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BACKGROUND PAPER

No.1 1994 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

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Ezcept to the .....Dt ofthe .... permitted UIlder the Cowrigbt Act 1968, DO pout ofthia publicatioD may be reproduced or tranAlmitted in any form or by an;, IlU'JaD.t including information ftorage and retrieval oy8tem, without the prior writteD 00_ of the DeputmeDt of the ParliameDtary Library, other than by Memben of the AuatraliaD ParliameDt in the coune of their oflicial dutiM.

Publiahed by the DeparlmeDt of the ParliameDtary Library, 1994 ., Gerard Newnum Statistics Group 25 February 1994

Parliamentary Research Service

Background Paper Number 1 1994 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

Telephone: 06 2772480 Facsimile: 06 2772454 This paper hu been prepared for gellllrllldiotribution to Momben ofthe Auotralia.n Parliament. Readers outside the Parliament are reminded that thiI iI not an Auotralia.n Government document, but a paper prepared by the author aDd publilhed by the Par_tuy !lMMzcll Service to contribute to consideration ofthe iuueo by Senato... aDd Mamben. The vie_ 0ltpI"0U00 attributed to the Department oftho Par_tuy Libra.,..

.\ CONTENTS

Introduction , 1

Reasons for Vacancies 1

Results and Swings 3

Notes on Selected By-elections 8 party Abbreviations and Symbols 11

Electoral Division. Details . 12 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994 1

Introduction During the period 1949 to the end ofJanuary 1994 there have been 67 by-elections for the House of Representatives. In March 1994 a further four by-elections are scheduled (Fremantle on 12 March, Bonython on 19 March and Mackellar and Warringah on 26 March). For the 18 Parliaments between 1949 and the end ofthe thirty-sixth Parliament in 1993 there has been an average 3.7 by-elections per Parliament. By-elections are held to fill vacancies in the House of Representatives resulting from the death, resignation, absence without leave, expulsion, disqualification or ineligibility of a Member. The Constitution (section 33) confers on the Speaker of tne House of Representatives the power to issue a writ for the election of a new Member. There is no prescribed time period for the issuing of writs following a vacancy and it is possible not to hold a by-election ifa general election is pending (eg vacancy in the Division ofWills occurred on 25.11.92 following a Court ofDisputed. Returns but no by-election was held pending the 1993 general election). Reasons for Vacancies' By-elections for the House of Representatives held during the period 1949 to 1994 have occurred only because of the death or resignation ofthe Member. Ofthe 67 by-elections. 27 have occurred because of the death of the Member and 40 as a result of resignation. Vacancy because of the death of the Member is by far the most frequent reason for by-elections held in the earlier part of the period while resignation is the most frequent reason in the later part. A significant number of Members (21) have resigned to take up government appointments of one kind or another with the diplomatic service being the most popular. . Reasons for By-elections, 1949 - 1994

Death Resignation Total 1949-59 13 3 16 1960-69 9 13. 22 1970-79 4 4 8 1980-89 1 17 18 1990- .. 3 3 Total 27 40 67 2 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

Schedule ofHouse OfRepresentatives By-elections, 1949 - 1994

Date Division Member Elected Previous Member Reason for VBCaDCY

28.7.51 Balaclava (Vic) Joske PE (LP) White TW (LP) Resigned. Became High Commissioner to Great Britain. 28.7.51 Mscquarie (NSW) Luchetti AS (ALP) Chifley JB (ALP) Died 22.3.52 Lyne (NSW) Lacock PE (CP) Eggins EJ (CP) Died 18.10.52 Flinders (Vic) Ewert KWW (ALP) RyaoRB(LP) Died 29.11.52 Werriwa (NSW) Whitlam EG (ALP) Lazzarini HP (ALP) Died 20.12.52 Bradfield (NSW) Turner HB (LP) Hughes WM (LP) Died 9.5.53 Dalley (NSW) Greenup AE (ALP) Rosevear JS (ALP) Died 29.8.53 Corangamite (Vic) Mackinnon ED (LP) McDonald AM (LP) Died 29.8.53 Laog (NSW) Stewart FE (ALP) Mulcahy D (ALP) Died 19.12.53 Gwydir(NSW) Allao AI (CP) Treloar TJ (CP) Died 21.5.55 Cook (NSW) Cope JF (ALP) SheehanT (ALP) Died 11.4:56 Cunningham (NSW) Kearney YO (ALP) Davies W (ALP) med 13.10.56 Barker(SA) Forbes AJ (LP) Cameron AG (LP) Diell 8.12.56 Wentworth (NSW) Bury LHE (LP) Harrison EJ (LP) Resigned. Became High Commiasioner to Great Britain. 14.9.57 Richmond (NSW) Anthony JD (CP) Anthony HL (CP) Died 8.3.58 Parramatta (NSW) Barwick GEJ (LP) Beale OH (LP) Resigned. Became Amb....dor to USA. 9.4.60 Hunter (NSW) James AW (ALP) Evatt HV (ALP) Resigned. Became ChiefJustice ofNSW. 9.4.60 La Trobe (Vic) JessJD(LP) Casey RG (LP) Resigned 16.7.60 Balaclava (Vic) Whittorn RH (LP) Joske PE (LP) Resigned. Became a Judge ofthe Supreme Court of the ACT. 16.7.60 Bendigo (Vic) Beaton NL (ALP) Clarey PJ (ALP) Died 5.11.60 Calare (:"'

Schedule ofHouse OfRepresentatives By-elections, 1949 - 1994-continued

Date Division Member Elected Previous Member Reason for Vacaney

23.6.79 Grayndler (NSW) McLeay LB (ALP) Stewart FE (ALP) Died 21.2.81 Boothby (SA) Hall S (LP) McLeay JE (LP) Resigned. Became Consul-General in Los Angeles. 21.2.81 Curtin (WA) Rocher AC (LP) Garland RV (LP) Resigned. Became High Commissioner to Great Britain. 21.2.81 McPherson (Qld) White PND (LP) Robinson EL (LP) Died 11.4.81 Wentworth (NSW) Coleman WP (LP) Ellicott RJ (LP) Resigned. Became a Judge ofthe Federal Court. 13.3.82 Lowe (NSW) Maher MJ (ALP) McMahon W (LP) Resigned 4.12.82 FUndera (Vic) .Reith PK (LP) Lynch PR (LP) Reaigned 7.5.83 Wannon (Vic) Hawker DPM (LP) FraserJM (LP) Resigned 28.5.83 Bruce (Vic) Aldre~ KJ (LP) Snedden BM (LP) Resigned 5.11.83 Moreton (QId) Cameron DM (LP) Killen DJ (LP) Resigned 18.2.04 CoraJlliamite (Vic) McArthur FS (LP) Street AA (LP) Resigned 18.2.84 Hughes (NSW) Tickner RE (ALP) Jolmaon LR (ALP) Resigned. Became High Commiaaioner to NZ. 18.2.84 Richmond (NSW) Blunt CW (NP) Anthony JD (NP) Resigned 8.2.86 Scullin (Vic) Jenkins HA (ALP) Jenkins HA (ALP) Resigned. Became Ambassador to Spain. 6.2.88 Adelaide (SA) Pratt MP (LP) Hurford CJ (ALP) Resigned. Became Conaul-General in New York. 26.3.88 Port Adelaide (SA) Sawrord RW (ALP) Young MJ (ALP) Resigned 9.4.88 Groom(QId) Taylor WL (LP) McVeigh DT (NP) Reaigned 8.10.88 Oxley (QId) Scott LJ (ALP) Hayden WG (ALP) Resigned. Bec~e Governor-General. 15.4.89 Gwydir (NSW) Anderson JD (NP) Hunt RJD (NP) Resigned 11.5.91 Menzies (Vic) Andrews KJ (LP) Brown NA (LP) Resigned 11.4.92 Wills (Vic) Cleary PR (Ind) Hawke RJL (ALP) Resigned 29.1.94 Weniwa (NSW) Latham M (ALP) Kerin JC (ALP) Resigned

nesults and Swings ..". The most striking feature of by-elections held during the period is the small number oftimes that the sitting party has lost the seat at the by-election. On only nine occasions has the sitting party lost the seat at the by-election and on two of these occasions the seat was won by the other partner. Seats Lost at By-elections 1949-1994

Sitting Winning Division Government party party

Flinders (Vic) 1952 LP/CP LP ALP Calare (NSW) 1960 LP/CP LP CP Dawson (Qld) 1966 LP/CP CP ALP Corio (Vic) 1967 LP/CP LP ALP Bass (Tas) 1975 ALP ALP LP Lowe (NSW) 1982 LPINP LP ALP Adelaide (SA) 1988 ALP ALP LP Groom (Qld) 1988 ALP NP LP Wills (Vic) 1992 ALP ALP Ind 4 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

In terms of winning seats from other parties, no political party can claim a great deal of success, as gains and losses are almost equal. The has won four seats from either the National Party or the , but has lost two seats to the Liberal Party and one seat to an Independent. The Liberal Party has won three seats, one seat being won from it's coalition partner, while it has lost four seats, three to the ALP and one to the National Party. The National Party has fared the worst, winning only one seat (from the Liberal Party) and losing two seats. The fact that so few seats have changed hands in by-elections is probably due more to the propensity for by-elections to occur in safe seats rather than any other factor. Political parties and individual Members are only too well aware of the political consequences of losing a seat at a by-election and thus try to ensure that oy-elections occur only in relatively safe seats. Of the 40 by-elections resulting from the resignation of the Member, only seven have been in marginal seats (ie seats requiring a swing of less than 6.0% to change hands). By far the largest number of by-elections, 25, have occurred in safe seats (ie seats requiring a swing ofover 10% to change hands). By-elections Caused by Resignation by Safeness ofSeat

No %

Marginal 7 17.5 Fairly Safe 8 20.0 Safe 25 62.5 Total 40 100.0

Apart from a party's success or defeat in a by-election the most important aspect of a by-election is the swing that takes place. Conventional wisdom holds that there is usually a swing against the government of the day at a by-election. The success or otherwise of a government, opposition, or party leader at the by-election is often measured by the size ofthe swing in comparison with the average swing recorded in past by-elections. However, by-elections occur in varied and disparate Electoral Divisions, with different numbers and mixes of candidates, and with a variety of local, state and national issues involved. It could be argued that given the variety of factors involved there is no average by-election swing. By-elections are held in such different circumstances that none can be regarded as normal, and any swing can be explained by the special factors pertaining to each by-election. In calculating the swing at a by-election the most commonly used method is to compare the two-party preferred vote at the by-election with the two-party preferred vote at the preceding House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994 5

general election in the Division. However, two-party preferred vote swings are not a perfect measure as they can be affected by the number of candidates, position on the ballot paper, order of exclusion of candidates and the number of different parties contesting the Division. Average two-party preferred vote swings for by-elections held between 1949 and the end of January 1994 are given below. Two-party preferred vote swings can be calculated for 56 of the 67 by-elections held during the period. Swings cannot be calculated where one of the major parties (ie ALP or LPINP Coalition) did not stand a candidate at the by-election ,or the preceding general election, or where the Division was uncontested at the by-election or preceding general election. . Average By-election Swings Against Government at By-elections 1949-1994 Percent

Average By-elections swing (a) All By-elections -3.9 56

ALP Governments - -5.0 15 Whitlam -10.6 2 HawkelKeating -4.1 13

LPINP Governments - -3.5 41 MenziesIHolt/GortonlMcMahon -3.5 32 Fraser -3.2 9 (a) By-elections where a two-party preferred swing can be calculated.

The average swing against the government of the day in all by-elections held during the period 1949 to 1994 is 3.9%. The swing against ALP Governments, 5.0%, is somewhat higher than the swing against LPINP Coalition Governments, 3.5%. The Whitlam Government experienced the highest swing against it, 10.6%, of any Government during the period. However, as only two by-elections were held during the term of the Whitlam government this should be treated with caution. Swings at by-elections during the period have varied from a 14.6% swing against the government (Bass 1975) to a swing of 16.2% to the government (McPherson 1981). The largest swing against an ALP Government was Bass in 1975 'with a 14.6% swing while the largest swing against a LPINP Coalition Government was Werriwa in 1952 with a 12.4% swing. Swings to the government of the day are a rare event in by-elections with only ten being recorded during

~\. 6 House ofRepresentatives By·elections 1949·1994 the period. The largest swing to an ALP Government was in Wills in 1992 with a 5.9% swing (although the ALP lost the seat to an independent candidate, P Cleary) while the largest swing to a LPINP Coalition Government was in McPherson in 1981 with a 16.2% swing. It should be noted that in both Wills and McPherson the swing may be distorted by the mix of candidates standing and the distribution ofpreferences.

.' House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994 7

By-election Swings 1949 - 1994

ALP Government LPINP Government Division Swing Division Swing

Parramatta 1973 -6.6 Balaclava 1951 -3.4 Bass 1975 -14.6 Macquarie 1951 +0.1 Wannon 1983 -1.5 Lyne 1952 -8.8 Bruce 1983 -3.8 Flinders 1952 -11.0 Moreton 1983 -1.2 Werriwa 1952 -12.4 Corangamite 1984 -1.3 Bradfield 1952 n.8. Hughes 1984 -5.0 Dalley 1953 n.a. Richmond 1984 +0.5 Lang 1953 -2.5 Scullin 1986 -4.4 Corangamite 1953 -6.5 Adelaide 1988 -8.4 Gwydir 1953 -0.4 ~ort Adelaide 1988 -11.1 . Cook 1955 n.a. Groom 1988 -5.2 Cunningham 1956 n.a. Oxley 1988 -11.8 Barker 1956 -9.9 Gwyder 1989 n.a. Wentworth 1956 n.a. Menzies 1991 n.a. Richmond 1957 n.a. Wills 1992 +5.9 Parramatta 1958 -6.4 Werriwa 1994 -6.3 Hunter 1960 n.a. La Trobe 1960 -7.5 Balaclava 1960 -4.6 Bendigo 1960 +0.1 Calare 1960 +1.0 Higinbotham 1960 -9.2 Batman 1962 n.a. Grey 1963 +4.9 East Sydney 1963 n.a. Denison 1964 -1.9 Angas 1964 -2.1 Parramatta 1964 -3.0 Robertson 191' A -1.4 Riverina 1965 -0.9 Dawson 1966 -11.9 Kooyong 1966 -3.8 Corio 1967 -11.1 Capricornia 1967 +1.5 Higgins 1968 -0.3 Curtin 1969 -7.1 Bendigo 1969 +2.1 Gwydir 1969 -7.7 Australian Capital Territory 1970 +13.8 Chisholm 1970 -2.8 Murray 1971 -0.4 Cunningham 1977 -0.3 Werriwa 1978 -11.3 Grayndler 1979 -6.9 McPherson 1981 +16.2 Boothby 1981 -1.2 Curtin 1981 -7.5 Wentworth 1981 -6.2 Lowe 1982 -8.5 Flinders 1982 -3.3 n.8. not available 8 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

Notes on Selected By-elections Macquarie 1950 - By-election held following the death of the former Prime Minister JB Chifley. The ALP retained the seat despite a small (0.4%) swing to the LP/CP Coalition Government. Lyne 1952 - The Country Party, which stood two candidates in this by-election, retained the seat (PE Lucock successful candidate) despite a large swing to the ALP (8.8%). Flinders 1952 - The Liberal Party lost the seat to the ALP as the result of a large (11.0%) swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government. The successful candidate (K Ewert) lost the seat at the next general election. Werriwa 1952 - The ALP achieved'its highest, swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government (12.4%) at this by-election. The successful ALP candidate was future Prime Minister EG Whitlam. Bradfield 1952 - No ALP candidate contested this safe Liberal seat, previously held by former Prime Minister and longest ever serving Member ofthe House of Representatives, WM Hughes. Gwydir 1953 - Two Country Party candidates contested this by-election along with candidates from the ALP and Liber~1 Party. Seat was won by the Country Party's AI Allan. Cook 1955 - The Liberal Party did not contest this safe ALP seat, retained for the ALP by JF Cope. Typical ofinner-city electorates there was a low voter turnout (76.0%) at this by-election. Cunningham 1956 - The ALP candidate, VD Kearner, was elected unopposed, this was the only time a by-election was uncontested during the period. Richmond 1957 - Four Country Party candidates contested this by-election, including the eventual winner JD Anthony, the son ofthe former Member, HL Anthony. Hunter 1960 - The Liberal Party did not stand a candidate for this safe ALP seat, formerly held by HV Evatt. Calare 1960 - This by-election was the only time the Country Party has won a seat from another party at a by-election during the period. The Country Party candidate, JA England, won the seat formerly held by the Liberal Party's JB Howse. Batman 1962 - The successful ALP candidate, SJ Benson, was subsequently expelled from the ALP and was elected as an independent at the 1966 general election. East Sydney 1963 - The second lowest voter turnout (71.9%) ofthe period was recorded at this by-election. The ALP retained the seat. The Liberal Party did not stand a candidate. House ofRepresentatives By·elections 1949·1994 9

Dawson 1966 - Prominent ALP candidate, RA Patterson, achieved the second largest swing (11.9%) against the LP/CP Coalition Government to win the seat from the Country Party. Kooyong 1966 - The Liberal Party candidate, AS Peacock, retained this safe Liberal seat in the by-election held following the resignation ofPrime Minister RG Menzies. Corio 1967 -A large swing against the LP/CP Coalition Government (11.1%) resulted in the ALP candidate, GGD Scholes, winning the seat from the Liberal Party. Higgins 1968 - By-election was held following the presumed death of Prime Minister HE Holt. Retained for the Liberal Party by Prime Minister (and ex-Senator) JG Gorton. Australian Capital Territory 1970 - Despite a large swing the ALP retained this seat formerly held by popular Member, JR Fraser. The candidate, AJ Fitzgerald, received 17.5% of the first preference votes. Chisholm 1970 -, The Liberal Party candidate, M Staley, retained this seat. The ALP candidate was, FX Costigan,. later Royal Commissioner investigating the activities of the Federated Ship "Painters' and Dockers' Union, and tax evasion matters. Bass 1975 - The largest swing ever recorded against any government (14.6%) occurred at this by-election held following the appointment of former Member, LH Barnard, to be 'Ambassador to Norway, Finland and Sweden. The Liberal Party 'Candidate, KE Newman, won the seat from the ALP. Werriwa 1978 - The ALP candidate, JC Kerin, achieved a large 'Swing (11.3%) against the LPINP Coalition Government in this by-election, held following the resignation of former Prime Minister, EG Whitlam. McPherson 1981 - The Liberal Party candidate, PND White, achieved a swing to the LPINP Coalition Government of 16.2%, the largest swing to any government during the period. The National Party candidate (future Senator G Sheil) outpolled the ALP candidate. Wentworth 1981 - The Liberal Party candidate, WP Coleman, comfortably retained the seat despite a 6.2% swing to the ALP candidate, RF Tickner. The voter turnout (69.5%) was the lowest recorded during the period. Lowe 1982 - This marginal Liberal Party seat became vacant following the resignation of former Prime Minister W McMahon. The ALP candidate, MJ Maher, won the seat from the Liberal Party with a 8.5% swing. 10 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

Flinders 1982 - The Liberal Party retained this marginal seat with only a 3.3% swing against the LPINP Coalition Government. However, new Member, PK Reith, was unable to take up his seat in the House of Representatives as the Parliament was dissolved before he could be sworn in and he was defeated at the subsequent general election. Mr Reith was re-elected in 1984. Scullin 1986 - The ALP retained this seat with HA Jenkins succeeding his father HA Jenkins. Adelaide 1988 - The ALP lost this seat with a swing of 8.4% against the ALP Government. The successful Liberal Party candidate, MP Pratt, lost the seat at the next general election. Port Adelaide 1988 - An 11.1% swing against the ALP , Government was insufficient for the Liberal Party to win the seat. The ALP's RW Sawford was the winning candidate. Groom 1988 - The Liberal Party candidate, WL Taylor, won the seat previously held by the National Party. Oxley 1988 -' The prospective appointment of- WG Hayden as Governor-General caused the vacancy in this safe ALP seat. The ALP candidate, LJ Scott, was successful despite an 11.8% swing against the ALP Government. Gwydir 1989 - Neither the ALP nor the Liberal Party contested this safe National Party seat, retained by JD Anderson. Wills 1992 -A record 22 candidates contested this ALP seat vacated by the former Prime Minister, RJL Hawke. Prominent local identity, PR Cleary, won the seat to become the first independent candidate to win a by-election in the period. The two-party preferred count of preferences resulted in a swing to the ALP Government of 5.9%, the first swing to the Government since Richmond in 1984. Werriwa 1994 - The ALP retained this safe seat despite a swing against the ALP Government of 6.3%. The successful candidate was M Latham.

. .! House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994 11

Party Abbreviations and Symbols * Party holding seat before by-election Nil or rounded to zero n.a. not applicable

AC Australian Constitutionalist AFI Australians Against Further Immigration ALP Australian Labor Party ANAG Australian National Action Group AP Australia Party APPG Australian Pensioner Pressure Group A.R Australian Republican ' ARM Australian Reform Movement Com Communist Party CP Country Party CRep Constitutional Republican Dem DLP Democratic Labor Party DOGS Council for the Defence ofGovernment Schools DSP Deadly Serious Party FPA Federal Party ofAustralia Ind Independent ILab Independent Labor ILib Independent Liberal ILCL Independent Liberal Country League LibF Liberal Forum LP'" Liberal Party LRG Liberal Reform Group NA National Alliance NAP New NHP National Humanitarian Party NP National Party NSP National Socialist Party PCP Progressive Conservative Party PORP Property Owners' Rights Party PP Progress Party SPA Socialist Party ofAustralia SWP SoC:alist Workers' Party UAP Unite Australia Party' UTG United Tasmanian Group UM Uninflated Movement UWU Unemployed Workers Union VOTE Voice ofthe Elderly

'\ 12 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETAILS

Balacla.... (Vic) 28.7.51 Enrolled 42823 Flindera (Vic) 18.10.52 Enrolled 46748

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate PartY Votes % Swing - First Preference Votes First Preference Votes Joske PE * LP 20337 57.0 -0.3 EwertKWW ALP 22874 53.8 +10.8 Lewis A ALP 13279 37.3 +0.6 HipwellRA lnd 453 1.1 -1.0 Stratton GM lnd 2035 5.7 +5.7 Rossiter JF • LP 18384 43.7 -11.1 Stratton GM lnd 602 1.4 +1.4 Two Party Preferred Votes Joske PE· LP 21355 59.9 -3.4 Two Party Preferred Votes Lewis A ALP 14296 40.1 +3.4 EwertKWW ALP 23202 55.1 +11.0 Rossiter JF • LP 18911 44.9 -11.0 Formal 35651 99.2 +0.5 Informal 274 0.8 -0.5 Formal 42113 98.8 +0.4 Total 35925 83.9 -12.2 Informal 493 1.2 -0.4 Total 42606 91.1 -5.1

Mac.quade (NSW} 28.7.51 Enrolled 39271 Werri",a (NSW) 29.11.52 EnroLled 55486 Candidate PartY Votes % Swing ,- Candidate PartY Votes % Swing First Preference Votes Blanchard WH ILab 3853 10.9 +10.9 First Preference Votes HannamWH LP 12356 35.1 -3.7 Griffithffi LP 15706 32.5 -12.4 Luchetti AS • ALP 16426 52.3 -5.4 WhitlamEG* ALP 32561 67.5 +12.4 Moffit VB Com 575 1.6 -1.9 Two Party Preferred Votes Two Party Preferred Votes Griffithffi LP 15706 32.5 ·12.4 HannamWH LP 13883 39.7 +0.4 Whit1Jl.mEG * ALP 32561 67.5 +12.4 Luchetti AS • ALP 21227 60.3 -0.4 Formal 48267 98.3 +0.6 Formal 35210 99.1 +0.3 Informal 828 1.7 -0.6 Informal 325 0.9 -0.3 Total 49093 88.5 -7.1 Total 35535 90.5 ·7.1

14 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETAILS

Parramatta (NSW) 8.3.58 Enrolled 48649 BalaelaVII

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % Swing

First Preference Votes First Preference Votes Barwick GEJ • LP 22826 54.8 -7.5 MurrayJ AR 865 2.6 +2.6 Fenwick AV lnd 920 2.2 +2.2 RyanJT n::.p 4672 14.2 +2.2 Mahoney DJ ALP 17931 43.0 +5.3 SmithGL ALP 9519 28.9 +3.6 Whittom RH • LP 17859 54.3 -6.8 Two Party Preferred Votes Barwick GEJ • LP 23286 55.9 -6.4 Two Party Preferred Votes MahoneyDJ ALP 18391 44.1 +6.4 SmithGL ALP 10652 32.4 +4.6 Whittom RH • LP 22263 67.6 -4.6 Formal 41677 98.6 +1.3 Informal 610 1.4 -1.3 Formal 32915 97.9 ~.2 Total 42287 86.9 -8.9 Informal 694 2.1 -0.2 Total 33609 79.5 -16.3 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1994-1994 15

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETAILS

Hicinbotham (Vie) 10.12.60 Enrolled 56541 Eaat Sydney (NSW) 28.9.63 Enrolled 35736

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % Swing

First Preference Votes First Preference Votes ChippDL+ LP 19661 39.1 -10.4 Bond LSJ Ind 1224 5.0 +5.0 FowlerHG ALP 23541 46,8 +7.6 CookHK PORP 699 2.9 +2.9 McBrideE AP 325 0.6 +0.6 Devine LT· ALP 19704 60.7' +12.9 NugentJ DLP 6756 13.4 +2.1 Luckman VA ILib 2233 9.1 +9.1 Phillips J AR 546 2.2 +2.2 Two Party Preferred Vote. ,ChippDL + LP 25443 50.6 -9.2 Formal 24406 94.9 -1.4 FowlerHG ALP 24640 49.4 +9.2 Informal 1305 5.1 +1.4 Total 25711 71.9 -20.0 Formal 50283 98.1 +0.1 Informal 993 1.9 -0.1 Total 51276 90.7 -5.5

Denioon (Tu) 15.2.64 Enrolled 36825

Batman (VIe) 1.9.62 Enrolled 43683 Candidate Party Vote. % Swing

Candidate Party Votes % Swing First Prefumce Votes FinlayDM ALP 14367 43.3 +4.1 First Preference Votes GibaonA + LP 16953 51.1 -0.2 BensonSJ • ALP 21776 60.1 +5.2 SenlorHP DLP' 1563 4.7 -1.7 Davis SE Ind 302 0.8 +0.8 SymmonaBH Ind 277 0.8 +0.8 Little JA DLP 6811 18.8 +4.4 McLeodDW LibF 7028 19.4 +19.4 Two Party Preferred Votes PhillipsJ AR 304 0.8 +0.8 FinlayDM ALP 14740 44.5 +1.9 GibaonA + LP 18420 55.5 -1.9 Formal 36219 97.5 -0.3 Informal 939 2.5 +0.3 Formal 33160 98.5 +0.5 Total 37156 85.1 -10.5 Informal 491 1.5 -0.5 Total 33651 91.4 -3.4

AuatrIIllan Capltll1 Temtory (ACT) CurtIn

First Preference Vote" Firat Pref

Formal 35616 98.3 +2.1 Two Party Preferred Votea Informal 608 1.7 ·2.1 EnderbyKE+ ALP 32690 57.8 ·13.8 Total 36224 50.8 ·13.8 HermeaCL LP 23875 42.2 +13.8

Formal 56565 96.9 ·1.3 Informal 1813 3.1 +1.3 Total 58378 90.5 ·2.4 18 House ofRepresentatives By-elections 1949-1994

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETAILS

Chiaholm (Vic) 19.9.70 Enrolled 56737 Ba.. (Tae) 28.6.75 Enrolled 46744

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % Swing

First Preference Votes First Preference Votes Costigan FX ALP 15335 33.5 -0.6 Aussie-Stone MD Ind 243 0.6 +0.6 Morrow AE AP 1501 3.3 -0.6 KentP Ind 904 2.1 +2.1 Nilsen RN DOGS 41'l8 9.0 +9.0 Macrostie JT * ALP 15609 36.,5 -17.5 Staley AA * LP 24767 54.2 +1.3 Negus SA Ind 124 0.3 +0.3 NewmanKE LP 24638 57.6 +11.6 Two Party Preferred Votes PetroakyVK UTG 1272 3.0 +3.0 Ceatigan FX ALP 18568 40.6 +2.8 Staley AA * LP 27173 59.4 -2.8 Two Party Prefen-ed Vates Macrostie JT • ALP 16880 39.4 -14.6 Formal 45741 98.4 +0.5 NewmanKE LP 25910 60.6 +14.6 Informal 756 1.6 -0.5 Total 46497 82.0 -12.8 Formal 42790 98.2 +0.2 Informal 773 1.8 -0.2 Total 43563 93.2 -2.9

Murray (Vic) 20.3.71 Enrolled 49856

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Cunnin....m (NSW) 15.10.77 Enrolled 76620

First Preference Votes Candidate Party Votes % Swing F1ynnMT Ind 535 1.2 +1.2 HunterWB LP 9622 21.0 +21.0 First Preference Votea LaceyBV DLP 4316 9.4 -0.2 DezelinR lad 1136 1.8 +1.8 LloydEB* CP 19710 43.0 -10.2 Grilrm TJ LP 20748 32.1 4.3 RiordanJA ALP 11670 25.4 +2.2 NixonMF Cem 1236 1.9 +1.9 SampsonRW Dem 5011 7.8 +7.8 Two Pnrty Preferred Votes WestSJ • ALP 36425 56.4 ·5.3 LloydEB* CP 92306 70.5 -0.4 RiordenJA ALP 13547 29.5 +0.4 Two Pnrty Preferred Votes Grilrm TJ LP 24007 37.2 -0.3 Formal 45653 97.6 +0.6 WeatSJ * ALP 40549 52.8 +0.3 Informal 1116 2.4 -0.6 Total 46969 94.2 -2.7 Formal 64568 97.2 -0.8 Informal 1888 2.8 +0.8 Total 66444 86.7 -9.3

Parramatta (NSW) 22.9.73 Enrolled 73679

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Werriwa (NSW) 23.9.78 Enrolled 59897

First Preference Vote. Candidate Party Votes % Swing Auslie--Stone tdD Ind 363 0.6 +0.6 Bellchambera EC Ind 53 0.1 +0.1 First Pnftrmct! Votta Butterworth JH AP 3522 5.5 +2.0 GarciaJA SWP 1081 1.8 +1.8 Hourihan ME DOGS 528 0.8 -1.0 KerinJC * ALP 40272 67.2 +11.7 Kiernan LJ Ind 30 .. .. OlaonKN Dem 3774 6.3 -2.7 LiaterGD Ind 65 0.1 +0.1 Penninger HR NAP 214 0.4 +0.4 MayR NSP 37 0.1 +0.1 SadlerWP LP 14556 24.3 -9.6 McGarrity S Ind 325 0.5 +0.5 MearesKJ Ind 25 .. Two pnrty Prefen-ed Votes PyeMN lad 575 0.9 +0.9 KerinJC * ALP 43185 72.1 +11.3 Ruddock PM * LP 33506 52.6 +6.6 SadlerWP LP 16712 27.9 -11.3 WhelanMJ ALP 24623 38.7 -7.3 Formal 59897 98.2 +1.4 Two Party Preferred Votes Informal 1093 1.8 -1.4 Ruddock PM * LP 36228 56.9 +6.6 Total 60990 81.7 -13.4 WhelanMT ALP 27424 43.1 -6.6

Formal 63652 97.7 -0.1 Informal 1493 2.3 +0.1 Total 65145 88.4 -7.3 House ofRepresentatiues By·elections 1994-1994 19

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETAILS

Grayndler (NSW) 23.6.79 Enrolled 67726 McPbenon (Qld) 21.2.81 Enrolled 86139

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % Swing

First Preference Votes First Preference Votes Bellchambers EC lnd 1051 2.1 +2.1 Aabraham-Steer W lnd 512 0.7 .1.1 DuncanSJE VOTE 1845 3.7 +3.7 ChaffeyKD pp 537 0.8 +0.8 KeigJE SWP 591 1.2 +1.2 CourtneyP lnd 290 0.4 +0.4 KirkmanSR Dem 1848 3.7 ·3.5 GiesbertsH lnd 469 0.7 +0.7 McLeay LB' ALP 30784 61.8 +4.1 McKennaRP ALP 18278 25.7 -5.1 SalterFK NA 863 1.7 +1.7 Sheil G NP 21189 29.8 +29.8 Vasseleou V LP 12161 24.4 -9.0 LP 29776 41.9 " WhitePND ' -1.4 VOUro8 F SPA 665 1.3 -0.4 Two Party1'referred Votes Two Party Preferred Votes McKennaRP ALP 21445 30.2 ·16.2 McLeayLB' ALP 34635 69.6 +6.9 WhitePND ' LP 49606 69.8 +16.2 Vasaeleou V LP 15153 30.4 -6.9 Formal 71051 97.8 +0.1 Formal 49788 94.7 -2.0 Informal 1575 2.2 -0.1 Informal .' 2806 5.3 +2.0 Total 72626 84.3 -8.3 Total 52594 77.7 -14.3

Wentworth (NSW) 11.5.81 Enrolled 69972

Boothby (SA) 21.2.81 Enrolled 60404 Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % .Swing FIrSt Prefennee Votes BuasellAD lnd 534 1.1 +1.1 First PrefenmCt! Votes Coleman wp. LP 22736 48.1 ·12.4 Arkins D UWU 544 0.8 +0.8 KerseyJS Dem 2186 4.6 ·1.6 GardA lnd 555 0.9 +0.9 MoreWL lnd 176 +0.4 HallRS' LP 36406 56.7 +0.5 ... Roach WE lnd 92 0.2 +0.2 HercusRW Oem 9188 14.3 +1.2 TicknerRE ALP 15637 35.2 +1.9 HerreenJD PCP 398 0.6 -0.4 Wentworth KW lLib 4923 10.4 +10.4 WhyattJB ALP 17108 26.6 ·3.1 Two Party Pref

Lowe(NSW) 13.3.82 Enrolled 71140 CurtlnlWA) 21.2.81 Enrolled 64512 Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % Swing FIrst Prefermce Votes First Preference Votu Bellchambers EC lnd 460 0.8 +0.8 BusellAD lnd 1643 3.8 +3.8 CameronRJ lnd 116 0.2 +0.2 CrouchJ ALP 15644 32.1 -0.7 Consandine PW CBep 405 0.7 +0.7 de la Hunty SB Dem 8356 17.1 +8.8 Gu.tinM lnd 729 1.2 +1.2 RocherAC· LP 22951 47.0 -11.9 KirldlamSR Dem 2495 4.1 +1.1 LeeM lnd 144 0.2 +0.2 Two Party f're{erred Votes MaherMJ ALP 32717 53.4 +7.0 CroughJ ALP 21732 44.5 +7.5 Martin FE lnd 49 0.1 +0.1 RocherAC' LP 27062 55.5 -7.5 PenningerJ lnd 56 0.1 +0.1 TaylorPJ LP 23637 38.6 ·10.2 Formal 48794 96.7 -1.1 WebeekRJ lnd 27 Informal 1664 3.3 +1.1 Wentworth KW lnd 462 0.8 0.8 Total 50456 78.2 -14.8 Two Party Preferred Votes MaherMJ ALP 35188 57.4 +8.5 TaylorPJ' LP 26109 42.6 -8.5

Formal 61297 97.7 -0.4 Informal 2091 3.3 +0.4 Total 63369 89.1 -4.9 20 House ofRepresentatives By·elections 1949-1994

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETA.U.S

Fl1nde.. (VIc) 4.12.82 Enrolled 84782 Moreton (Qld) 5.11.83 Enrolled 67335

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Candidate Party Votes % Swing

First Preference Votes First Preference Votes Consandine PW CRep 607 0.8 ;{l.8 CameronDM .. LP 31440 52.1 +5.4 Cro..leyPM DSP 1211 1.6 +1.6 EatherNL APPG 508 0.8 ;{l.8 Farrell G AP 389 0.5 ;{l.5 PlatenMJ NHP 252 0.4 +0.4 FerwerdaPA DLP 1271 1.7 +1.7 RobsonBL ALP 28130 46.6 +1.1 FraserHA Dem 6785 8.9 ·1.6 Reith PK + LP 34756 45.7 -4.6 Two Party Preferred Votes WardRJ ALP 31052 40.8 +1.6 CameronDM" LP 31882 52.8 +1.2 RobsonBL ALP 28446 47.2 -1.2 Two Party Preferred Votes Reith PK + LP 39804 52.3 -3.3 Forms! 60330 98.9 ;{l.4 WardRJ ALP 36276 47.7 +3.3 Informs! 655 1.1 -0.4 Total 60985 90.6 ·2.0 Formal 76080 97.4 -0.7 Informal 1991 2.6 ;{l.7 Total 78071 92.1 ·3.0

Coranpmite (VIc) 18.2.84 Enrolled 75571

Candidate Party Votes % Swing Wannon (Vic) 7.5.83 Enrolled 69466 First Prefermu Votes Candidate Party Votes % Swing LamJK DLP 1336 1.9 +1.9 McArthur FS + LP 32083 46.7 ·11.3 First Prefere""" Votes O'ConnorGM ALP 25517 37.1 -4.9 Genardini NM ALP 23069 36.1 ·1.1 SeymourDCG NP 9794 14.3 +14.3 HallamRM NP 14290 22.3 +22.3 ~awkerDPM· . LP 28631 41.6 -16.0 Two Party Preferred Votes McArthurFS + LP 40837 59.3 +1.3 Two Party Preferred Votes O'ConnorGM ALP 27893 40.7 ·1.3 Genardini NM ALP 25060 39.2 ·1.5 Hawker DPM * LP 38930 60.8 +1.5 Forms! 68730 98.4 ;{l.1 Informal 1096 1.6 -0.1 Forms! 63990 99.2 ;{l.5 Total 69826 92.4 -4.7 Informal 527 0.8 -0.5 Total 84517 92.9 -4.1

Hullbee (N!lW) 1l!.2.84 Enrolled 83072

Bruce (Vic) 38.5.83 Enrolled 81668 Candidate Party Votes % Swing

Candidate Party Votes % Swing First Preference Vota HellyerRK Oem 4065 5.8 ·3.3 First Pretere""" Votes JohnaonL Ind 1393 2.0 +2.0 AldredKJ+ LP 35849 48.5 ;{l.6 M880nCB LP 22962 32.7 +4.3 FogartyPA pp 105 0.1 ;{l.1 SaleamJ ANAG 970 1.4 +1.4 JohnaanMR Oem 4769 6.5 ·1.3 TicknerRE+ ALP 40738 56.1 -3.5 KapphanW Ind 111 0.2 ;{l.2 Mulholland JV DLP 1621 2.2 +2.2 Two Party Preferred Votes O'ConnorHW ALP 31384 42.4 ·1.9 M880nCB LP 25986 37.0 +5.0 Thiele B AC 94 0.1 ;{l.1 TicknerRE+ ALP 44162 63.0 ·5.0

Two Party Preferred Votes Forms! 70118 97.9 -0.3 AldredKJ+ LP 40259 84.5 +3.8 Informs! 1466 2.1 ;{l.3 Q'ConnorWH ALP 33844 45.5 -3.8 Total 71604 86.2 ·9.9

Forms! 73903 98.3 Informal 1286 1.7 Total 75169 92.0 -5.2

22 House ofRepresentatives By·elections 1949·1994

ELECTORAL DIVISION DETAILS

Gwydir (NSW) 15.4.89 Enrolled 69709 WlIla (VIc) 11.4.92 Enrolled 76217

Candidate Party Vates % SWing Candidate Party Votes % Swing

First Preference Votes First Preference Votes AndersonJ· NP 31209 56.0 ·1.2 SavageK Ind 1660 2.6 +2.6 O'Regan B Ind 9881 17.7 +17.7 Kardimitsis B• ALP 18784 29.4 -19.3 UebergangJ Ind 14660 26.3 +26.3 KuhnOE Ind 35 0.1 +0.1 Phillip!! R Ind 136 0.2 +0.2 Formal 56750 95.3 -1.2 KapphanW Ind 34 0.1 +0.1 Informal 2768 4.7 +1.2 RawBOnG Ind 453 0.7 +0.7 Total 58518 83.9 -10.9 Delacretaz J LP 17582 27.6 -6.9 PoulosP Ind 61 0.1 +0.1 DrouleraJP Ind 68 0.1 +0.1 French B Ind 90 0.1 +0.1 PotterFC Ind 30 0.1 +0.1 Menziee (Vic) 11.5.91 Enrolled 72518 MurrayJ Ind 54 0.1 +0.1 Vassis C Ind 43 0.1 +0.1 Candidate Party Votes % Swing ClearyP Ind 21391 33.5 +33.5 FerraroS Ind 221 0.3 +0.3 Fin(Pref.,.._Vote. GermaineS FPA 280 0.4 +0.4 AndrewaKJ· LP 40164 67.7 +9.3 WalkerA AFI 577 0.9 +0.9 McCormackD AFI 4055 6.8 +6.8 Marl

Formal 63601 93.6 Informal 4346 6.4 Total 68149 89.4 -4.9

Werrlwa (NSW) 29.1.94 Enrolled 74512 Candidate Party Votes % Swing

Fint Pre{ermce VOIn MocA1Iister GM Ind 1111 1.8 +1.8 LathamM' ALP 30337 50.1 ·11.3 KsmmounA Ind 378 0.6 +0.6 Lynne LP 20468 33.8 +3.3 SpencerRM AFI 4384 7.2 +7.2 MoonJ Ind 3199 5.3 +5.3 KeegelEL Ind 188 0.3 +0.3 CorbettMR Ind 468 0.8 +0.8

Two Party Preferred Vote. LathamM' ALP 35972 59.5 -6.3 LynneC LP 24500 40.5 +6.3 Exhausted 49

Formal 60521 94.8 -1.2 Informal 3318 5.2 +1.2 Total 63839 85.6 -9.6 PARLIAMENTARYRESEARCHSERVICE PUBLICATIONS

No. Title AutborJGl'Oup Contad &tension BACKGROUND PAPERS 1993

1 The 1942 Singapore disaster: assessing recent claims G. BrownlFADT 2451

2 Australia/New Zealand: Closer Defence Relations G. BrownlFADT 2451

3 Overview of ecologically sustainable development M. Emery 2475 and processes in Australia, 1990-92 consultant/ECIR

4 Private sector input to the APEC process J. Adams 2475 consultant/ECIR 5 Labour Market Deregulation: the New Zealand Experience S. O'NeillJECIR 2474 .' 6 Seeking Spratly Solutions: Maritime Tensions in the South China Sea A. ShephardlFADT 2551

7 Monarchy or Republic? Constitutional options for States . A. TwomeylLPA 2431

8 The Multiculturalism and Immigration Debate 1973 - 1993 J. Gardiner-GardenlSP 2411

9 Youth Issues A. Millbank consultant/SP 2411

10 The Awakened Dragon: Chinese Foreign Policy in the 19905 B. MarlinIFADT 2441

11 Politics in Fiji: Just a Question of Race? S. SheriockIFADT 2441

12 Methods of Choosing a Head of State A. TwomeylLPA 2431

13 Inflation Fighting and Reserve Bank Reform in N.Z. P. Hanratty/ECIR 2474

14 Commonwealth Government Assistance for A. Burdon Adjustment in Agriculture consultant/ESIR 2474

15 A Guide through the Mabo maze A. TwomeyILPA 2431

16 International Year of the Family 1994 S. McInnis consultant/SP 2456

17 Monarchy or Republic? ReserVe Powers of the Head of State Y. MarshILPA 2476

18 Monarchy or Republic? A comparative outline of major Presidential powers 1. Ireland/LPA 2476

19 Sex Discrimination Legislation in Australia C. Larmour/SP 2456

20 Comparisons of 1991 Census Characteristics: Commonwealth Electoral Divisions A. Kopras!Stats 2482

21 void No. TItle AuthorlGroup Contact Ertension BACKGROUND PAPERS 1993 (continued)

22 Federal Elections 1993 G. Newman/Stats 2481

23 The Mabo dehate - a chronology J. Gardiner-GardenlSP 2411

24 Federal Elections Results 1949-93 G. Newman/Stats 2481

25 void

26 Monarchy or Republic? A collection of arguments for and against A. TwomeylLPA 2431

27 Japanese politics and the Juiy 1993 election: co~inuity and change M. Underdown/FADT 2441

28 void

29 The Australian Loan Council (2nd Edition) D. JameslECIR 2461

30 Ari Overview of the Commonwealth Budgetazy ProceSs (3rd Edition) D. JameslECIR 2461

31 Election Dates B. McMahonILPA 2431

32 Residential Care for the Aged R. Le GuenlSP 2411

33 The Development of Federal Industrial Powers S. O'Neil1!ECIR 2475

34 Australian Mining Leases: State and Territozy Procedures P. KaylSTER 2421

35 Commonwealth Road Funding since 1980 D. JameslECIR 2475

36 Trends in Unemployment and Underemployment T. KrygerlStats 2482 No. TiUe AutborlGroup ColJtact EneIJsiolJ ISSUES BRIEFS 1993

1 Index to Parliamental)' Questions on Defence: 1992 G. BrownlFADT 2451

2 Racial Vilification and Freedom ofSpeech A. Twomey/LPA 2431

3 1993 Elections : Preliminaty Results G. Newman/Stats 2481

4 Report: Outlook 93 Conference (Minerals and Energy) P. KaylSTER 2421

5 'Office of Profit under the Crown' and Membership of the Commonwealth Parliament K ColeILPA 2431

6 Th~ Voyager Disaster: A 30 Year Saga . D. AndersoD/FADT 2451

7 Cambodia Prepares for Elections F. F'rostI.f:ADT 2441

8 Data-matching in Commonwealth Administra,tions M. MasonILPA 2431

9 General Revenue Grants and the 1993 Financial Premiers' Conference D. BattsIECIR 2474

10 Waste not? Recycling and waste minimisation B. McCormicklSTER 2421

11 Australian Battles onthe Westem Front During WWI D. Anderson/FADT 2451

12 .Petrol Prices Beat the Budget - Taxing without Y. MarsblLPA 2431 A~thority

13 Sales Tax and Refunda: the Mutual Pools Case B. BaileylLPA 2646 .:« 14 Taking riska for Peace: the Israeli·PLO Declaration of Principles M.Ong/FADT 2441

15 Effects of Sub-clinical lewls of lead in Children R. PanterlSTER 2421

16 Immigration ~d Unemployment. a symposium report P. HanrattyJECIR 2474

This aerial bas been diacontinued. From 11 November t'-e p.Nicatiolls will be !mown .. Curre.at.r.-BrieIiJ.

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,\ No. Title AutIJorlGroup Contact Extension CURRENT ISSUES BRIEFS 1993

1 APEC's Seattle Meetings: Issues for Australia F. FrostIFADT 2441

2 Are State revenues safe or does the confusion remain?: The High Court Decision in the Capital DU~li~tors (No 2) Case B. BaileylLPA 2431

:r The Native Title'Bill· Impact on the States A Twomey/LPA 2431

4 When the talking had to stop: The end of the Uruguay Round M. W8l'byIFADT 2441

.' No. Title AutborlGroup Contact Extension RESEARCH PAPERS 1993

1 Afghanistan: the politics ofdisintegration R. Tomar/FADT 2451

2 The Defence Commercial Support Program: Saving $200 Million a Year for Defence Procurement? A. Shephard/FADT . 2451

3 International Trade and the Global Environment P. Hanratty/ECIR . 2457

4 Australia's Defence Cooperation Program A. Shephard/F.J'T . 2451

5 Further Processing of Agricultural Products in A. Watson Australia: Some Economic Issues (consultant) ECIR 2457 .'

~

"\ No. TiUe Autbor/Group Contact ErtellSion CURRENT ISSUES BRIEFS 1994

1 "Restoring Full Employment": An Overview S. O'Neill G. Winter & D. Daniels ECIR/SP 2457

2 Report: Outlook 94 Conference (Minerals and Energy) P. KaylSTER 2421

3 Reducing Unemployment: A Conference Report P. HanrattylECm 2457 No. Title AuthorlGroup Contact Extension RESEARCHPAPERS 1994

1 National competition Policy: Overview and Assessment J. KalnlECm 2457

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