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Chapter 2

History

Chapter Review Questions: Answer Key

1. Why is it important to know the history of your science?

a. It is important to know the major players and events that formed your

sub-discipline.

b. Knowing where we came from gives us a better understanding of

where we are now as scientists, and also where we are going in the

future

2. Which civilization was the first to recognize the individualizing power of

?

a. China

3. How did the invention of the microscope benefit the advancement of the

science of analysis?

a. Observed the microscopic features and structures of fingerprints

4. How did Sir William Herschel contribute to the field of fingerprint

analysis?

a. H was the first British man to acknowledge the individualizing power

of fingerprints

5. Which historical figure first published the concept that fingerprints are

unique and may be useful for solving crimes?

a. Dr. Henry Faulds 5

6. Who wrote the first book on fingerprints in eighteen ninety-two?

a. Sir

7. What is fingerprint classification?

a. A method of organizing criminal records so they may be found again

in order to compare them with new arrests

8. Why was Bertillonage an inferior method of criminal identification to

fingerprinting?

a. Not individualizing

9. Who is responsible for developing the fingerprint classification system

used primarily in English-speaking countries?

a. Sir Edward Henry

10. What contributions did Juan Vucetich make to the science of fingerprint

analysis?

a. Realized the superiority of fingerprint identification to Bertillonage

b. Developed a classification system in Argentina

c. Trained the detective who solved the first crime using fingerprint

evidence

11. What is AFIS?

a. The Automated Fingerprint Identification System

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Chapter 3

Physiology and Embryology

Chapter Review Questions: Answer Key

1. How do we know that no two fingerprints are alike?

a. Nature never repeats itself

b. Natural variation

2. What is cell differentiation?

a. A cell is given a biochemical signal that controls what type of cell it

will become.

3. What is epigenetics, and what does it have to do with fingerprint

development?

a. Epigenetics is responsible for fingerprint unqiueness

b. It is the study of things that control gene expression outside the

genetic code itself

c. Epigenetic factors influencing friction ridge growth may include the

mother’s nutrition, disease, environmental factors, or the position and

environment of the fetus in the uterus

4. Which layer of the skin is responsible for friction ridge generation?

a. Basal layer

5. How are friction ridge cells formed?

a. Mitosis in the basal layer splits one cell into two individual cells.

b. The cells are pushed up to the surface Fundamentals of Fingerprint Analysis

Chapter 2 History

Created by Hillary Moses Daluz Why Study History?

• Understanding of the past, present and future of the science • Certification tests • Courtroom testimony Ancient History

• Designs in Paleolithic rocks may have been inspired by fingerprint patterns Ancient History • It is unknown when fingerprints were first used for identification purposes • Used in China as early as 206 BCE – Army rosters – IOUs – Engagements and divorces – Deeds for land and homes – Records of indenture – Evidence in criminal and civil disputes Fingerprint Science: 17th – 19th Centuries • Nehemiah Grew – First scientific analysis of friction ridges with a microscope (1684) Fingerprint Science: 17th – 19th Centuries • Sir William Herschel – Administrator for the East India Company in Bengal – Collected fingerprints and handprints on contracts – Recognized the uniqueness of fingerprints – Experimented with fingerprint permanence by fingerprinting himself over a period of 50 years Fingerprint Science: 17th – 19th Centuries • Dr. Henry Faulds – Medical missionary to India and Japan – First European to determine that fingerprints could be used to solve crimes Fingerprint Science: 17th – 19th Centuries • Sir Francis Galton – Wrote the first book on fingerprints – Described fingerprints as • Unique • Permanent – Also described minutiae (often called “Galton details”) Criminal Records and Classification

• Classification – a method of organizing criminal records so they may be relocated in order to compare them with new arrests Criminal Records and Classification

• – the measurement of biological characteristics Criminal Records and Classification

• Bertillonage – a method of classification based on anatomical measurements of arrestees – Devised by – Measurements recorded on a Bertillonage card Criminal Records and Classification

• Flaws with Bertillonage – Needed specialized measuring tools and cumbersome equipment – Does not take into consideration the proportions between height and limb length – Criminals would not remain still long enough to take the battery of measurements – NOT as individualizing as fingerprints Criminal Records and Classification

• Bertillonage Criminal Records and Classification

• Juan Vucetich – Identification Bureau in Buenos Aires, Argentina – Helped solve one of the first murders using bloody fingerprint evidence from a crime scene – Developed the first classification system – Still used today in mostly Spanish- speaking countries Criminal Records and Classification

• Henry Classification (Chapter 4) – Developed by Sir Edward Henry, Rai Bahadur Hem Chandra Bose and Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque – Used throughout the English-speaking world Criminal Records and Classification

• Henry Classification (Chapter 4) – Primary Henry Classification - represented in fraction form • Fingers with whorl patterns are given a numerical value • The sum of the even-numbered fingers is located in the numerator • The sum of the odd-numbered fingers is located in the denominator • The number one is added to the numerator and denominator Criminal Records and Classification

• Henry Classification (Chapter 4) The 20th Century

• 1901 - Scotland Yard established the first fingerprint bureau The 20th Century

• 1903 – The New York State Prison System began routinely fingerprinting inmates The 20th Century

• 1915 – The International Association for Criminal Identification, the first professional fingerprint organization, was founded in Oakland, CA – Later renamed the International Association for Identification The 20th Century

• 1924 – J. Edgar Hoover established the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Identification Division, followed by the FBI Laboratory in 1932 The 20th Century

• 1980s - Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) – Made possible by computer technology developed in the 1970s – Fingerprints were digitized, coded and stored – New method for storing, sorting and searching overwhelming numbers of criminal fingerprint records