolution duly passed by the membership of the corporatum on Novem ber 20, IQJfS, and by authority of the Court of Common Pleas of Mont gomery County, duly recorded on January 21, 19H.1 The names and residences of those chosen trustees for the first year are: Name Residence Wm. A. Yeakle Plourtown, Pa. Jos. K. Gotwals .Norristown, Pa. Jonas Detwiler Blue Bell, Pa. Mrs. Jacob L. Rex Blue Bell, Pa. Mrs. Caleb R. Hallowell Plymouth Township, Pa. CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERSHIP 345

VII. The by-laws of this corporation ^11 be deemed and taken to be its law subordinate to the statute aforesaid, this charter, the constitution and laws of this Commonwealth and the Constitution of the United States. They shall be altered or amended as iprovided for by one of the by-laws themselves, and shall prescribe Ihe powers and functions of the trustees and the manner of their election, the qualifications and manner of electing members, the manner of selecting officers and the powers and duties of said officials, and all the other concerns and internal management of this corporation. Vin. The corporation is to be managed by a board of trustees consist^ ing of fifteen members. [This article was added to the charter by resolution duly passed by the membership of the corporation on November 20, 19J^8, and by authority of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgtmiery County, duly recorded on January 21,19J^.'\ Witness our hands and seals tiiis seventh day of May, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three. Theo. W. Bean (Seal) F. G. Hobson (Seal) Isaac Chism (Seal) Jos. K. Gotwals (Seal) A. D. Eisenhower (Seal) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

S3 County of Montgomery : Before me, the subscriber. Deputy Recorder of Deeds of the County of Montgomery, personally appeared Theo. W. Bean, F. G. Hosbon, Isaac Chism, three of the subscribers to the above and foregoing certificate of incorporation of "The Historical Society of Montgomery County, Penn sylvania," and in due form of law acknowledged the same to be their act and deed. Witness my hand and official seal this seventh day of May, A.D., 1883. Seal of Aaron Weikel Recorder's Office of Dep. Recorder Montgomery County In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania And now, this 10th day of May, 1883, the within charter of incorpo ration having been presented to me, a Law Judge of said county, accom panied by due proof of the publication of the notice of this application, as required by the act of assembly in such case made and provided, I certify tiiat I have examined and perused the said writing, and have 346 BXJLLETIN of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY found the same to be in proper form and within the purposes named in the first dass specified in section second of the act of General Assembly of this Commonwealth entitled "An act to Provide for the Incorporation and Regulation of Certain Corporations," approved April 29, 1874, and the supplements thereto, and the same appearing to be lawful and not injurious to the community, I do hereby, on motion of Isaac Chism, Esq., on beh^f of the petitioners, order and direct that said charter of "The Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania," aforesaid, be and the same is hereby approved. And upon the recording of the same and this order the subscribers hereto and their associates shall be a corporation by the name of "The Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania," for the purpose and upon the terms therein stated. B. M. Boyeb, President Judge (Seal of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County) Certified from the records of said court at Norristown, this 25th day of May, A.D., 1883. P. H. SCHWENK, Deputy Prothonotary Endorsed— Filed in open court , 1883 Recorded January 3, 1884

AMENDMENTS TO THE CHARTER By resolutions duly passed by the membership of the corporation on November 20, 1943, and by the authority of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, duly recorded on January 21, 1944, amendments to the charter were duly effected as set forth above in Article VI and Article vn. The origin^ charter is recorded at Norristown in book 23, page 334. The amendments to the charter are recorded in charter book 4, page 368.

BY-LAWS OF THE SOCIETY ARTICLE I: NAME The name of the society shall be The Historical Society of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. ARTICLE II: PURPOSE The society shall have for its purpose the preservation CKf the history of Montgomery County, as well as the promotion of the study of history, local, national, and of the world. CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERSHIP 347

ARTICLE III: MEMBERSHIP 1. There shall be seven, classes of members: Active, Mr. and Mrs., Life, Honorary, Affiliate, Professional and Business. 2. Any reputable person or persons may become an active mwnber of the society upon receiving the votes of two-thirds of the members present. Such person or persons shall submit applications with a feeof five dollars for an individual membership; or eight dollars for a Mr. and Mrs.member ship, which shall be in payment of dues for the first year. There shall be no initiation fee. Members elected after October 1 of any year shall be exempted from paying dues for the following year. 3. Any person eligible as an active member may be elected a life member by paying the sum of one hundred dollars. Life members shall be elected in the same manner as active members. Life members shall be entitled to all the privileges of active members, and they shall be exempt from the payment of annual dues. 4. Upon recommendation of the membership committee, honorary membership may be conferred upon any person by a two-thirds vote of the members present at a regular meeting. Such members shall have all the privileges of active members except thatof voting and holding office, and shall be exempt from the payment of any fees or dues. 5. Dues for affiliate, professional and business memberships^ are to be fixed annually by resolution of tiie board of trustees of the society, ARTICLE IV: TRUSTEES 1. The board of trustees shall consist of fifteen members, who shall be elected at the annual meeting, for terms of one year. 2. The powers of the board of trustees shall be those usually incident to the governing body of a non-profit corporation. 3. During each year there shall be three stated meetings of the board of trustees, at such times as may be decided by the board. 4. At all meetings of the board of trustees a quorum shall consist of a majority of the trustees in office. 5. The board of trustees may, by resolution adopted by a majority of the whole board, delegate three or more of its number to constitute^ an executive committee, which, to the extent provided in such resolution, shall have and exercise the authority of.the board of trustees in the man agement of the business of the society. ARTICLE V: OFFICERS 1. The officers of the society shall be a president, three vice-presidents, a recording secretary, a corresponding secretary, a financial secretary, a treasurer, and a librarian. The officers, except for the librarian, shall be elected- for terms of one year by the members of the society at the annual meeting. 348 bulletin op hbtqeical society of Montgomery county

2. The president ^all be the general executive officer of the society. He shall preside at all meetings and shall preserve order, ax^oint all committees when appointments are not otherwise provided for by special resolution and perform the usual duties pertaining to his office. He shall be a member ex-officio of all committees. Prior to the annual meeting the president shall appoint a nominating committee, which shall present its report at the annual meeting. 3. Ihe vice-presidents in the absence or disability of the president shall perform the duties and functions of the office of president. 4. The recording secretary shall record ihe minutes of the meetings of the society, and shall perform such other duties as appertain to this office. 5. The corresponding secretary shall have charge of the correspond ence of the society. 6. The financial secretary shall send bills for dues to the active members at the beginning of the fiscal year, shall receive dues and deposit them in the treasurer's account, and shall ke^ a record of the payment of dues. The financial secretary shall render a report to the society at the close of each fiscal year. 7. The treasurer shall have supervision of the funds of the society, except those held by the finance committee for special purposes. He shall pay the bills of the society and keep proper books of account, which shall be subject at all times to the inspection of the members of the society. At file close of each fiscal year he shall make a report to the society. 8. The librarian shall have charge of the library and museum. The librarian shall be elected by the trustees. ARTICLE VI: STANDING COMMITTEES 1. There shall be the following standing committees: auditing, finance, hospitality, library, marker, membership, outing, program, publication, and reception. These committees shall be annually appointed by the presi dent, subject to the approval of the board of trustees.

ARTICLE VII: FUNDS AND INVESTMENTS 1. Ihere shall be such ^ecial funds of the society as shall be desig nated by the board of trustees or by the donors of the funds. The board of trustees shall have power to maintain such bank accounts as may be feasible, and to pass such resolutions concerning the depositing and with drawal of funds as the board of trustees may deem advisable. 2. The finance committee shall consist of three or more members of the society one of whom shall be the treasurer of the' society and at least one of whom shall be a trustee. This committee shall have custody of the securities and special funds, shall have authority to make investments CONSTTTUTIOK AND MEMBERSHIP 349

and to collect the interest accruing therefrom. At the end of each fiscal year this committee shall make a report as to investments and interest collected.

ARTICLE Vni: MEETINGS 1. There shall be three regular meetings of the society each year; on February 22 (except when that date falls on Sunday the meeting shall be held on the day preceding or the day following, as may be designated by the president); and on the last Saturday of April and on the third Saturday of November. The meeting on February 22 shall be the annual meeting. 2. Special meetings may be held at.any time or place designated by the president or the board of trustees. Whe;re business is to be transacted at such meetings, ten days' written notice sh^l be sent to all members of tiie society. 8. All meetings of the society shall be open to the public. 4. Twenty-five members of the society shall constitute a quorum at all meetings. 5. Voting by members at any meeting may be in person or by proxy.

ARTICLE IX: ANNUAL DUES 1. Active members shall pay five dollars annual dues, to the financial secretary. Mr. and Mrs. members shall pay eight dollars annual dues to the financial secretary. 2. The annual dues shall be due in advance, on January 1 of each year. 3. Members who have been in arrears with dues for three years, computed from January 1 of the first year, shall be notified by the financial secretary of the amount in arrears, and those members who fail to pay the amount in arrears within two months after such notice has been sent may be dropped from the roll of members by a two-tiiirds vote of the board of trustees.

ARTICLE X: SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION 1. Any member guilty of gross misconduct, on due proof presented to the society, may be suspended by the vote of a majority of the members present at a regular meeting. Upon due proof presented to the society and by a vote of two-thirds of the members present at a regular meeting, a member may be expelled for gross misconduct, provided that thirty days' written notice of the question of expulsion shall be given to the member prior to the meeting where the vote of expulsion is cast. 350 bulletin op historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

ARTICLE XI: ORDER OP BUSINESS 1. Calling to order; 2. Reading of minutes; 3. Reports of officers; 4. Reports of committees; 5. Reports of trustees; 6. Old business; 7. New business; 8. Elections: 9. Program; 10. Adjournment. ARTICLE XII; AMENDMENTS 1. These by-laws may be amended or repealed by a vote of two- thirds of the members present at any regular meeting, provided that a written copy of the proposed amendment shall have been read before the society at the nest preceding meeting. 2. By resolutions duly passed by the membership of the corporation on February 22, 1952, and November 18, 1961, amendments were duly effected as set forth in Article IX, section 1, of the By-Laws regarding annual dues. 3. By resolution duly passed by the membership of the corporation on November 21, 1959, and November 18, 1961, amendments were duly effected as set forth in Article III, sections 1, 2, 3 and 5 regarding member ship. ARTICLE Xm: DISSOLUTION 1. In the event of the dissolution of this society, all the property and historical collections shall go to and vest in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. [Adopted at the regular meeting held April 29, 1944.] CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERSHIP 35I

Membership of the Society HONORARY MEMBER Reed, Miss Jessie, Norristown

LIFE MEMBERS Benner, Mrs. Henry Lewis, Ambler Brecbt, George E., Norristown Bryan, Kirke, Norristown Bryan, Mrs. Kirke, Norristown Burris, Mrs. LeRoy, Norristown Campman, Mrs. Russell L., Norristown Christman, Harry L., Frederick Christman, Mrs. Harry L., Frederick Cox, Bart, Washington, D. C. Cox, Mrs. Vemon, Washington, D. C. Cresson, Miss Nancy C., Norristown Dorworth, Charles D., Norristown Dorworth, Mrs. Charles D., Norristown Drysdale, Mrs. Andrew Y., Norristown Eshbach, Miss Hilda, Fennsburg Fegley, Nelson P., Ambler Pegley, Mrs. Nelson P., Ambler Pornance, Joseph Knox, Norristown Genkins, M. H., Norristown Grimison, Fred W., Trappe Hallman, Kenneth H., Pennsburg Heysham, Theodore, Jr., Norristown Heysham, Mrs. Theodore, Jr., Norristown Highley, George N., West Chester Hires, William L., Gladwyne Hoffman, Irving, Norristown Hough, J. Elverson, West Orange, New Jersey Huganir, William L., Norristown Hunsicker, James de Masson, Norristown Hunsicker, Mrs. James de Masson, Norristown Insley, Mrs. Florence K., Norristown Locke, Mrs. Robert, Haverford Maciag, Miss Helen, Norristown Mason, Mrs. Stephen, Hatboro McShea, Mrs. Walter Ross, Ventnor, New Jersey Money, Miss Edna Laura, Norristown Moore, Mrs. Frank B., Fairview Village 352 bulletin op historical society of montgobiert county

Morgan, Miss Elizabeth Coats,Philadelphia Nason, Mrs. R. P., Conshohocken Patterson, Miss'V. Mae, Norristown Pennypacker, John J., Norristown Ralston, William H. R., Norristown Ralston, Mrs, William H. R., Norristown Reed, Elizabeth, Butler, Ohio Rodenbaugh, Harry N., Haverford Ruth, Calvin H., Quakertown Schweiker, Malcolm A., Worcester Seaman, Mrs. Erma I., Norristown Smith, Mrs. Marie Zem, Boyertown Sprogell, Harry E., North Wales Steinbright, Mrs. H. D., Norristown Steinbright, Miss Marilyn,^Norristown Stq>plee, Henderson, Jr., Radnor Talone, Leonard A., Norristown Theel, Mrs. Percival, Fort Washington Tompkins, H. Ernest, Norristown Tompkins, Mrs. H. Ernest, Norristora Vanderslice, Franklin Fisher, Ambler Wildman, Mrs. F. B., Jr., Paoli CONSTITUTION AND MEMBEBSHIP 353

ACTIVE MEMBERS Acton, John T., Bryn Athyn Acuff, Mrs. waiiam S., Amhler Alderfer, Elmer A., Soudertoh Alker, Harry J., Norristown Allen, Mrs. Philip M., Blue Bell AUiger, Bichard J., Doylestown Amhler, Frank R., Abington Andersen, Mrs. James, Ventnor, New Jersey Anderson, Mrs. Alverta P., Norristown Anderson, George H., Linfield Anderson, Mrs. J. Aubrey, Norristown Anderson, John C., Linfield Arold, George, Jr., Plourtown Auslander, Milton M., Norristown

Baesman, Robert G., Norristown Baird, Nelson M., Jr., Norristo^ Ballard, Herbert T., Jr., Norristown Barclay, Mrs. Charles B., Wynnewood Barrett, Mrs. Albert, Devon Barrett, B. Brooke, Norristown Barrington, Mrs. Samuel H., Norristown Bassert, George, Bala-Cyiiwyd Batchelder, William G., Jr., Medina> Ohio Bean, Arthur W., Norristown Bean, Merrill A., Norristown Becker, Prank S., Royersfo'rd Beerer, James B., Norristown Beideman, Joseph E., Audubon Bell, Eensil, Chester Springs Benner, Harold S., Norristown Bennett, George H., Glenside Berger, Miss Dorothy E., Norristown Berger, Miss Emeline, Norristown Berky, Andrew S., Pennsburg Besemer, Charles, Oaks Besemer, Mrs. Charles, Oaks Bickley, Ervin F., New Canaan, Connecticut Biddle, Gordon K., North Wales Bigoney, Thomas Wamock, Wynnewood Bigoney, Mrs. Thomas Warnock, Wynnewood Billett, Miss Esther, Schwenksville Bitting, Ernest J., Pennsburg 354 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Boehret, Paul C., Chalfont Bolger, Miss Laura Y., Norristown Bower, John A., Abington Bowers, Miss Bhoda £., Norristown Boyd, D. Rae, Norristown Boyer, Charles S., King of Prussia Bray, Mrs. J. 0., Green Lane Brendlinger, Mrs. E. Leidy, Norristown Brenneman, Mrs. Christian S. A., Jenkintown Brewer, Mrs. J. Edward, Norristown Bright, Mrs. Stewart A., Collegeville Brinson, Mrs. R. L., High Point, North Carolina Brooks, Mrs. Edwin J., North Wales Brown, Robert C., Norristown Brownback, Russell J., Norristown Brumbaugh, G. Edwin, Gwynedd Valley Brunner, Robert B., Norristown Bryans, Henry Bussell, Bryn Mawr Buchanan, Edward H., Norristown Bucher, Robert C., Schwenksville Bullitt, Orville H., Philadelphia Bnrdan, Mrs. 0. C., Pottstown Burgoon, Carroll F., Chester Springs Burgoon, Jane S., Chester Spring Burman, Miss Marian, North Wales Burke, Joseph J., Springhouse Butera, Harry, Norristown Buyers, Mrs. Edgar S., Norristown Byler, Richard P., Oreland Byren, Robert G., North Wales

Cadwalader, Henry, Ambler Caiola, James R., Norristown Callahan, Paul W., Norristown Campbell, Irvin H., Norristown Carder, Mrs. Robert W., Stamfordj Connecticut Carfagno, Salvatore G., Norristown Carlen, Robert, Ph^iladelphia Case, Albert D., Narberth Case, Mrs. Albert D., Narberth Cassel, Miss Edna Y., Lancaster Cassidy, James A., Ambler Catania, Mrs. Joseph, Plymouth Valley Chambers, Miss Anna W., Nonistown CONSTITUTION AND MEMBEBSHIP 355

Chambers, Mrs. John 0. Norristown Chatlin, Morris, Norristown Cheston, Mrs. James, IV, Ambler Cheston, Morris, Ambler Cheston, Radcliffe, Jr., Philadelphia Christian, Mrs. Thomas L., Conshohocken Christman, Oliver Lewis, Pottstown Clarke, Mrs. Herbert D., Norristown Clemens, Mrs. Alvin A., Harleysville Clemmer, Abram, Willow Grove Clemmer, Mrs. Mary, Norristown Cloud, J. Penton, Norristown Cochran, Thomas C., Radnor Coleman, Mrs. H. 0. Sr., Norristown Coleman, Horace C., Jr., Norristown Coleman, Mrs. Horace, Jr., Villanova Conard, Mrs. Irene D., Norristown Conger, Oliver C., Pottstown Connelly, Mrs. Jerome W., Norristown Cooper, Mrs. Helen, Montgomeryville Cooper, Stanley B., Norristown Copp, Mrs. Dorothy Evans, Norristown Corey, William S., Norristown Corkran, Mrs. Gribbel, Brjm Mawr Corson, Edward P., Plymouth Meeting Corson, Mrs. George C., Plymouth Meeting Cox, Eugene A., Norristown Craft, Prederick E., Norrjstown Craft, Mrs. Prederick E., Norristown Crandle, Miss Inez, Norristown Crawford, Mrs. Bertha, Norristown Cresson, Miss Margaret L., Norristown Cresson, Miss Marie R., Norristown Ouster, Miss Grace, Norristown Cutler, Mrs. Mary McP., Norristown

Danehower, Harvey B., Norristown Davenport, Horace A., Norristown Davis, Miss Eva G., Lansdale Davis, George S., Penllyn Davis, Norris D., Conshohocken Davis, Mrs. Norris D., Conshohocken Davis, William, Norristown Davis, William, Jr., Bridgeport BULLETIN OP HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Bay, Miss Catheiine, Lansdale Bechert, Philip, "Whitemarsh Bechert, Robert, King of Prussia Belp, M^iss Priscilla L., Soudertbn Bemaline, Mrs. William E., Conshohocken Bennis, Mrs. Philip, Jr., North Wales Betwiler, M, Wesley,'Norristown~ Betwiler, Mrs. M. Wesley; Norristown Betwiler, Philip R., Harleysville Betwiler, Mrs. Philip R., Harleysville Betwiler, Samuel B., Jr., Arlington, Virginia ' Betwiler, S. Cuater, Nonjstown Boane, hbs. Guy B., Jr., Philadelphia -* Brake, H. Stanleyj'Norristown Bybicz, Edward J.,' Swedesburg Byson, Mrs. John'G., Arcola

Eastwick, Mrs. Abraham T., Norristown Eastwick, Joseph L., Paoli Eckfeldt, Fred W.', Ambler Edwards, Mrs. Frank N., Norristown Egner, Mrs. Paul F., Fort Washington Ellington, Thomas S., Norristown Elliott, William, Arcola Ellis, William Holstein, King of Prussia Ellis, Mrs. WjUiam Holstein, King of Prussia Emlen, Mrs. George W., Ambler Ennis, Mrs. Louise 6., Aiidubon Erb, Russell 0., Conshohocken Evans, Miss Gwendolyn, North Wales

Fabbri, Remo, Norristown Famous, George Henninger, Butler, Ohio Fitler, Mrs. Elizabeth Parker, Gladwyne Flad, Baniel L., Noniistown Foerderer, Percival E., Bi^ Mawr Forrest, Hon. E. Arnold, Bala-Cynwyd Foe, Leon H., Norristown Fox, Mrs. Stuart A., Glenside Fox, William, Norristown Francine, Mrs. Horace H.; Ambler Francis, J., Herbert, Oaks Francis, Mrs. J. Herbert, Oaks ' Frankenfield, Mrs. Herbert W., Norristown • CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERSHIP . ^57

Franks, Robert, Bryn Mawr Frederick, Floyd G., Souderton Fretz, John T., Souderton Frick, Paul S., Telluride, Colorado Frick, Willis Gilbert, Norristown Frick, Mrs. Willis Gilbert, Norristown. Frick, Willis Gilbert, Jr., Norr^town Pry, Mrs. Laura U., Wyncote

Gallager, Donald A., Jenkintown Gamble, Mrs. Howard S., Douglassville Ganser, Miss Helen A., Norristown Ganser, Herbert H., Norristown • Ganser, Mrs. Herbert H., Norristown . . Gamer, M.iss Gertrude, Norristown Gebman, Harry W., Norristown Geiger, Mrs. Albert W., Abington Gerber, Morris, Norristown ^ Gerhart, Rev. Luther F., Largo, California- Gilbert, Harold S., San Francisco,. Califomia Glass, liLrs. F. Emerson, Norristown . Glenn, T. Allan, Jr., Norristown Godshall, Mrs. Vincent, Norristown Goshow, Miss Mildred, Philadelphia Gottschall, Rev. Robert J., Nonjstown Gottshall, Mrs. HiraTn E., Lansdale Gotwals, John H., Norristown Graber, Miss Anna Frieda, Pottstown Grace, C. Dehaven, Wynnewood Green, Seymour L., Ardmore Groff, Mrs. Madison, Souderton Groshens, Hon. David E., Glenside Groshens, Frederick S., Hatboro Gross, Howard W., Lansdale Groton, Rev. Nathaniel B., Flourtown Gruber, Mrs. Charles A., Norristown Guntherj Mrs. Carl, Lansdale

Halford, John, Non^town Halford, SLrs. John, Norristown Hallman, Mrs. Lester C., Souderton Hallowell, Mrs. Roger W., Fort Washington Hargraves, Gordon S., Gladwyne Harley, Miss Nellie, Norristown 358 bulletin op historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Harman, Allen C., Willow Grove Harrington, Arthur M., Whitemarsh Harry, Mrs. C. Howard, Norristown Hartranft, Nelson S., Hatfield Hathaway, Calvin S., Haws, H. Lester, Ardmore Heaton, Ronald K, Norristown Heckleman, Mrs. T. J., Ambler Hedstrom, Mrs. Carl S., Norristown Heebner, Earl W., Norristown Heebner, Joseph R., CoUegeville Heidel, John A., Norristown Helm, Enest E., Norristown Heitzman, Mrs. Ida G., Philadelphia Henderson, Allen T., Norristown Henderson, Mrs. Allen T., Norristown . Henderson, Branton H., Rosemont Hendricks, Carroll D., Harleysville Henry, Forrest J., Red Hill Heske, Theodore, Norristown Hess, H. Ober, Gladwyne High, Samuel H., Jr., Jenkintown Highley, Miss Nancy P., Norristown E^illegass, Jonathan, Norristown Hilles, Mrs. S. J., Norristown Hollenbach, Raymond E., Royersford Hollocher, Thomas C., Norristown Honeyman, Hon. Robert W., Norristown Howden, Harry D., Norristown Howie, Kenned, Norristown Huber, Mrs. Francis C., Norristown Hulshouser, Robert J., Lansdale Hunsicker, Abraham C., Royersford Hunsicker, Robert G., Hatfield Hunter, Perry A., Bryn Mawr Hydeman, Mrs. N. L., Norristown

Iliff, Mrs. Arthur R., Ambler Ingersoll, Miss Anna Warren, Penllyn IngersoU, C. Jared, Whitemarsh Irish, Mrs. Warren L., Wynnewood

Jenkins, Miss Florence, Norristown Jenkins, Arthur H., Jenkintown CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERSHIP 359

Jaunich, Mrs. Raymond M., Norristown Johnson, Mrs. Daniel S., Norristown Johnson, David D., Norristown Johnson, Mrs. Earl W., Norristown Johnson, Mrs. Lester B., Gwynedd Valley Johnston, W. H., North Wales Jones, Miss Flora M., Norristown Jones, Horace C., 2nd, Philadelphia Jones, Spencer Loch, Conshohocken Jones, Thomas H. W., Norristown Jones, Mrs. W. M. Heister, Norristown

Keely, Mrs. Allen R., Norristown Keely, Mrs. Wallace M., Norristown Kehler, Mrs. Kenneth, Pottstown Keyser, Alan G., Lucon Killian, Miss Thekla A., North Wales King, J. Warren, Mont Clare Kirkbride, Mrs. Mabelle M., Norristown Kline, Raymond A., Red Hill Knapp, Mrs. A. M. Fritsch, Narberth Knapp, M,iss Florence, North Wales Knerr, Walter A., Norristown Knight, Hon. Harold G., Ambler Knight, Mrs. Harold G., Ambler Knipe, Mrs. Irvin P., Philadelphia Knoke, Mrs. Edward, Narberth Koons, Mrs. Paul W., Conshohocken Kratz, Lyman A., Norristown Kratz, Mrs. Lyman A., Norristown Kratz, Robert L., Norristown Kratz, Mrs. Robert L., Norristown Krause, Miss Alverda F., Norristown Krjebel, Miss Emma K., Norristown Kulp, Clarence,Jr., Vemfield Kulp, Roy C., Chalfont

Labowskie, Eugene M., Conshohocken Lambert, Mrs. George, Jr., Rahns Land, Mrs. Clarence G., Norristown Landis, B. Harrison, Perkasie Landis, Elmer F., Telford Landis, W. A., Havertown Lanigan, Rev. William N., Norristown 360 bulletin of historical society of MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Lehman, Harry W., Norrjstown Lenhart, Willard T,, Norristown Levengood, Paul W., Collegeville Lewis, Mrs. George Campbell, Bryn Mawr Lewis, Leon T., North Wales Limbert, Lawrence, Norristown ~ Littleton, Arthur, Philadelphia Lobb, Frederick E., Norristown Lobb, Mrs. Prederjck E., Norristown Long, Mrs. Edward E., Norristown Long, Miss Marjorie, Norristown Longaker, Miss Rosalie, NorristoTm Loos, Wilbur, Collegeville Loughlin, Richard R., Bridgeport Love, Archie B., Norristown Lukens, Mrs. C. Raymond, Jr., North Wales Lukens, George E., North Wales Luton, Miss Barbara R., Norristown Lynch, Miss Emilie Mi, Norristown

Mack, Andrew, Jr., Yerkes Mainwaring, A, H., Collegeville March, George K., Norristown March, Mrs. George K., Norristown March, William A., Norristown Markel, Leonard P., Jr., Norristown Mauch, Rev. Charles B., Philadelphia May, Robert D., Wayne Meade, George Gordon, Penllyn Mears, J. N., Blue Bell Meredith, Charles M., Quakertown Meschter, G. William, Norristown Metzger, Carl B., Wynnewood Middleton, George W:, Norristown Middleton, Mrs. George W., Norristown Miller, Abner 0., Green Lane Miller, Frank L., Norristown Miller, Mrs. Grace Rogers, Narberth Miller, Samuel D., Jr., Norristown Minshall, Miss Helen F., Wyiinewood Moll, Mrs. H. Donald, Lansdale ' Molony, Mrs. Stuart B., Norristown Moran, William J., Jr., Norristown •• Morgan, Andrew',- Havertown CONSTITUTION AND MEMBEESHIP 301

Morgan, Ralph, Wyncote Morgan, Mrs. Rebecca K G., Philadelphia Morris, C. Rodney, Norristown Morris, Mrs. Courtlandt S., Center Square Morrison, Mrs. L. H., K.ing of Prussia Morse, Norman K., Norristown Mowday, Mrs. Harold H., Norristown Moyer, Gardner, Bogota, New Jersey Moyer, Mrs. William P., Norristown MuUin, Louis H., Norristown Myers, Clarence N., Norristown Myers, E. S., Norristown

MacNeill, Mrs. Henry T., Whitford McCIoskey, Leonard T., Norristown McCoy, Earl L., Norristown McCracken, Robert I., Nonistown McEwen, Mrs. Russell, Norristown McKeown, George H. C., Norristown McKinney, Walter B., Norristown McKinney, Mrs. Walter B., Norristown McLean, Robert, Fort Washington McMurtrie,y Mrs. ^ G., Norristown

Naile, Mrs. Ernest A., Norr;stown Naile, William, Jr., Lebanon Nase, Mrs. Harold L., Quakertown Neiman, Eeneth E., Norristown Niblo, George C., Norristown Norris, Mrs. George W., Philadelphia Ocelus, E. v., Bridgeport O'Neill, W. Paul, Rydal

Parry, EUwood C., Jr., Dresher Parsons, William T., CoUegeville Paul, Edgar D., Wynnewood Fearlstine, Raymond, Norristown Pechin, Miss Ann W., Norristown Peirce, John R., Eimberton Peters, Fred C., Ardmore Pettit, William Schuyler, CoUegeville Pew, J. Howard, Ardmore Pew, Mrs. J. Howard, Ardmore Pflaumer, George M., Haverford 362 bulletin of historical society of Montgomery county

PJtcairn, Raymond, Bryn Athyn Potts, Mrs. Earl T., Port Washington Potts, Miss Ella H., Norristown Powers, Everett S., Glenside Price, Charles H., Jr., Telford Prock, Harry A., Whitemarsh Pugh, Mrs. David P., Jenkintown

Rapoport, Abraham M., Norristown Readjng, P. Linwood, Hatboro Reed, John P., King of Prussia Reed, Mrs. John P., King of Prussia Rex, Miss Anna Vii^nia, Norristown Rex, Mrs. John, Norristown Ribble, Mrs. Darrah, Norrjstown Richards, Miss Helen E., Norristown Richter, Mrs. Paul B., Lansdale Riemer, Joseph T., Norristown Rinkers, Mrs. Anthony, Norristown Rittenhouse, Mrs. B. Franklin, Norristown Ritzinger, Mrs. George, Wyncote Roach, Mrs. P. Spencer, Philadelphia Roatche, Mrs. John, Ocean City, New Jersey Roberts, Victor J., Norristown Roberts, Mrs. Victor J., Norristown Roosevelt, Mrs. Nicholas G., Ambler Rosenman, Henry M., Norristown Rosenquist, S. Pell, Bryn Athyn Roth, Earl R., Norristown Rothenberger, Mrs. Mayme B., Worchester Rubin, Mrs. N. W., Norristown Ryan, Rowland, Ardmore

Sames, J. Weaver, Norristown Sanders, Erich H., Norristown Sautter, Mrs. H. James, Abington Saylor, H. Durston, II, Haverford Saylor, Mrs. Harry T., Norristown Scheffey, Richard H., Pottstown Sche.idt, Karl P., Gladwyne Schmidt, Edgar E., Norristown Schnabel, Miss Susan, Harleysville Scholl, J. Augustus, Pennsburg Scholl, John R., Phoenixville CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERSHIP 363

Schultz, Miss Inua A., Worcester Schweiker, Mrs. Malcolm A., Worcester Sears, Thomas W., Ardmore Shaffer, Mrs. John W., Norristown Shalkop, Frank W., CoUegeville Shaner, Mrs. Robert H., East Greenfield Shank, Ray, Norristown Shanley, Mrs. Bernard, Pairview Village Shearer, Mrs. H. B., Worcester Shelly, Mrs. Isaac H., Norristown Sheppard, Isaac J., Norristown Shipe, Paul E., Miami, Florida Shoemaker, Mrs. Edward G., Norristown Shoemaker, S. H., Ambler Shrawder, Miss Laura K., Philadelphia Shriver, Miss Anna Newberry, Fort Washington Shriver, Miss Mary Scheetz, Fort Washingfton Shuler, J. Ralph, Norristown Shupert, Miss Sara E., Wynnewood Simons, Mrs. J. Kenson, Norristown Singer, William G., Norristown Singer, Mrs. Wiliiam G., Norristown Skelly, Miss Barbarann, Philadelphia Slavin, Kent, Bridgeport Sleath, Mrs. Mary W., Ambler Smilie, Frederick B., Norristown Smith, Rev. Carl T., Hong Kong, China Smith, Miss Cecil Mae, Hatboro Smith, Rev. George A., Fort Washington Smith, J. Homer, Ardmore Smith, Mrs. J. Homer, Ardmore Smith, Miss Nellie Loeser, Norristown Smith, Roy E., Norristown Sneath, Mervin G., Norristown Sneath, Mrs. Mervin G., Norristown Snyder, John K., Ambler Sotter, Jacob R., Pottstown Sotter, Mrs. Jacob R., Pottstown Staley, Miss Sara A., Plymouth Meeting Steidle, George W., Jr., Havertown Steinbright, Wilbur G., Norristown Steinly, Mrs. Norman, Perkasie Stephenson, Miss Esther F., Hollywood, California Stetler, Jesse L., Haverford 364 bulletin of'hisiorical society of Montgomery county

Stevenson, Miss Marg^aret L., Wynnewood Stierheim, Thomas W., J., Pottstown Strasshurger, J. A. Peter, Gwynedd VaDey Strawbridge, Mrs. Welsh, Hatboro Streeper, Miss.Amanda, Philadelphia Sturgis, Samuel B., Wynnewood Supplee, Charles, Skippack Sutch, John W., Norristown Swartz, Aaron S., Jr., Norristown Sweeney, Mrs. James J., Ashland Syford, Miss Constance, New Haven, Connecticut

Tait, Edwin C., Norristown Taxis, Hon. Alfred L., Jr., Norristown Taxis, Mrs. Alfred L., Jr., Norristown Teal, Mrs. Percy P., Norristown Templeton, Virgjl P., Collegeville Thompson, Joseph, Hatboro ' Titus, Robert R., Villanova Todd, Mrs. J. Harrison, Norristown Town, Mrs. Edwin C., Narberth Treiabach, Mrs. George, Center Square Trinsey, Jack, King of Prussia Troncelliti, Manz^co A., Norristown Trucksess, Robert, Norristown Tyson, William E., Philadelphia

Uhle, Mrs. Charles A., Whitemarsh Ulrich, Parke H., Jr., Norristown

Van Horn, Miss Marjorie, Norristown Ventura, Mrs. A. L., Norristown Vernier, Vemon C., Vemfield Von Drach, J. Robert, Pottstown

Wainwright, Nicholas Biddle, Ambler Walker, Mrs. H. Thomas, Oaks Walker, Miss Hannah W., Norristown Walker, Miss Isabella, Norristown Walker, J. Frank, Norristown • Wallis, Miss Mary Belle, Bryn Mawr Walton, Miss Olive V., Norristown Ward, Mrs. Reginald McC., Collegeville Watson, James G., Norristown CONSTITUTION AND MEMBEESHIP 365

Watt, Howard E., Norr?stown Watt, Mrs. Howard, Norristown Weaver, Mrs. Eufus M., Washington, D. C. Weber, Courtland, Eoslyn Weingartner, W. H., North Wales Weissenbach, Mrs. Clayton, Worcester Wells, Kenneth D., Valley Forge Wells, Mrs. Kenneth D., Valley Forge Wells, Mrs. William, Pljrmouth Meeting Wetherill, Elkins, Plymouth Meeting White, Mrs. Slingluff, Norristown Whjtenight, H. A., Norristown Whitenight, Harold P., Spring Mount Wieand, Warren G., San Diego, California Wilkinson, Eobert L., Norristown Willouer, Aaron L., Philadelphia Winner, Edwin, Wallow Grove Wolf, Mrs. Donald W., Landenberg Wolfe, Mrs. Edward H., Norristown Wolfenden, Mrs. T. T., Jr., Norristown Wolfinger, Charles H., St. Louis, Wonsidler, Willis B., Hellertown Wood, Mrs. H. Walton, Norristown Wood, Mrs. P. Erskine, Ambler Woodall, Mrs. John, Jenkintown Wojtkowiak, John, Lansdale Wright, Miss Dorothy M., Norristown Wright, Franklin L., Norristown Wunderle, Miss Blanche B., Glenside

Yeager, Mrs. Eobert, Norristown Yerkes, Milton E., Bryn Mawr Young, James A., Norristown

Zeigler, Mrs. Lloyd, Lansdale Zendt, George B., Fort Washington Zepp, Elmer N., Hatfield Zimmerman, W. P., Norristown 300 BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

ORGANIZATION SUBSCRIBERS American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts Big Horn Genealogical Society, Lovell, Wyoming Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, Philadelphia Carnegie Ljbrary of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio Delaware Memorial Library, University of, Newark, Delaware Public Library, Detroit, Michigan Duke University Library, Durham, North Carolina Franconia Mennonite Historical Soc.iety, Lansdale Gladwyne Free Library, Gladwyne Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts Henry E. Huntington Library & Art Gallery, San Marino, California Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana Long Island Historical Society, Brooklyn, New York Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, California Mennonite Historical Society, Goshen, Indiana Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota Newberry Library, The, Chicago, Illinois New York Genealogical & Biographical Society, New York City New York Historical Society, New York City New York Public Library, New York City Ohio, Historical & Philosophical Society of, Cincinnati, Ohio Pennsylvania, University of, Philadelphia Pennsylvania State ybrary & Museum, Harrisburg Pennsylvania State University, University Park Philadelphia, Free Library of, PhiladelpWa Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey Ursinus College, Collegeville Utah, The Genealogical Society of. Salt Lake City, Utah Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio Wisconsin, The State Historical Society of, Madison, Wisconsin Wyoming Historical & Genealogical Society, Wilkes-Barre Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut York County H.istorical Society, York The Historical Society of Montgomery County has for its object the prese^rvation of the civil, political and religious history of the county, as well as the promotion of the study of history. The building up of a library for historical research has been materially aided in the p^t by donations of family, church and graveyard records; letters, diaries and other manu script material. Valuable files of newspapers have also been contributed. This public-spirited support has been highly appreciated and is earnestly desired for the future.

Membership in the Society is open to all interested persons, whether residents of the county or not, and all such persons are invited to have their names proposed at any meeting. The annual dues are $5.00; life membership, $100.00. Every mem ber is entitled to a copy of each issue of The Bulletin, free. Additional copies, $1.50 each.

Historical Building, 1654 BeKalb Street, Norristown, wi& its library and museum, is open for visitors each week day from 10 A.M. to 12 M. and 1 to 4 P.M., except Saturday after noon. The material in the library may be freely consulted dur ing these hours, but no book may be taken from the building.

To Out Friends Our Society needs funds for the furthering of its work, its expansion, its growth and development. This can very nicely be done trough be quests from members and friends in the disposition of their estate. The Society needs more funds in investments placed at interest; tiie income arising therefrom would give the Society an annual return to meet its needs. Following is a form that could be used in the making of wills: I HEREBY GIVE AND BEQUEATH TO THE

HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY,

PENNSYLVANIA, THE SUM OP

DOLLARS (I )