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RICO: Is It a Panacea Or a Bitter Pill for Labor Unions, Union Democracy and Collective Bargaining? Steven T Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal Volume 11 | Issue 2 Article 6 1994 RICO: Is it a Panacea or a Bitter Pill for Labor Unions, Union Democracy and Collective Bargaining? Steven T. Ieronimo Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlelj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Ieronimo, Steven T. (1994) "RICO: Is it a Panacea or a Bitter Pill for Labor Unions, Union Democracy and Collective Bargaining?," Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal: Vol. 11: Iss. 2, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlelj/vol11/iss2/6 This document is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ieronimo: RICO: Is it a Panacea or a Bitter Pill for Labor Unions, Union De RICO: IS IT A PANACEA OR A BITTER PILL FOR LABOR UNIONS, UNION DEMOCRACY AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING? I. INTRODUCrION Congress enacted the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organi- zations statute' ("RICO") in 1970. Its aim was to take on the ever increasing problem of organized crime's corruptive grip on legitimate businesses and unions.2 RICO was a fresh approach to the problem of uprooting organized crime? "[T]he RICO statute was intended to provide new weapons of unprecedented scope for an assault upon organized crime and its economic roots."4 However, RICO does not exist in a vacuum. The statute also affects legitimate interests, such as those of labor.' Criminal and civil RICO actions brought by the government can affect labor interests in both positive and negative ways. The em- placement by the government of a RICO trustee upon a labor union to, in effect, purge the union of the influence of organized crime or traditional labor racketeering and the use of other such equitable relief undermines the notion of union democracy. However, the government does attempt to ensure that true union democracy will be restored. This is bitter medicine indeed, but such action is necessary in certain situations to ensure union democracy, legitimate collective bargaining, and the continued support of organized labor by the federal govern- ment. The government uses civil RICO actions to replace duly elected union officials with RICO trustees who oversee elections, investigate charges, discipline union members, review and expenditures and con- tracts. However, in the hands of private individuals and corporations, civil RICO is not bitter medicine. Rather, it is a poison which seems 1. Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. No. 91-452, 84 Stat. 941 (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1968 (1988)). 2. Randy M. Mastro, et al., Private Plaintiffs' Use of Equitable Remedies Under the RICO Statute: A Means to Reform Corrupted Labor Unions. 24 MICH. J.L. REF. 571, 574 (1991). 3. Mastro, supra note 2, at 575. 4. Mastro, supra note 2, at 575 (citing Russello v. United States, 464 U.S. 16, 26 (1983)). 5. These interests include preservation of union democracy, union organization, and the collective bargaining process. Published by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law, 1994 1 Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal, Vol. 11, Iss. 2 [1994], Art. 6 Hofstra Labor Law Journal [Vol. 11:2 to always adversely affect labor's interests. Civil RICO actions brought by employers against their collective bargaining partners serve as a setback for the American labor movement.6 In this article, I will briefly describe RICO and its interaction with other statutes that affect labor and show RICO's disproportionate effect on those statutes in an effort to illustrate and distinguish gov- ernment and private use of civil RICO. I will also review recent court decisions which demonstrate that civil RICO in private hands is being utilized in the labor arena in ways which were never contemplated, creating a disruptive rather than a stabilizing force in labor relations. Finally, I will consider some persistent constitutional questions that civil RICO presents, especially in light of employees' right to bargain collectively. I conclude that the disruptive force of private civil RICO litigation in the field of labor relations should be proscribed. II. RICO A. The Statute A unique aspect of the RICO statute is that it does not make illegal any specific action that is not otherwise illegal.7 Indeed, Sec- tions 1961(1) of RICO prohibits racketeering activities.8 Collectively, 6. Howard S. Simonoff & Theodore M. Lieverman, The RICO-ization of Federal Labor Law: An Argument for Broad Preemption, 8 LAB. LAW. 335 (1992). The use of RICO lawsuits against unions by employers during labor disputes threatens a return to a darker, more sinister era of labor relations in the United States. Once denounced as criminal syndicates, then antitrust conspiracies, then communist fronts, American labor unions now increasingly face being labeled as racketeering conspiracies for which they may be liable for treble damages and size- able attorneys' fees. Although use of the RICO statute is commonly believed to be for rooting out corruption and organized crime, private RICO litigation has no such interest or limitation. To the contrary, it usually is aimed directly at conduct aris- ing out of bona fide labor disputes, where there is no hint of "racketeering" on the part of the unions. Simonoff & Lieverman, supra, at 335-36 (footnote omitted). 7. G. Robert Blakey & Ronald Goldstock, "On the Waterfront": RICO and Labor Racketeering, 17 AM. CRIM. L. REv. 341, 348 (1980). 8. Section 1961(1) provides in pertinent part: "[Riacketeering activity" means (A) any act or threat involving murder, kidnaping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, dealing in obscene matter, or dealing in narcotic or other dangerous drug, which is chargeable under State law punish- able by imprisonment for more than one year;, (B) any act which is indictable under any of the following provisions of title 18, United States Code: Section 201 (relating to bribery), section 224 (relating to sports bribery), sections 471, 472, and 473 (relating to counterfeiting), section 659 (relating to theft from interstate ship- http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/hlelj/vol11/iss2/6 2 Ieronimo: RICO: Is it a Panacea or a Bitter Pill for Labor Unions, Union De 1994] RICO: Panacea Or Bitter Pill? these sections include eight felonies under state law and at least twenty-four federal felonies, among which are certain labor related offenses, such as restrictions on payments and loans to labor unions, and embezzlement from union funds." This gives RICO a blanket or umbrella-like effect which allows it to reach a wide range of activi- ties. When a person commits two of these RICO prohibited racke- teering offenses, normally referred to as "predicate acts" for the pur- poses of RICO,1 a pattern of racketeering activity can be estab- lished." RICO was designed to be broad and flexible enough to meet the various situations in which organized crime finds, takes over, and controls legitimate businesses and unions, as well as illegiti- mate entities. 2 Rather than concentrating on just isolated acts or ment) if the act indictable under section 659 is felonious, section 664 (relating to embezzlement from pension and welfare funds), sections 891-894 (relating to extor- tionate credit transactions), section 1029 (relative to fraud and related activity in connection with access devices), section 1084 (relating to the transmission of gam- bling information), section 1341 (relating to mail fraud), section 1343 (relating to wire fraud), sections 1461-1465 (relating to obscene matter), section 1503 (relating to obstruction of justice), section 1510 (relating to obstruction of criminal investiga- tions), section 1511 (relating to obstruction of State or local law enforcement), section 1512 (relating to tampering with witness, victim, or informant), sections 1951 (relating to interference with commerce, robbery or extortion), section 1952 (relating to racketeering), section 1953 (relating to interstate transportation of wag- ering paraphernalia), section 1954 (relating to unlawful welfare fund payments), section 1955 (relating to the prohibition of illegal gambling businesses), section 1956 (relating to the laundering of monetary instruments), section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity), sections 2251 through 2252 (relating to sexual exploitation of chil- dren),(sic) section 1958 (relating to use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire), . sections 2312 and 2313 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen motor vehicles), sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to the transportation of stolen property), section 2321 (relating to trafficking in certain motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts) sections 2341-2346 (relating to trafficking in contraband cigarettes), sections 2421-24 (relating to white slave traffic), (C) any act which is indictable under title 29, United States Code, section 186 (dealing with restrictions on payments and loans to labor organizations) or section 501(c) (re- lating to embezzlement from union funds), (D) any offense involving fraud con- nected with a cause under title 11, fraud in the sale of securities, or felonious manufacture, importation, receiving, concealment, buying, selling, or otherwise deal- ing in narcotic or other dangerous drugs, punishable under any law of the United States, or (E) any act which is indictable under Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1) (1988) (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). 9. Id. See Mastro, supra note 2, at 575. 10. Mastro, supra note 2, at 586-87 n.110 (stating that the phrase "predicate act" is a term of art). 11. See Blakey & Goldstock, supra note 7, at 348-49. 12. Blakey & Goldstock, supra note 7, at 349. Published by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law, 1994 3 Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal, Vol.
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