Information Display Magazine Vol. 33 No. 2, March/April 2017

Mar-Apr Cover_SID Cover 3/4/2017 10:05 AM Page 1

DISPLAY WEEK 2017 PREVIEW AND DISPLAY MATERIALS

March/April 2017 Official Publication of the Society for Information Display • www.informationdisplay.org Vol. 33, No. 2 RADIANT FROM EVERY ANGLE

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Information SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY SID MARCH/APRIL 2017 VOL. 33, NO. 2 ON THE COVER: The winners of this year’s DISPLAY major awards from SID are: (clockwise from top left) DISPLAYShui-Chih WEEK 2017 PREVIEW Alan AND Lien DISPLAY, MATERIALSKenneth I. Werner, Martin S. Banks, Deng-Ke Yang, Yi-Pai Huang, and Hiroyuki Ohshima. March/April 2017 Official Publication of the Society for Information Display • www.informationdisplay.org Vol. 33, No. 2 contents 2 Editorial: Onward to Display Week n By Stephen P. Atwood 3 Industry News n By Jenny Donelan 4 Guest Editorial: Advances in Materials for Display Applications n By Ion Bita 6 Frontline Technology: Emerging Solution-Processable Luminescent Nanomaterials in Hybrid Structures Offer New Solutions for Displays and Lighting As the development of quantum dot and perovskite luminescent materials accelerates, it is

Cover Design: Acapella Studios, Inc. expected that these materials will increasingly gain applications in display and lighting markets, particularly in hybrid structures with state-of-the-art phosphor or OLED systems. n By Yajie Dong, Hao Chen, Juan He, and Shin-Tson Wu 16 Frontline Technology: Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Is a Key New Technology for OLED Displays TADF emitters are poised to contribute to the next material-driven advancement of the OLED In the Next Issue of industry, making OLEDs ideal for even more applications. Information Display n By Daniel Volz Show Issue/Automotive 22 2017 Honors and Awards: SID Recognizes Outstanding Members of the Displays Display Community This year’s winners of the Society for Information Display’s Honors and Awards include • 2017 Display Industry Awards Hiroyuki Ohshima, who will receive the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize; Shui-Chih Alan Lien, • Products on Display who has earned the Jan Rajchman Prize; Martin S. Banks, who will receive the Otto Schade • Interior Vehicle Lighting Prize; Deng-Ke Yang, who has earned the Slottow-Owaki Prize; Kenneth I. Werner, who will receive the Lewis and Beatrice Winner Award; and Yi-Pai Huang, who will receive the inaugural • Conformable LCDs Peter Brody Prize. • Vehicle Display Marketplace n By Jenny Donelan • Q&A with Luminit 28 Show Review: The 11 Best Display-Related Finds at CES 2017 The most exciting near- and medium-term developments seen at the show revolved around quantum dots. And there were other surprises. n By Ken Werner 34 2017 Display Week Symposium Preview: AR/VR, Digital Signage, Display INFORMATION DISPLAY (ISSN 0362-0972) is published 6 times a Materials, and Wearables Headline Display Week 2017 Technical Program in year for the Society for Information Display by Palisades Convention Management, 411 Lafayette Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10003; Los Angeles William Klein, President and CEO. EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS A bumper crop of papers submitted to this year’s symposium ensures that the field will be OFFICES: Jenny Donelan, Editor in Chief, Palisades Convention Management, 411 Lafayette Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10003; broad as well as deep. Highlights include novel technologies like aerial displays, perovskites, telephone 212/460-9700. Send manuscripts to the attention of the Editor, ID. SID HEADQUARTERS, for correspondence on sub- and tunable microlens arrays, as well as practical advances in manufacturing and metrology scriptions and membership: Society for Information Display, 1475 that will help you do your job better. This is your once-a-year opportunity to find out what’s S. Bascom Ave., Ste. 114, Campbell, CA 95008; telephone 408/879- 3901, fax -3833. SUB SCRIPTIONS: Information Display is distributed happening in the field of displays. without charge to those qualified and to SID members as a benefit of membership (annual dues $100.00). Subscriptions to others: U.S. & n By Jenny Donelan Canada: $75.00 one year, $7.50 single copy; elsewhere: $100.00 one year, $7.50 single copy. PRINTED by Wiley & Sons. PERMISSIONS: 40 Q&A: ID Interviews the Principals of IRYStec Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of the U.S. copyright law for n Conducted by Jenny Donelan private use of patrons, providing a fee of $2.00 per article is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 (reference serial code 0362-0972/17/$1.00 + $0.00). Instructors are 45 SID News permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use without fee. This permission does not apply to any special reports or lists published in this magazine. For other copying, reprint or 48 Corporate Members and Index to Advertisers republication permission, write to Society for Information Display, 1475 S. Bascom Ave., Ste. 114, Campbell, CA 95008. Copyright © 2017 For Industry News, New Products, Current and Forthcoming Articles, see www.informationdisplay.org Society for Information Display. All rights reserved. Information Display 2/17 1 ID Editorial Issue2 p2,46-47_Layout 1 3/4/2017 10:24 AM Page 2

Information editorial DISPLAY Executive Editor: Stephen P. Atwood Onward to Display Week 617/306-9729, [email protected] Editor in Chief: Jenny Donelan by Stephen P. Atwood 603/924-9628, [email protected] It’s hard to believe we’re here again, just a couple months Global Advertising Director: away from Display Week 2017. This year, the big show is Stephen Jezzard, [email protected] in sunny and warm Los Angeles beginning on May 21 and Senior Account Manager spanning the entire week with short courses, seminars, Print & E Advertising: business and market focus conferences, the International Roland Espinosa Symposium, some great keynotes, and the world-class 201-748-6819, [email protected] Display Week Exhibition. I’ll have more to say about this later on but if you have not yet made your plans to visit, you should! I’m sure by the time you read this, the winter Editorial Advisory Board rains will have ended and the southern California landscape will be vivid, bold, and as Stephen P. Atwood, Chair Azonix Corp., U.S.A. welcoming as ever. Ionnis ( John) Kymissis Our cover story this month celebrates the SID 2017 Honors and Awards, which are Electrical Engineering Department, Columbia presented each year by the Society for Information Display to honor those individuals University who have made outstanding contributions to the field of displays. Here at ID we do Allan Kmetz our best to capture the essence of their achievements in the biographies and citations Consultant, U.S.A. thoughtfully compiled by our own Jenny Donelan. But nothing we write can come Larry Weber close to documenting the lifetimes’ worth of ideas, challenges, setbacks, inspirations, Consultant, U.S.A. and successes that these individuals have experienced on behalf of our industry. As Jenny describes in this year’s article, great innovation often comes from team- Guest Editors work and collaboration, where new ideas are born and get distilled through a process Applied Vision Martin Banks, University of California at Berkeley of collaboration, either intentional or accidental. Inspiration can come from the team Automotive Displays in your midst, or from the wider world (such as conferences like Display Week), Karlheinz Blankenbach, Pforzheim University which these days also includes the incredible on-line community that we all interact Digital Signage with. Inspiration can come from students, teachers, business leaders, peers, or even Gary Feather, NanoLumens from a fortuitous invitation to speak at an SID meeting, as happened to one of this Materials year’s award winners some time ago. Regardless of the source, it’s what people do Ion Bita, Apple with that inspiration that counts, and this year’s award winners have all made great Wearables/Flexible contributions to the world of displays, either through direct invention or through Ruiqing (Ray) Ma, Universal Display Corp. enthusiastic teaching, mentoring, and supporting of those around them! While the Light-Field and Holographic Systems honors are being bestowed on these leaders of the display industry, the real honor Nikhil Balram, Google goes to those of us who have had the privilege of knowing them, working with them, learning from them, and using their innovations to build better products that enrich Contributing Editors people’s lives. Alfred Poor, Consultant Among those being recognized this year is one individual I have had the privilege Steve Sechrist, Consultant to know personally and who is a former editor of Information Display magazine. Paul Semenza, Consultant Ken Werner was a caring and thoughtful steward of this publication when I first met Jason Heikenfeld, University of Cincinnati him and through the years he has been a trusted advisor to me on many issues. Ken Raymond M. Soneira, DisplayMate Technologies continues to be a strong supporter of SID and ID magazine, sharing his writing talents with us on numerous occasions (including this issue), frequently speaking at SID events and organizing conferences, and being a leading consultant to our great industry. His recognition, as well as that of all the others, is well deserved and we say congratulations to all the honorees!

Display Materials The opinions expressed in editorials, columns, and Our technical theme for this month is Display Materials, and it was developed feature articles do not necessarily reflect the opinions of masterfully by our returning Guest Editor Ion Bita. To get a good introduction to both the Executive Editor or Publisher of Information Display the latest developments in this field and the articles covering materials in this issue, Magazine, nor do they necessarily reflect the position of the Society for Information Display. (continued on page 46)

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industry news

Samsung Addresses Note 7 Manufacturers Adopt New Color Gamut Specifications Incidents n our July/August 2016 issue, we published a Frontline Technology article by In a live streaming press conference from Seoul, Korea, in late January, Samsung announced Raymond M. Soneira that discussed important aspects of modern color gamuts that poorly designed and manufactured batter- in use by the display industry today. One point that Soneira highlighted involved ies from two different sources were the reason the continuing use of the National Television System Committee (NTSC) color that some of its Galaxy Note 7 smartphones gamut in display specifications. Soneira explained: “…the NTSC color gamut was had overheated, occasionally to the point of never actually implemented for volume commercial production of color TVs. As a result, catching fire or exploding. Last fall, Samsung the NTSC gamut was never an actual standard color gamut, and there is essentially no cancelled production of the Note 7 and Iconsumer content based on the true NTSC color gamut. This is amusing (and annoying) recalled all the phones that had been sold or because now, more than 60 years later, many manufacturers and reviewers are still were in the sales channel. The company esti- quoting and referring to the NTSC gamut as if it were some sort of state-of-the-art stan- mates that to date, approximately 96% of dard, while in fact it has been obsolete and colorimetrically disjointed from most other phones globally have been returned through standard gamuts for an incredibly long time.” its recall program. Samsung also revealed that The NTSC gamut is significantly different from all other color gamuts in use today, it lost approximately $5 billion as a result of so NTSC is not useful as a gamut metric. In particular, the NTSC blue primary coordinate the recall and production stoppage. represents a very different spectral response than the blue of current standard gamuts, In the conference, D. J. Koh, president of Samsung’s mobile communications business, so current content would look rather poor on a display that actually was “100% NTSC” expressed apologies to Galaxy Note 7 cus- compliant. tomers, mobile operators, and retail and distri- In recent years, other authors have voiced concerns about NTSC on the pages of this bution partners, while also thanking them for magazine; and we established an editorial policy of only publishing NTSC gamut speci- their patience and continued support. The fications when the authors could not provide any other more up-to-date color gamut company indicated that its latest flagship data for their results. We are pleased to note that recently the message appears to be Galaxy S smartphone could be delayed as a getting across. In the recent technical specs published for the Microsoft Surface Studio result of enhanced product safety measures it 28-in. PixelSense Display, the company clearly references the sRGB and DCI-P3 color 1 has put into place. (The traditional forum for gamuts. When Google initially published its specs for the Pixel smartphone, it referenced Galaxy S series launches is the Mobile World 2 the NTSC gamut, but recently Google has updated its verbiage to say “95% DCI-P3 Congress trade show in February.) Coverage.” The Apple iPhone 7 display specification also references “P3,” which we take to mean DCI-P3 as well. It's harder to find color gamut specs for TV products, but a look at some of the newest announcements shows that they too seem to be moving away from NTCS and toward DCI- P3. We say thanks and tip our hats to those of you who heard the message and are adopt- ing these new and much more meaningful color gamut specifications for your products. It is important that the display industry, including both display and device manufacturers, specify a product's color gamut in terms of the standards of today, such as sRGB, Rec.709, Adobe RGB, DCI-P3, and Rec.2020 (now BT.2020). This will allow consumers (including developers) to better compare the colors and color accuracy of the displays they are buying. Now, if we could only get everyone to specify “luminance” instead of “brightness” when referring to the measured light output …

Several commentators have suggested that against over-charging and over-temperature the design of the phone itself worked in con- conditions (Fig. 1). junction with the badly made batteries to During the press conference, Samsung also cause the problems.2 Samsung’s rather announced the formation of a battery advisory exhaustive infographics, released as part of group made up of academics from the Univer- Fig. 1: Samsung’s product designs going the press conference, show that – in addition sity of Cambridge, UC Berkeley, and other forward include better battery standards as to using rigorously designed and tested batter- institutions, to ensure battery safety and well as shielding and software algorithms to ies – it is adding increased protection within proper procedures in the future. manage charging temperature, current, and its next phone in the form of enhanced battery 1 duration. Image courtesy Samsung Electronics. packaging and software algorithms to protect (continued on page 44)

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SID EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: President-Elect: Regional VP, Americas: Regional VP, Asia: Regional VP,Y. Europe:S. Kim guest editorial Treasurer: H. Seetzen Secretary: S. Peruvemba Past President: X. Yan DIRECTORSP. Kathirgamanathan Advances in Materials for Display T. Tsujimura Bangalore: A. Bhowmik Applications Bay Area: A. Ghosh Beijing: by Ion Bita Belarus: Canada: T. Ruckmongathen Greater Dayton:J. Miller At the end of May we will once again welcome the Society DelawareQ. Valley: Yan MetropolitanA. Smirnov Detroit: for Information Display’s annual Display Week meeting. France: J. Vieth Hong Kong: D. G. Hopper Among the wide variety of technology topics included in India: J. W. Parker III Israel: J. Kanicki the program, Display Materials and Processes (DMP) was Japan: F. Templier selected as a special topic track for this year. I have been Korea: H. S. Kwok Latin America:V. N. Mohapatra working with SID program committee colleagues to organize this DMP track, so I Los Angeles:G. Golan Mid-Atlantic:K. Kondoh was glad to learn that the March/April 2017 issue of Information Display was going Mid-Europe:J. Souk to include a section on materials. I’d like to take this opportunity to share with you New England: A. Mammana Pacific Northwest:L. Tannas our excitement for the work in materials that is helping to pave the way for future Russia: J. Kymissis Singapore: H. De Smet generations of displays. Southwest: R. Powell Taipei: A. Abileah The number and quality of the papers received in the DMP technical track clearly Texas: V. Belyaev reaffirmed the role of materials as one of the main pillars in the development of new U.K. & Ireland:T. Wong Ukraine: K. Sarma display technologies and applications. With collaboration across all SID program Upper Mid-West:J. Chen Z. YanivCOMMITTEE CHAIRS committee teams, almost 40 presentations were identified and assigned to the DMP S. Day Academic:V. Sergan track, including papers on emerging electronic and optoelectronic materials, flexible Archives: B. Hufnagel Audit: substrates, advanced laser processing, nanomaterials, OLED, LCD, automotive, and Bylaws: touch-sensing applications. Chapter FormationH. J. Kim Conventions:L. Tannas, Jr. The list above offers an up-to-date perspective of the current trends shaping materials ConventionsS. O’Rourke Vice-Chair, / R. PowellBC and MC: innovation and development across the display industry and in academic research labs. ConventionsA. Silzars Vice-Chair, Europe: Conventions Vice-Chair,: D. McCartney Asia: For readers interested in more details, we recommend reviewing the conference program Definitions & Standards:P. Drzaic Display Industry Awards: A. Silzars already published on the Display Week website. Most importantly, we recommend Honors & Awards: I. Sage I-Zone: attending the conference during May 21–26 at the Los Angeles Convention Center. K.-W. Whang Investment: T. Fiske In this issue, we include articles on two exciting topics that are currently the subject Long-Range Planning: W. Chen Marketing: S-T. Wu of intense investigations in the international display community. Membership:H. Doshi Membership H.Vice-Chair, Seetzen Social Media: In the first article, a team led by Professor Yajie Dong from the Department of Nominating: H. Seetzen Materials Science & Engineering at the University of Central Florida gives an overview Publications:S. Peruvemba Senior MemberH.-S. Grade: Kwok of emerging luminescent nanomaterials for applications in displays and lighting Web Site: H. Atkuri A. GhoshCHAPTER CHAIRS devices. Specifically, the authors give an introduction to metal halide perovskite J. Kymissis Bangalore: H. Seetzen materials and their potential for photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence Bay Area: H. Seetzen Beijing: (EL) based display applications. The excitement driving renewed interest in perovskite- Belarus: based optoelectronics stems from recent progress for photovoltaic applications, Canada: S. Sambadam Dayton: R. Grulkhe coupled with good potential for display applications based on the materials’ narrow- DelawareN. Valley: Xu band emission spectra, which rivals those produced by semiconductor quantum dots. Detroit: V. A. Vyssotski France: A. Kitai Organic-inorganic perovskites (OIPs) of interest in displays have been metal halides Hong Kong:J. Luu – – – – India: J. Blake of AMX3 composition, where X is a halide (F , Cl , Br , I anions), and M is a rela- Israel: J. Byrd tively small cation (Pb2+, Sn2+, etc.) with stable octahedral coordination forming an Japan: L. Vignau Korea: M. Wong Latin America:S. Kaura extended network of MX6 octahedra layers intercalated with larger A cations (organic, Los Angeles: + + I. Ben David such as CH3NH3 , or inorganic, such as Cs ). This particular crystal structure leads to Mid-Atlantic:K. Kondo Mid-Europe:S. T. Shin very well-defined optoelectronic properties due to the formation of an effective quan- New England: V. Mammana tum well structure, as the semiconducting inorganic layer is confined between organic Pacific Northwest:L. Iboshi Russia: G. Melnik layers with larger band gaps. This is one of the main attractive properties of OIP, Singapore/Malaysia:H. J. Lemp Southwest: J. Gandhi where efficient and narrow band emission (<20 nm FWHM, with PL quantum yield Taipei: K. Yugawa Texas: M. Sychov 70–90%) can be achieved even with low-cost processes. This is due to OIP’s intrinsic U.K. & Ireland: C. C. Chao tolerance for material processing variations, unlike the traditional case of semiconduc- Ukraine: M. Strnad Upper Mid-West:C. C. Wu tor nanoparticles, which require a tight dimensional control. SOCIETYR. Fink FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY M. Jones (continued on page 47) V. Sorokin M. Wilson

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Emerging Solution-Processable Luminescent Nanomaterials in Hybrid Structures Offer New Solutions for Displays and Lighting

As the development of quantum dot and perovskite luminescent materials accelerates, it is expected that these materials will increasingly gain applications in display and lighting markets, particularly in hybrid structures with state-of-the-art phosphor or OLED systems.

by Yajie Dong, Hao Chen, Juan He, and Shin-Tson Wu

olution-processable semiconducting LEDs for backlighting LCDs or organic Status Overview of Colloidal Quantum nanomaterials, including cadmium-based or material-based OLEDs. In the near future, Dots and Perovskites: Merits and S 1,2 cadmium-free colloidal quantum dots (QDs) however, these materials are more likely to Challenges and, most recently, metal-halide perovskites3, complement than to replace traditional tech- As outlined in Wang and Sun’s article4, the have emerged from academic labs to become nologies for optimizing color and efficiency merits of QDs and perovskites include: promising luminescent component materials in display and lighting applications. • Precisely tunable emission wavelength for optics and optoelectronics in the display This article will provide an overview of the through size and/or composition control of and lighting industries. Working as independ- technology status of solution-processable QDs and perovskites that can cover a wide ent players in either photoluminescence (PL) luminescent QDs and metal-halide perovskite range of wavelengths (Fig. 1) or electroluminescence (EL) mode, these nanomaterials, as well as a report on some of • Highly saturated colors (narrow emission materials could help two competing display the most recent developments on both PL and bandwidth) technologies (LCDs and organic light-emitting EL fronts, and a vision of how these materials • High luminescence efficiency diodes [OLEDs]) in achieving better color could work with traditional technologies in • The ability to be easily solution-processed quality and higher efficiencies. A recent article hybrid structures for display and lightings in into large areas with thin, flexible form published in this magazine by Wang and Sun,4 the near future. factors “Quantum-Dot and Quantum-Rod Displays – the Next Big Wave,” provided a comprehen- sive overview of this technology, covering both QD-enhanced LCD products in the market and active QD LED research in the lab. QDs and perovskites are often touted as disruptive material systems that could completely replace traditional phosphor-based

Yajie Dong and Shin-Tson Wu are faculty members at the University of Central Florida. They can be reached at [email protected] or [email protected], respectively. Hao Chen and Juan He are graduate students at the Fig. 1: The tunable emission spectral range of solution-processable colloidal quantum dots is University of Central Florida. shown at the top and that of perovskite materials is shown at the bottom.

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A closer look at these specific material sys- smaller bulk bandgap value of 1.35 eV (corre- tems can provide a better understanding of sponding emission ~918 nm). As a result, to their merits and respective remaining chal- reach the same emission wavelength, the size lenges. of InP QD particles has to be much smaller than that of CdSe QDs (Fig. 1). This restric- Colloidal Quantum Dots: Cd-based vs. tion complicates the nanocrystal synthesis Cd-free process and makes InP QDs’ size distribution Colloidal QDs are nanometer-sized (e.g. 2 difficult to control. Thus, the emission of InP- ~10 nm) semiconductor particles whose based QDs generally has a broader FWHM optical properties are mainly determined by (> 40 nm) and lower efficiency. Despite the the so-called quantum confinement effect. existing performance gap, InP-based QDs Simply put, the quantum confinement effect have gained significant momentum, as exem- indicates that when the sizes of the semicon- plified by Samsung’s recent flagship SUHD ductor nanoparticles fall below a certain TVs, which have been rebranded as QLED 6 Fig. 2: This scheme represents the crystal value, their effective electronic and optical TVs for 2017. It should be noted that Sam- structure of a perovskite with chemical properties (and hence the fluorescent light sung’s “QLED” TVs remain PL-based LCD formula AMX3. wavelength) will deviate from the value of products and shouldn’t be confused with the their bulk counterpart and be dependent on the emissive EL QLEDs to be discussed later on. ease of processing, and structural diversity. particle size. The smaller their size, the larger Being crystalline meant that their structures their electronic bandgap (and thus the shorter Metal Halide Perovskites: History and could be well characterized and their chemi- their emission wavelength) will be. Therefore, Challenges cal, electrical, and optical properties fine- the emission wavelength of QDs can be tuned Metal halide perovskites are a group of tuned at the molecular level. In certain cases, simply by adjusting the particle size during emerging optoelectronic materials with per- OIPs can be considered as natural quantum the synthesis process. The purity of the emis- ovskite structure AMX3, where X is generally well structures with semiconducting inorganic sion color will depend on the size distribution a halide (F, Cl, Br, I) anion, and M and A are layers confined by organic layers with large of the nanoparticles. cations of different sizes. The smaller cation bandgaps. So the quantum confinement effect As the most developed and well-character- M is usually a divalent metal (Pb2+, Sn2+, or could be achieved without any physical parti- ized QD material system, II-VI semiconductor other metal ions) with stable octahedral coor- cle size limits.9 cadmium selenide (CdSe) has a bulk bandgap dination, forming an extended network of Recent studies on metal halide perovskites value of 1.73 eV (corresponding emission is MX6 octahedra intercalated with larger have extended the materials systems to ~716 nm). As schematically illustrated in organic or inorganic cations of A (Fig. 2). include both OIPs [e.g. MAPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, Fig. 1, the emission spectrum of CdSe-based Among the many options of A cations, of par- I)] and purely inorganic perovskites such as QDs can be adjusted to cover the entire visible ticular interest to the display community could CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) (Fig. 1). Meanwhile, + region by tailoring their particle size. State- be the organic methylammonium (CH3NH3 , the merits of most perovskites seem to res- of-the-art CdSe-based QDs exhibit a quite MA) or cesium (Cs+) ions, since compounds onate with those early considerations of OIPs narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of these two (e.g. MAPbX3 or CsPbX3) exhibit in the 1990s: (i) these materials can be easily of 20 ~ 30 nm and super-high luminescent optical properties of similar or even better solution-processed into crystalline thin films; quantum efficiency (> 95%). QD materials performances than QDs for certain colors (ii) with simple tuning of the halide compo- with such high optical quality seem to be a (e.g. green). nents, they can emit over the entire visible perfect choice for display applications and While the recent fame of perovskite materi- spectrum; (iii) the purity of their emission have already been employed in some commer- als is mainly due to the unprecedented effi- color seems to be relatively independent of cial products since the first generation QD- ciency gains of organic-inorganic perovskite their particle size. Particularly for CH3NH3PbBr3 7 enhanced LCD TV (with QD components (OIP) based solar photovoltaics , the history or CsPbBr3, highly efficient green emission from QD Vision) was released by Sony in of perovskite research for displays can be with a narrow FWHM of less than 20 nm can 2013, followed by other brands such as TCL, traced at least as far back as the 1990s, when be achieved even with large particle size Haisen, etc. However, cadmium is considered David Mitzi at IBM systematically studied variations. This capability makes these a toxic element, and the Restriction of Hazar- OIPs for light-emitting devices and thin-film perovskites especially promising for wide- dous Substances (RoHS) directive issued by transistors.8,9 The OIP was regarded as a color-gamut display applications. the European Union requires that the maxi- unique crystalline organic-inorganic hybrid It should be noted that the original chal- mum cadmium content be less than 100 parts system in which inorganic components lenge that hindered Dr. Mitzi from further per million (ppm) in consumer electronic offered the potential for a wide range of elec- exploration of OIPs is still relevant today8: products. This has been a major concern and tronic and magnetic properties, substantial Most perovskite materials have major stability has limited the industry’s adoption of CdSe- mechanical hardness, and desired thermal issues. The instabilities of perovskites are based QDs. stability. In addition, organic molecules pro- often attributed to their low formation energy, The other established QD system, indium vided high fluorescence efficiency, large or the energy needed to form them (~0.1–0.3 phosphide (InP), which is cadmium-free, has a polarizability, plastic mechanical properties, eV), which makes it easy for them to be con-

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veniently solution processed, but also renders The second strategy, solution-based synthe- self-absorption could be an issue for PL or EL them vulnerable to external stresses, such as sis of surfactant-protected perovskite nano- applications. moisture, heat, light, or electrical field.8,10 It particles, employs a surfactant-assisted The third strategy involves deposition of has been observed that, in the presence of growth technique similar to Cd-based QD composite films from mixtures of perovskite moisture and oxygen, the OIP grains grow synthesis. This technique can achieve passiva- precursors with protecting media, such as spontaneously even at room temperature, tion of individual nanocrystal grains and lead organic small molecules, polymers,19 or inor- leading to a higher density of defects and a to colloidal perovskite QDs (both OIPs12–15 ganic nanoparticles.20 Although inherently shorter carrier lifetime.11 While it can be and inorganic perovskites16,17) with enhanced simple, this approach often results in serious envisioned that OLED encapsulation technol- stability and photoluminescence quantum phase separation between OIPs and the pro- ogy such as cover glass or barrier films could yield (PLQY). As shown in Fig. 3, by tuning tecting media, leading to large OIP grain-size help protect perovskite devices as well, the halogen components, the emission spectra of variation, broad PL peaks, lower PLQY, and intrinsic stability of perovskite materials also both MAPbX3 and CsPbX3 QDs can cover the unsatisfactory robustness. In the most recent needs to be significantly enhanced. entire visible spectrum. Of the various demon- study, by controlling the crystallization Three passivation strategies have been strated colors, the green emission of bromide process from precursor solutions, a green developed to stabilize perovskites, with suc- perovskites (MAPbBr3 and CsPbBr3) stands perovskite containing polymer films with cesses of different levels. One commonly used out with its ultra-high color purity (FWHM very high PLQY (94%) was reported, approach involves film formation through <20 nm) and high PLQY (~70–90%). This although its thermal stability remains impregnation and pore filling of a pre-formed green purity is particularly interesting for unsatisfactory.21 mesoporous inorganic matrix (such as TiO2 or display applications, because the human Al2O3) with the perovskite precursor solu- visual system is very sensitive to green color, Stable Perovskite-Polymer Composite tions.3,7 However, the solvent evaporation from and slight changes in green can lead to big Films via Swelling-deswelling pre-formed, and thus static, inorganic porous color gamut variation. By comparison, even Microencapsulations structures will inevitably lead to partially the best CdSe-based green QDs normally A microencapsulation strategy has recently exposed, unprotected perovskites. In fact, it show a broader emission, with FWHM > 25 been developed by the authors’ team to has been reported that significant decomposi- nm. While surfactant passivation can stabilize achieve well-dispersed, intimately passivated tion already occurs during annealing of per- perovskite QDs in the solution phase, when OIP (CH3NH3PbX3, MAPbBr3) nanoparticles ovskites on porous TiO2 at 85°C, even in an they are processed as thin films, their effi- inside polymer matrices. This formulation inert atmosphere. Further coverage of these ciency tends to be substantially reduced could lead to OIP-polymer composite films perovskite films with carbon nano-tube/poly- because of quenching induced by spontaneous with high photoluminescence efficiency, color mer composites demonstrated impressive QD aggregations.18 In addition, the reaction purity, and ultra-high stability against heat and “water-resistant” devices, but such macroscale yield of perovskite QDs remains low. The water exposure.22 passivation leaves perovskites vulnerable to large overlap between absorption and emis- This strategy takes advantage of the well- potential degradation due to film leakage. sion spectra [Fig. 3(e)] also indicates that known swelling-deswelling phenomenon in

Fig. 3: In (a), an optical photograph (top left) shows suspensions of mixed halide MAPbX3 (X being I, Br, or Cl) perovskites under visible and UV 14 light, with (b) their corresponding PL spectra. In (c) (top center) an optical photograph shows suspensions of mixed halide CsPbX3 (X being I, Br, or Cl) perovskites under UV light with (d) their corresponding PL spectra, and (e) typical optical absorption and PL spectra.16

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polymer physics. When brought into contact barrier layer around the OIP nanoparticles, cence quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 48% with good solvents, polymer chains will swell protecting them from water, oxygen, or heat and superior color purity owing to FWHM as and expand, letting in solvents and solutes. in the surrounding environment [Fig. 4(a)]. small as 18 nm (narrower than even the Such expansion is generally reversible through This strategy was demonstrated to be gen- best-performing CdSe-based green QDs). a deswelling process, when the solvent is eral, effective, and robust. A series of techni- Most importantly, these OIP-polymer com- evaporated. OIP precursors can be introduced cally important polymer substrates (including posite films possess unprecedented water and into polymer matrices as solute through the polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), acry- heat stability. Some OIP-polymer composite solvent-induced polymer swelling process. lonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS], etc.,) that films (MAPbBr3-PS, MAPbBr3-PC, and When the solvent is driven out of the polymer swell in dimethylformamide solvent can be MAPbBr3-ABS films) can be immersed matrix (e.g. by heating), the OIP precursors easily converted into highly luminescent OIP- directly in water for two months, and experi- will be left within the matrix to react and form polymer composite films through either cotton ence less than 7% reduction of PLQY, indicat- high-quality, well-dispersed OIP nanoparti- swab painting [Fig. 4(b)] or spin coating ing significant water stability [Fig. 4(d)]. cles. Meanwhile, the polymer matrix will [Fig. 4(c)] of OIP precursor solutions. These Among them, MAPbBr3-PS and MAPbBr3- deswell, shrink back, and form a coherent composite films show high photolumines- PC composite films can survive boiling

Fig. 4: Above appears the swelling-deswelling microencapsulation strategy for OIP-polymer composite films. In (a) is a scheme of MAPbBr3 – a polymer composite film formation process through swelling-deswelling (the inset shows a typical emission spectrum of as-prepared films). In (b) and (c) are images of the luminescent composite samples prepared by cotton swab painting (b) or spin coating (c) under UV excitation (365 nm). Samples from left to right are MAPbBr3-PS, MAPbBr3-PC, MAPbBr3-ABS, MAPbBr3-CA, MAPbBr3-PVC and MAPbBr3-PMMA respectively. In (d) are shown stability characterizations of the composite film samples (MAPbBr3-PS, MAPbBr3-PC and MAPbBr3-ABS) immersed in water.

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water treatment for 30 minutes with PLQY Photoluminescent Perovskites Work major customers in the display and lighting 23,24 degradation of less than 15% and 7%, respec- with QDs or Phosphors for LCD industries. Another narrowband red phos- 2+ tively, indicating high thermal and water Backlights phor (Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu , SLA) with longer stabilities even without any special barrier While perovskite materials emitting other emission wavelength also exhibits an excep- 22 25 layer protection. colors are under active development, the out- tional stability. In the following section, we Compared to Cd-based QDs, these per- standing green perovskite-polymer composite will discuss two configuration options in ovskite-polymer composite films show clear films could work synergistically with other which these red downconverters could work advantages in terms of simpler processing red downconverters in the near future. Besides with green perovskite-polymer composite (thus potentially lower cost), better color CdSe- or InP-based red QDs, various narrow- films for LCD backlight unit (BLU) applica- purity, and lower toxicity (according to RoHS band red phosphors could also be their good tions, and analyze the potential color gamut 4+ regulations, the allowable concentration limit partners. Specifically, a K2SiF6:Mn performance gains in these configurations. for Pb is 1,000 ppm, one order higher than (KSF/PFS) phosphor has been demonstrated Three commonly used downconverter back- that for Cd). Further investigations of PL to be a red downconverter with narrow emis- light geometries are “on-chip,” “on-edge,” 26 efficiency and long-term stability under sion peaks centered at 631 nm, with high con- and “on-surface”. With simple, large-area high optical flux conditions are needed to version efficiency and high stability that could processability and low cost, perovskite-poly- estimate their potential as a lower-cost, yet enable on-chip LED integrations. Recently, mer composite films are ideally suited for better-performing alternative to the green KSF/PFS phosphors have been commercial- “on-surface” configuration. With high thermal QD downconverters used in today’s QD- ized by GE under RadiantRed and TriGain stability, KSF/PFS or SLA phosphors can be enhanced LCDs. trademarks and have started to be adopted by applied in an “on-chip” configuration. For

Fig. 5: The integration of perovskite-polymer composite films is shown with various red downconverters. Above are backlight system configuration for: (a) blue LED + green OIP + red QDs; (b) blue LED + green OIP + red phosphor (or red QDs in future); (c) the spectra of primary colors used for calculation; and (d) RGB color primaries in CIE 1931. Rec.2020 is plotted for reference. Insets on the right show relative positions of different red emitters.

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QDs, while all three configurations have been reported, the currently commercialized prod- Table 1. Below are the Rec.2020 color gamut coverages in CIE 1931 and ucts use “on-surface” configuration, and are total light efficiencies (TLEs) of several proposed configurations. called quantum dot enhancement films (QDEFs). Thus, the combination of green BLU Red No LC/CF With CF perovskite-polymer composite films and QD Emitter Choice Rec.2020 Rec.2020 TLE (lm/W) or phosphor can be carried out in the follow- 630nm 88.7% 89.6% 19.5 ing two geometries: (1) Blue LED with on-surface green OIP QDs 635nm 89.5% 90.5% 18.5 above red QDs. Fig. 5(a) shows the 640nm 90.0% 91.2% 17.2 configuration of “back-to-back” green OIP/red QDs film pumped by blue KSF Phosphor 88.2% 81.7% 20.2 LED. In terms of reducing reabsorption SLA Phosphor 89.7% 85.2% 11.4 and enhancing the photoluminescence, the layered structure with green emitters on top of red emitters was found to be more effective. Considering their ideal choices, with nearly 90% Rec.2020 and introduced earlier (such as stability issues and wavelength tunability, QD spectra with around 20 lumens-per-watt efficiency. Among color variations) remain potential obstacles a series of peak wavelengths (630, 635, these, the combination of on-chip KSF phos- for these materials’ EL applications in dis- 640 nm) have been analyzed. phor and on-surface perovskite-polymer film plays or lighting. (2) Blue LED with on-chip red KSF/PFS are particularly promising for low-cost, effi- phosphor/red SLA phosphor and on- cient, color-vivid, and cadmium-free BLUs PeLEDs and QLEDs: Development surface green OIP [Fig. 5(b)]. for LCDs. Status Varies for Different Colors Fig. 5(c) shows the spectra of high-power With the upsurge of perovskite solar cell blue LED, green OIP-polymer composite Electroluminescent Colloidal Quantum research, PeLEDs have been revisited in the film, and red QDs or phosphors. Their respec- Dot and Perovskites for Displays and past several years in either forward28 or tive positions in the CIE 1931 have been Lighting inverted29,30 OLED structures, and even in marked in Fig. 5(d). When using QDs or perovskites as the emitting single-layer, light-emitting electrochemical Table 1 lists the analysis results of color layer in an OLED-like EL device structure, cell structures.31 For PeLEDs with colors in gamut coverage and total light efficiencies quantum dot LEDs (QLEDs) or perovskite display-relevant regions, green devices are the (TLEs) when a commercial color filter and LEDs (PeLEDs) can be achieved. Because of most developed, with demonstrated efficien- liquid-crystal system are taken into considera- the unique material merits discussed in previ- cies of 42.9Cd/A28. However, it should be tion.26 Clearly, in order to gain wide color ous sections, QLEDs and PeLEDs promise to noted that very few papers have reported life- gamut while maintaining a moderate TLE, enable solution-processable, highly efficient time data for PeLED devices, suggesting that BLUs with green OIP-polymer composite light-emitting devices with tunable colors of reliability remains one big challenge for films and 630-nm QDs or KSF phosphor are high purity. At the same time, the challenges PeLEDs that needs to be addressed before the

Fig. 6: Ultra-bright, highly efficient, low roll-off quantum-dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs) are demonstrated as follows: (a) spectra of QLED electroluminescence (inset: scheme of core/shell/ligand based quantum dots and photograph of a typical test chip); (b) luminance and current density vs. driving voltage; and (c) luminous efficacy and current efficiency vs. driving current density for a typical device.

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technology can be developed into something and blue QLEDs remain inferior to their a peak level of 20.8 Lm/W) and small effi- of broader industrial interest. For further OLED counterparts.38,39 This is partly because ciency roll-off at high driving current density details on PeLED developments, interested of the size-dependent quantum confinement (Fig. 6). Ultra-high luminance of 165,000 readers can turn to several recent review effect; i.e., red QDs usually have the biggest Cd/m2 was achieved at a current density of papers.32–34 size among QDs of all visible colors and can 1000 mA/cm2 with a driving voltage as low as QLEDs are widely regarded as the next tolerate relatively large absolute size variation 5.8 V, which sets a new luminance record for generation of self-emissive displays after while still maintaining a tight percentage existing organic-related, red, light-emitting OLEDs. Samsung’s recent acquisition of QD distribution, thus high color quality and devices. Vision has been taken as a signal of the com- efficiency. pany’s dedication to QDs and strong interest In particular, the authors recently developed Hybrid White OLED with Narrow Red in QLEDs.35 Among QLEDs with visible ultra-bright and efficient deep red CdSe-based QD Emitters for Lighting colors,36–40 red QDs are currently the most quantum dot light-emitting devices (QLEDs).40 Considering the demonstrated merits and developed in EL devices. Solution-processed The device EL spectrum shows an FWHM of existing challenges of QLEDs and PeLEDs, CdSe-based red QLEDs have demonstrated only 22 nm at CIE coordinates of (0.69, 0.31). it will be difficult for them to displace OLEDs efficiency and luminance that rival or beat More importantly, these devices achieved completely in the near future. Instead, a state-of-the-art thermal-evaporated red high peak current efficiency (20.5 Cd/A at hybrid device that could integrate the advan- OLEDs, with narrow peak linewidths in the ~20,000 Cd/m2 with a driving voltage of only tageous QD or perovskite components with 20- to 30-nm range.36,37,40 In contrast, green 3.5 V), high luminous power efficiency (with existing OLEDs will probably be a viable

Fig. 7: This spectra analysis of the advantages of hybrid WOLED incorporating narrow red QD emitters includes: the contour plot of (a) LER, (b) R9 and (c) CRI for hybrid WOLED spectra when replacing the red organic emitter peak with red QDs’ narrow spectra; (d) overlap improvement area for wavelength and intensity (surrounded by yellow line) when CRI > 82, LER > 341 lm/W, and R9 > –15, which are better than all the performance metrics of the original WOLED; (e) spectra of WOLED and two typical spots A and B (as denoted in d) obtained by replacing the red organic emitter peak of the WOLED with red QD spectra at different wavelengths and relative intensities; and f) spectra of all-organic emitter WOLED from LG Display and all-QD WOLEDs.40

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entry point for these materials to enter the efficacy without extraction enhancement) can 2Y. Shirasaki, G. J. Supran, M. G. Bawendi, display or lighting industry. be improved simultaneously. This overlap V. Bulovic, “Emergence of Colloidal Quan- State-of-the-art white OLEDs (WOLEDs) area is large enough and provides sufficient tum-Dot Light-Emitting Technologies,” use organic emitters for all colors and cannot design freedom to allow researchers to tune Nature Photon. 7, 13 (2013). achieve simultaneously high luminous effi- and optimize the three parameters. The authors 3S. D. Stranks, H. J. Snaith, “Metal-halide cacy and good color quality primarily due to have selected two representative points and perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting the absence of organic emitters with narrow listed their corresponding LER, CRI, and R9 devices,” Nat. Nano. 10, 391 (2015). red emission peaks.41 Integrating narrow red- in Table 2. In either case, all three parameters 4K. Wang, X. W. Sun, “Quantum-Dot and emitting QDs with organic blue and green have been significantly improved compared to Quantum-Rod Displays — the Next Big Wave,” emitters will help solve this problem. The the original white OLED. Case A can achieve Information Display 32, No. 6 (Nov/Dec 2016). integration could be based on tandem multi- ~18% improvement in LER with comparable 5K. Bourzac, “Quantum dots go on display,” stack structures (as in the all-organic WOLEDs color performance to an all quantum-dot white Nature 493, 283 (2013). from LG Display) or on a single-stack device LED,43 while Case B can get ~9.5% improve- 6http://www.forbes.com/sites/johnarcher/ structure in which emitters of different colors ment in LER with much better color than an 2016/12/21/samsung-to-launch-new-class-of- share the same electron/hole injection or all-organic WOLED from LG Display. tvs-at-ces-say-hello-to-qled transport layers. Figure 5 analyzes the poten- These initial results show that narrowband 7M. A. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, H. J. Snaith, tial benefit of replacing an existing red red QD emitters can significantly improve both “The emergence of perovskite solar cells,” organic emitter in a single-stack WOLED color rendering and optical efficiency over Nature Photon. 8, 506 (2014). device42 with red QDs’ narrow spectra of dif- state-of-the-art WOLEDs, where the ability 8L. Loo, P. Patel, “Perovskite photovoltaics: ferent intensity or peak wavelength choices. to tune the peak wavelength and relative David Mitzi addresses the promises and chal- The resultant spectra have been analyzed for intensity of red QDs gives the resulting hybrid lenges,” MRS Bulletin 40, 636 (2015). the enhancement of three key solid-state light- WOLED system the flexibility to achieve dif- 9D. B. Mitzi, K. Chondroudis, C. R. Kagan, ing performance metrics: the Color Rendering ferent color or efficiency targets with the same “Organic-inorganic electronics,” IBM Journal 44 Index (CRI), R9, and luminous efficacy of organic emitter materials. So as long as their of Research and Development 45, 29 (2001). radiation (LER), and then compared to the respective emission properties can be well 10E. von Hauff, M. Lira‐Cantu, T. M. Brown, original OLED’s performance. reserved in the hybrid system, integrating red H. Hoppe, “Emerging Thin-Film Photo- As shown separately in Fig. 7 (a)–(c), each QDs into WOLED emitters will bring break- voltaics: Stabilize or Perish,” Adv. Energy of these metrics can reach a very high value throughs to the efficiency and color perform- Mater. 5, 1501924 (2015). 11 (with LERpeak = 387.5 lm/W, CRIpeak = 91, ances of OLED-based solid-state lighting. R. Sheng, X. Wen, S. Huang, X. Hao, and R9 peak = 97) by simply tuning the peak In addition, it should be noted that this S. Chen, Y. Jiang, X. Deng, M. Green, A. wavelength and intensity of the red QD emit- hybrid WOLED concept will provide a hybrid Ho-Baillie, “Photoluminescence characterisa- ter. When comparing Fig. 7(a), (b), and (c), device platform for future developments. tions of a dynamic aging process of organic– the overlapped region highlighted within the Novel materials, such as long-lifetime, high- inorganic CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite,” yellow boundary line indicates the parameter efficiency, thermally activated, delayed- Nanoscale 8, 1926 (2016). improvement zone where the color perform- fluorescence (TADF) blue organic emitters, 12L. C. Schmidt, A. Pertegás, S. González- 45 ance (CRI and R9) and efficacy (LER and as discussed in another article in this issue, Carrero, O. Malinkiewicz, S. Agouram, could be integrated into this platform in the G. Mínguez Espallargas, H. J. Bolink, R. E. future, leading to further performance Galian, J. Pérez-Prieto, “Nontemplate synthe- Table 2. Performance improvements improvements. sis of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoparti- can be realized by replacing the cles,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 850 (2014). existing red organic emitter with A Hybrid Future 13H. Huang, A. S. Susha, S. V. Kershaw, T. F. the narrow-band red spectra of QDs As emerging solution-processable lumines- Hung, A. L. Rogach, “Control of Emission [A and B as marked in spectra of cent nanomaterials, QDs and perovskites have Color of High Quantum Yield CH3NH3PbBr3 Fig. 7 (d) and (e)]. outstanding merits of tunable color with high Perovskite Quantum Dots by Precipitation purity and high efficiency, but still suffer from Temperature,” J. Adv. Sci. 2, 1500194 (2015). 14 LER stability issues for certain colors. Hybridiza- F. Zhang, H. Zhong, C. Chen, X.-G. Wu, X. tion of these exciting new components with Hu, H. Huang, J. Han, B. Zou, Y. Dong, [lm/W] CRI R9 state-of-the-art phosphor or organic materials “Brightly Luminescent and Color-Tunable WOLED 341 82 –15 in PL or EL modes could accelerate their Colloidal CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Br, I, Cl) A 349 90 81 adoption in the near term and favorably Quantum Dots: Potential Alternatives for Dis- impact the display and lighting markets. play Technology,” ACS Nano 9, 4533 (2015). B 359 91 32 15O. Vybornyi, S. Yakunina, M. V. Kovalenko, All organic WOLED 328 89 31 References “Polar-solvent-free colloidal synthesis of 1 by LG Display41 Z. Luo, D. Xu, S.-T. Wu, “Emerging quan- highly luminescent alkylammonium lead 43 tum-dot-enhanced LCDs,” J. Display Technol. halide perovskite nanocrystals,” Nanoscale 8, All QD WOLED 296 93 75 10, 526 (2014). 6278 (2016).

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Listorti, “The Bright Side of Perovskites,” Quality Hybrid White OLEDs Incorporating Perovskite Nanocrystal-Embedded Polymer J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 4322 (2016). Red Quantum Dots with Narrow Emission Composite Films with Enhanced Photolumi- 33Y.-H. Kima, H. Choa, T.-W. Lee, “Metal Bands,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 47, 50 nescence for Display Backlights,” Adv. Mater. halide perovskite light emitters,” Proc. Natl. (2016). 28, 9163 (2016). Acad. Sci. 113, 11694 (2016). 45D. Voltz, “Thermally Activated Delayed 22Y. N. Wang, J. He, H. Chen, J. S. Chen, 34M. Sessolo, L. Gil-Escrig, G. Longo, H. J. Fluorescence Is a Key New Technology for R. D. Zhu, P. Ma, A. Towers, Y. Lin, A. J. Bolink, “Perovskite Luminescent Materials,” OLED Displays,” in this issue. n Gesquiere, S. T. Wu, Y. J. Dong, “Ultrastable, Top. Curr. Chem. 374, 52 (2016). Highly Luminescent Organic-Inorganic 35http://www.zdnet.com/article/samsung-bets- Perovskite-Polymer Composite Films,” big-on-quantum-television-snaps-up-qd- Adv. Mater. 28, 10710 (2016). vision/ 23http://www.geradiantred.com/ 36B. S. Mashford, M. Stevenson, Z. Popovic, VISIT 24http://www.gelighting.com/LightingWeb/na/ C. Hamilton, Z. Zhou, C. Breen, J. Steckel, solutions/technologies/reveal-trigain/ V. Bulovic, M. G. Bawendi, S. Coe-Sullivan, INFORMATION 25P. Pust, V. Weiler, C. Hecht, A. Tücks, A. S. P. T. Kazlas, “High-efﬁciency Quantum-dot Wochnik, A.-K. Henß, D. Wiechert, C. Scheu, Light-emitting Devices with Enhanced Charge P. J. Schmidt, W. Schnick, “Narrow-band Injection,” Nature Photonics 7, 407 (2013). DISPLAY ON-LINE red-emitting Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ as a next- 37X. L. Dai, Z. X. Zhang, Y. Z. Jin, Y. Niu, generation LED-phosphor material,” Nat. H. J. Cao, X. Y. Liang, L. W. Chen, J. P. For daily display Mater. 13, 891 (2014). Wang, X. G. Peng, “Solution-processed and 26S. Coe-Sullivan, W. Liu, P. Allen, J. S. high-performance light-emitting diodes based industry news Steckel, “Quantum dots for LED downconver- on quantum dots,” Nature 515, 96 (2014). sion in display applications,” ECS J. Solid 38Y. Yang, Y. Zheng, W. Cao, A. Titov, www.informationdisplay.org State Sci. Technol. 2, R3026–R3030 (2013). J. Hyvonen, J. R. Manders, J. Xue, P. H. Hol-

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Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Is a Key New Technology for OLED Displays

TADF emitters are poised to contribute to the next material-driven advancement of the OLED industry, making OLEDs ideal for even more applications.

by Daniel Volz

n the last few years, the development of emitter, a molecule that can make direct use of Role of the Emitter in OLEDs Inew materials has had a significant impact on the energy provided by the electric current to Three main principles are used to convert the advancement of organic light-emitting generate visible light. A simplified diagram of electrical energy into light: fluorescence, diodes (OLEDs). Thanks to these advanced an OLED appears in Fig. 1. phosphorescence, and thermally activated materials, OLED displays are now being used in smartwatches, smartphones, and TVs. However, there is still room for improvement in areas like display resolution and energy efficiency. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a relatively new technology that has been developed to tackle these issues. This article describes the crucial role of emitter materials in OLED technology, and introduces the TADF concept. OLEDs were first developed in the 1990s,1 but began to be used in commercial products just several years ago. Inside an OLED, the main properties are dictated by the so-called

Daniel Volz studied chemistry at the Karls- ruhe Institute of Technology and Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP) in Germany. He received his Ph.D. (summa cum laude) in 2014. He joined CYNORA’s R&D department in 2009, where he served in various roles. Currently, he serves as Material Strategist and is responsible for the development of CYNORA’s material portfolio. Volz was awarded with the Carl Roth Prize for sustainable use of chemicals in 2014 as well as the Green Photonics Award and the Klaus Tschira Award for Achievements in the Public Fig. 1: OLEDs consist of multiple thin, organic layers. While this simplified structure shows a Understanding of Science in 2015. He can be total of six layers including the substrate, commercial OLEDs sometimes consist of many more reached at [email protected]. layers – as many as 15 or more. The emitter or dopant materials are in the emissive layer.

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delayed fluorescence (TADF). In the earliest OLEDs, fluorescent materials (FLUO) were used.3 Around 1998, it was found that phosphorescent materials (PHOS) could also be used in OLEDs, which led to a significant increase in efficiency.4,5 Recently, TADF materials have also been found to be suitable for very efficient OLED devices.6–8 TADF can be as efficient as phosphorescence, with up to 100% internal quantum efficiency. The impact of using different emitter materials in commercial products can be seen in Fig. 2, where selected key performance indi- cators are plotted for various generations of Samsung’s Galaxy smartphones. The initial commercialization of OLED displays was possible only after the development of phosphorescent red emitters with suitable stability and efficiency.4 Fig. 2: The display resolution (in pixels per in. or ppi) and average power consumption (in Consequently, the first-generation Samsung watts) of several generations of Samsung Galaxy smartphones featuring OLED displays shows phone, the S1, featured fluorescent materials that significant improvement correlates to the use of new generations of materials. (Credit: for green and blue pixels, while red pixels Display power management data and ppi are from the DisplayMate article series on the contained phosphorescent materials. After the Samsung Galaxy smartphones. Displaymate.com/mobile.html.) introduction of green phosphorescent materials, average power consumption dropped from 2.5 to well below 1 watt. The display’s resolu- ium to enable a quantum-mechanical such as uranium or rare earth elements tion was also doubled to roughly 400 pixels phenomenon called spin-orbit coupling, (such as lanthanum and gadolinium) are per inch. Using the more efficient phosphores- which increases the radiative rate of more abundant than iridium.2 cent green materials allowed display manufac- triplet excitons. The main downside of • TADF emitters, on the other hand, are turers to significantly decrease the size of this approach is the availability (and metal-free molecules. A special molecu- green pixels, which allowed for an increase price) of such elements. Even elements lar design principle evens out the ener- in resolution. The main differences between fluorescence, phosphorescence, and TADF are summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 3. For fundamental physi- Table 1. The major differences among the main emission principles cal reasons, FLUO is less efficient than PHOS (FLUO, PHOS, and TADF) used in OLEDs are shown in terms of or TADF. The differences are caused by quan- performance and features. tum-mechanical effects that lead to the formation of two different kinds of excited states Performance Key feature when the electrical energy is being transferred FLUO 25% of the energy can be Generally used for blue and often green pixels. to the emitter molecule: so-called singlet and used for light generation Focus on efficient emission from the S1 to S0 level triplet excitons. Because of quantum statistics, to use singlet exciton emission. singlets and triplets are formed in a ratio of 1:3 upon recombination of electrically PHOS 100% of the energy can be Generally used for red pixels and in some cases also injected electrons and holes.7–9 FLUO is only used for light generation in green pixels. Blue phosphorescent emitters do not capable of using singlet excitons, meaning show enough stability. that only 25% of the formed excitons will Heavy-metal-based materials that feature large spin- generate light, while 75% of the electric orbit coupling to harvest both singlet and triplet energy going into the OLED device is essen- excitons. Metals can be iridium, platinum, or osmium, tially lost. for example. PHOS and TADF employ two different TADF 100% of the energy can be Comparable efficiencies to PHOS but a higher strategies to generate photons from both used for light generation stability is expected. singlet and triplet excitons. These strategies enable 100% efficiency: Materials feature carefully adjusted energy levels S1 • PHOS emitter materials employ rare and T1, to allow for a small ΔE(S-T) to harvest both heavy metals such as platinum and irid- singlet and triplet excitons.

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frontline technology

were to show high efficiency and long lifetime, as TADF is promising to do, this would create great opportunities to develop better products with even lower power consumption and better resolution. To date, it has been demonstrated that TADF emitters can deliver an excellent blue color point, while methods to achieve improved efficiency and stability are still being developed. Figures 4 and 5 indicate the impact of the blue gap in existing blue fluorescent emitters. All OLED displays currently require relatively large blue pixel areas to reach enough brightness in the display. In smartphones, with red, green, and blue pixels, the blue pixel makes up 52% of the total area. Having TADF or PHOS pixels with a much higher efficiency would enable the display manufacturers to make smaller blue pixels to yield the same Fig. 3: Emission principles used in OLEDs include: fluorescence (FLUO), which often relates amount of light, which would pave the way to the first emitter material generation; phosphorescence (PHOS), which is the second material again to increased resolution. Apart from a generation; and TADF, which marks the latest conceptual development. better display, customers would also benefit from a longer battery life for their mobile device. Battery life is closely connected to the getic differences that normally are found after almost 20 years of industrial and aca- power consumption of the display. between singlets and triplets. In fact, the demic research in the field of PHOS emitters OLED TVs have a complex stack architec- energetic differences are so small that the – science has failed to produce a blue PHOS ture, essentially making white light from red, thermal energy at normal environmental material that combines efficiency, stability, green, and blue emitting layers and then using temperatures is enough to help excitons and a proper color point. If a blue emitter color filters to separate the colors again for the move from the triplet to the singlet state, where they can then be transformed to visible light. Using this process, every exciton in the device can be used to emit light, which corresponds to 100% internal quantum efficiency and is comparable to phosphorescent emitters. Electroluminescence mechanisms aside, FLUO, PHOS, and TADF emitters are synthesized using well-established chemical techniques similar to those employed for the large-scale production of pharmaceuticals such as aspirin, as well as for fertilizers and plastics.

Closing the Blue Gap in Displays Aside from sustainability concerns, which stem from the fact that extremely rare elements such as iridium are required to make PHOS materials, there is also a technical issue that favors TADF over PHOS materials: the blue gap, which denotes the current trade-off between the efficiency and the stability of blue emitters. Figure 2 indicates that as of today, blue pixels of commercial products Fig. 4: This simplified OLED structure is the type generally used in smartphone displays. contain FLUO materials, even though they are The light emitted by the blue, red, and green pixels directly generates the displayed image. less efficient. The reason for this is that – even Currently, the blue pixel area is on the order of 52% of the total display area.

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Fig. 5: This simplified OLED structure is the type commonly used in TV displays. For such applications, complex architectures are used to create white light, including color filters to create the image. Currently, the surface area of blue pixels is on the order of more than 50%.

different pixels. Having a more efficient blue, ventional PHOS materials in terms of color materials to be synthesized. This leads to which again makes up about 50% of the dis- point, efficiency, and stability. A main driving extremely short material development cycles play area, would effectively reduce the power force behind this progress was the develop- with a very steep learning curve per cycle. consumption of the TV by switching to a less ment of suitable screening algorithms for Results based on this development approach complex stack design (such as in Fig. 4), molecular design, which make use of density were recently published by our team at which could potentially reduce manufacturing functional theory (DFT) calculations (Fig. 6). CYNORA. We reported several blue materials, costs. These computational tools drastically increased among them a blue emitter reaching 14% the efficiency of material development by external quantum efficiency (EQE) at 500 nits TADF Is Catching Up Quickly allowing only promising, highly efficient TADF and a lifetime to 80% of the initial luminance Conceptually, donor and acceptor groups such as the ones shown in Fig. 6 can be connected in many different ways, as is illustrated in Fig. 7, which provides several recent examples for actual TADF molecules. During the last two years we have wit- nessed major improvements in TADF materials, which now can surpass (blue) or reach similar performance (red and green) as con- (b) Fig. 6: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are one cornerstone of the development of TADF materials (a). It is possible to use the computational prognosis, based on empirical results, as a pre-screening tool to avoid bad TADF emitters. This methodology drastically accelerates material development. Conceptually, TADF molecules consist of donors and acceptors covalently bonded (b). Apart from the prediction of TADF properties, molecular issues can also be seen in DFT calculations. Weak bonds, for example, can be identified by calculating the bond dissociation energy (c). (a) (c)

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frontline technology

(LT 80) of 420 h at 500 nits starting luminance.13 This material featured an emission Table 2. This table shows the device maximum below 480 nm. Properties of a performance of the CYNORA recently developed material are shown in material (TADF) vs. Ir(dmp)3, Table 2 and Figs. 8 and 9. The electro-optic currently the most stable and efficient 15 JVL characteristics of this material in a simple blue phosphorescent emitter, in device architecture, using the literature-known 13 w-% mCBP (PHOS). host mCBP14 (short for 4,40-bis(3-methyl- carbazol-9- yl)-2,20-biphenyl), demonstrate CIE EQE LT80 about 4.2 volts at 500 nits. The so-called blue (1000 nits) (1000 nits) (500 nits) index, which can be calculated by dividing the –1 TADF (0.17, 0.27) 12% 94 current efficiency in cd A and the CIEy color coordinate (for CIE coordinates, see PHOS (0.16, 0.31) 8% ca. 100 Fig. 10), approaches 80 at 500 nits in a bottom-emitting device. Ir(dmp)3, short for iridium (III) tris[3- The LT80 at 500 nits was estimated from the (2,6-dimethylphenyl)-7-methylimidazo[1,2-f] values given in the publication. Even using a phenanthridine], currently represents (in the simple, non-optimized screening architecture literature) the most stable blue iridium emitter and normal R&D-grade purity, the stability with a relatively blue color point (CIE 0.15 / LT80 at this starting luminance is on the order 0.31, see Fig. 10 for definition) and decent of 100 hours, which is in the range of the best efficiency of 8% EQE at 1,000-nits luminance phosphorescent materials when also consider- in a conventional OLED architecture. In a ing the better color and the higher efficiency15 recent study by Forrest and co-workers,15 the (Table 2). Considering that phosphorescent basic performance was reported in the same materials have been under investigation since host used to obtain the data shown in Table 2. 1997,4 while TADF has been studied only

Fig. 7: These selected blue TADF emitters were recently published by researchers Lian Fig. 8: Above is a comparison between the photoluminescence (PL) of a mid-blue TADF emitter Duan, Chihaya Adachi, and Jun Yeob Lee.10-12 and its electroluminescence (EL) performance in a bottom-emitting OLED.

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Fig. 9: Above is shown the performance of a recent deep-blue TADF OLED material, with voltage at left and luminance at right.

since 2011,6 these results demonstrate a technology. Recently, great progress toward amount of time. TADF will soon contribute to significant development curve for TADF. more stable blue TADF devices has been the next material-driven advancement of the made, demonstrating materials with emission OLED industry, making OLEDs ready for What to Expect from TADF Technology below 480 nm, 14% EQE, and lifetime values even more applications soon. in the Future of LT80 at 420 hours (measured at 500 nits By 2015, CYNORA and others7 had established brightness).13 Within a relatively short period References 1 that it was possible to realize a favorable of R&D, TADF emitters have now reached a C. W. Tang, S. Van Slyke, “Organic electro- deep-blue color point with TADF material performance similar to PHOS emitters with a luminescent diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 blue color point. The cornerstone of these suc- (1987). 2 cesses was a fast translation of quantum- D. Volz, et al., “From iridium and platinum chemical predictions from DFT-calculations to copper and carbon: new avenues for more into material design and a continuous sustainability in organic light-emitting improvement of the underlying theory, which diodes,” Green Chem. 17, 1988–2011 (2015). led to improved materials in each learning 3S. Van Slyke, C. H. Chen, C. W. Tang, cycle. Following this trend, blue TADF tech- “Organic electroluminescent devices with nology should reach market readiness by the improved stability,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 end of 2017, according to CYNORA’s roadmap. (1996). Further improvement can be expected 4M. A. Baldo, et al., “Highly efficient phospho- through the realization of more sophisticated rescent emission from organic electrolumines- stack architectures. For example, mCBP, a cent devices,” Nature 395, 151–154 (1998). 5 component used in the aforementioned early- M. A. Baldo, S. Lamansky, P. E. Burrows, stage devices with CYNORA’s material, is M. E. Thompson, S. R. Forrest, “Very high- known to have several stability issues, poten- efficiency green organic light-emitting tially limiting the stability of these OLEDs.16 devices based on electrophosphorescence,” This indicates that using other, more stable Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4 (1999). 6 hosts will lead to even longer lifetimes. A. Endo, et al., “Efficient up-conversion of Nevertheless, it is also clear that the basic triplet excitons into a singlet state and its Fig. 10: The color of OLEDs is measured in stability of both the materials and the stack application for organic light emitting diodes,” the CIE 1931 color coordinate system. To architectures still need to be improved Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 083302 (2011). 7 satisfy the color expectations of the display fundamentally. Looking back at a very steep L. Bergmann, D. M. Zink, S. Bräse, T. Bau- industry, CIEy values below 0.20 – ideally learning curve displayed by research-driven mann, D. Volz, “Metal–Organic and Organic even around CIEy 0.10 – are required. With companies such as CYNORA, as well as great TADF-Materials: Status, Challenges and 10,17,18 current TADF materials, CIEy values in the academic progress, this necessary Characterization,” Top. Curr. Chem. 374, 22 order of 0.15 can be reached. advancement seems achievable in a short (2016). (continued on page 44)

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2017 Honors and Awards

SID Recognizes Outstanding Members of the Display Community

This year’s winners of the Society for Information Display’s Honors and Awards include Hiroyuki Ohshima, who will receive the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize for his contributions to LTPS technology and the mobile-display industry; Shui-Chih Alan Lien, who has earned the Jan Rajchman Prize for his contributions to LCD science and technology; Martin S. Banks, who will receive the Otto Schade Prize for his research into the causes of viewer discomfort and misperceptions in depth and motion; Deng-Ke Yang, who has earned the Slottow-Owaki Prize for his contributions to the education of students and professionals in the field of liquid- crystal displays; Kenneth I. Werner, who will receive the Lewis and Beatrice Winner Award for his services as editor, teacher, technologist, and SID proponent; and Yi-Pai Huang, who will receive the inaugural Peter Brody Prize for his contributions to the development of wide-view MVA-pixel technology and field-sequential-color driving methodology.

by Jenny Donelan

he popular notion of a gifted scientist is the contagious excitement generated by oftenT that of a driven individual toiling away researchers presenting at Display Week – their in some laboratory through the dark hours of zeal made him work harder. And when he and The 2017 winners the night. And while such efforts may describe his co-workers finally solved a tough viewing will be honored at the SID many of this year’s winners at certain points angle problem, he was “happy and proud to be during their lives, it’s important to note that part of the team that developed this exciting Honors & Awards Banquet, they rarely worked alone. The 2017 Honors and useful technology.” Martin S. Banks, and Awards recipients point to the synergies winner of the Otto Schade Prize, was already which takes place at 8:00 pm, they experienced as members of a team, or as a successful vision-science academic when he Monday evening, May 22, 2017, attendees at a conference such as Display found a new direction after meeting SID Week, as a driving force for their research. researchers and learning how his expertise during Display Week at the Hiroyuki Ohshima, winner of this year’s could inform display research. Slottow-Owaki Hotel Indigo in Los Angeles. Braun Prize, began his life’s work in TFT winner Deng-Ke Yang is a gifted teacher (as LCDs as part of a team that was tasked by its well as researcher) who through his mentoring Tickets cost $100 and must be employer to develop something new – a broad has sent many highly skilled display profes- purchased in advance – they directive that would have been daunting if sionals into the global workplace. Kenneth I. taken on alone. Jan Rajchman Prize winner Werner, who has been named recipient of this will not be available on site. Shui-Chih Alan Lien remembers discovering year’s Lewis and Beatrice Winner Award, discovered that as much as he gave to the Society Visit www.displayweek.org Jenny Donelan is the editor in chief of for Information Display through participating Information Display Magazine. She can be in its events and publications, he got back for more information. reached at [email protected]. through enrichment to both his personal and

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professional life. The winner of this year’s 2017 Jan Rajchman Prize Peter Brody Prize, Yi-Pai Huang, was also This award is presented for an outstanding changed by visiting a SID symposium, where scientific or technical achievement in, or con- he was sparked by the excitement of the tribution to, research on flat-panel displays. researchers there. Shui-Chih Alan Lien, SID fellow and It is inspiring to see the humility with CTO of China Star Optoelectronics (CSOT), which these great scientists offer credit to receives the Jan Rajchman Prize “for his out- the colleagues and mentors who helped them standing contributions to LCD science and along the way. Please join us in congratulating technology, especially for the development of this year’s award winners. Their collaborative multi-domain VA LCDs, extended Jones efforts have contributed to a stronger society, matrix, and 110-in. curved televisions.” and thus to a stronger display industry. Shui-Chih Alan Lien’s career has been marked by a wide range of achievements 2017 Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize within the field of liquid-crystal displays. This award is presented for an outstanding He was instrumental to the development of technical achievement in, or contribution to, multi-domain vertical alignment (VA) LCDs, display technology. which helped create LC displays with wider Hiroyuki Ohshima, SID fellow and CTO viewing angles. He developed the extended of Japan Research Center for Huawei, Jones matrix, which calculates polarization receives this year’s Braun Prize “for his out- changes through each layer of an LCD and standing contributions to the research and Hiroyuki Ohshima the LCD’s optics for the oblique incidence of development of LTPS technology and his light. And he led an R&D team at CSOT to leadership in the mobile-display industry.” OLEDs. Without his outstanding achieve- develop the world’s first 110-in., ultra-high- After graduating from the University of ments, current high-resolution displays would definition TFT-LCD panel with multiple Tokyo, Ohshima’s first job was working on not have been realized.” touch and 3D functionality. (That product semiconductors in the R&D department at Ohshima notes that considerable challenges won a Display of the Year Silver Award from Seiko Epson. In the early 1980s, the company still exist for LTPS technology. “I call LTPS SID.) These are just three of the break- relocated most of Ohshima’s colleagues to a ‘giant microelectronics,’ he says, explaining throughs that Lien has helped bring about new semiconductor fab, leaving Ohshima and that the technology integrates an enormous during a long career that has included posi- a few other researchers behind with instruc- amount of micro devices onto “giant” glass tions at Optical Imaging Systems, IBM, tions to leverage their semiconductor experi- substrates. “LTPS technology is so compli- AUO, and TCL, in addition to CSOT. ence toward developing new technologies. cated by nature, and requires great technical Lien says he was lucky because the LCD Ohshima’s team eventually decided to focus maturity and careful alignment between prod- industry was just beginning while he was on thin-film transistor (TFT) LCDs because uct design and manufacturing processes.” working on his Ph.D. degree in physics at the they thought the technology had potential for These considerations make it challenging to University of Minnesota. “I was fortunately creating new flat-panel displays. That thought implement LTPS on a mass production basis. able to find a job in the field of TFT-LCDs was novel: At the time, notes Ohshima, few However, recent market trends require LTPS after finishing my degree. I liked the technol- people were aware of TFTs or their possible solutions for both LCD and OLED applica- ogy and have continued to work with it application to LCDs. “This was the start of tions. This means that more companies inter- throughout my career.” my long journey with TFT-LCDs as my life ested in implementing LTPS are entering the In 1987, Lien joined the IBM T. J. Watson work,” he says. market, and these companies represent new Research Center. By that time, “the LCD As part of that journey, Ohshima helped research and career opportunities for the next industry was blooming,” he says, adding that develop low-temperature polycrystalline- generation of display scientists. narrow viewing angle issues were a major silicon (LTPS) TFT technology. He also When asked if he has advice for that next challenge for LCDs. “It was an exciting time helped commercialize it for mobile displays, wave of display scientists, Ohshima says, to join the SID symposium each year,” he making possible the mobile device era in “Looking back in history, we should remind says, “since a variety of multi-domain tech- which we live today. ourselves that many new display technologies nologies were being proposed and demon- According to Tatsuo Uchida, SID fellow have been proposed with successful demonstrated to solve the viewing angle problem. and professor emeritus at Tohoku University, strators, but eventually failed in industrializa- I really enjoyed discussing these topics with “Mr. Ohshima was engaged in the research tion and/or business.” In order to avoid such colleagues working in the same field – it and development of LTPS TFT from a very failures, he recommends that displays be con- stimulated many new ideas. Because of the early time, when it was still unexplored. He sidered not by themselves but in relation to a exciting and hard work of engineers and solved many problems relating to LTPS TFT variety of aspects, including supply chains scientists, the narrow viewing angle problem for LCD drivers and peripheral circuits, and both upstream and downstream, infrastruc- of TFT-LCD was solved.” He describes that the resulting technology is now used for vari- tures, material supplies, manufacturing equip- breakthrough as one of the most important in ous high-definition active-matrix LCDs and ment, design tools, and global market trends. his career. “I am very happy and proud to be

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2017 Honors and Awards

plays are designed. As an undergraduate, “I’ve read several papers by Marty during Banks majored in psychology and minored in the years and have been very impressed by his physics. After teaching in Germany for a year, great analytic methods and knowledge about he earned a master’s degree in experimental the visual system and applications related to psychology, and then a Ph.D. in developmen- displays,” says Adi Abileah, display consult- tal psychology at the University of Minnesota. ant and 2012 Otto Schade Prize winner. “I always had an interest in the harder side “Specifically and most recently, his models of psychology and that got me interested in about vergence and accommodation conflicts, perception,” says Banks. His early work was which cause discomfort and nausea in stereo- in hearing research, but he switched to devel- scopic displays, are of great interest. His over- opmental psychology, at the time a rapidly all contribution to the understanding of the growing field. Then he became interested in human vision system is an asset to the display adult vision, and managed to get himself industry.” assigned to teach a binocular vision class. According to Banks, the challenges that “I spent a summer learning as much as I could vision science researchers are working on about the field so that I’d be able to teach right now include color, high dynamic range, competently when the class convened,” says and especially the reproduction of focus cues Banks. Apparently, he was successful: (blur and accommodation) with high fidelity. “I really liked the topic and that got me into Progress in vision science has been very Shui-Chih Alan Lien stereoscopy. “ steady, says Banks. “But display engineers The next career step – to displays – came have become increasingly interested in what part of the team that developed this exciting about as a result of a couple of fortuitous vision scientists have to tell them. And many and useful technology.” events: First, Banks was invited to speak vision scientists have become increasingly Now the LCD industry is facing a challenge about vision science to a group of engineers interested in working with display engineers. from AMOLEDs, says Lien, especially for at an SID meeting in Southern California. The level of interaction between these two small- and medium-sized panels. AMOLED “I realized at the time how these folks were fields is so much greater now than it was a has advantages in terms of response time, starving for more information about the visual decade ago.” flexibility, and formability. “The LCD indus- system,” says Banks. Second, he met Kurt try needs to overcome these three disadvan- Akeley, one of the founders of Silicon Graph- 2017 Slottow-Owaki Prize tages in order to compete with AMOLED for ics, and together they began exploring the The Slottow-Owaki Prize is awarded for the small and medium panel.” According to interfaces of computer science, vision science, outstanding contributions to the education his associates, it is typical of Lien that he con- and display engineering. That research gener- and training of students and professionals in siders the next challenge in terms of the big ated a great deal of interest from the display the field of information displays. picture. Says Hidefumi Yoshida, research community, and Banks has been doing some Deng-Ke Yang, SID fellow and professor at director at Sharp, “Dr. Lien has great leader- form of it ever since. Kent State University, receives the Slottow- ship in both development and commercial Owaki Prize “for his contributions to the fields.” education and training of students and professionals in the field of liquid-crystal displays.” 2017 Otto Schade Prize Deng-Ke Yang’s major technical achieve- The Otto Schade Prize is awarded for out- ments are in the areas of bistable cholesteric standing scientific or technical achievement reflective displays and polymer stabilized in, or contribution to, the advancement of cholesteric texture light shutters. These scien- functional performance and/or image quality tific contributions are documented in two of information displays. books, five book chapters, more than 120 pub- Martin S. Banks, professor of optometry lications, and 21 issued and pending patents. and vision science at UC Berkeley, receives But it is his work as an educator and mentor the Otto Schade Prize “for his research into that has earned him the 2017 Slottow-Owaki the causes of viewer discomfort and misper- Prize. “I have known Professor Yang for over ceptions in depth and motion and the creation 20 years and I am proud to say I am one of his of volumetric technology to mitigate these many students at the Liquid Crystal Institute effects.” (LCI) at Kent State University,” says Ray Ma, At first glance, Martin Banks’ educational director of flexible OLED R&D at Universal path would not seem likely to lead to a career Display Corporation. “Professor Yang takes in vision science and optometry and to pride in his work as a teacher and regards research in stereoscopic user discomfort and teaching as one of the highest honors,” Ma misperception that has changed the way dis- Martin S. Banks continues. “Even today, I still keep my notes

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Yang also teaches classes at various universities around the world. He has authored two books with Shin-Tson Wu, Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays and Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices. Both are extremely popular references for students and professionals in the field of liquid-crystal displays the world over. Yang became interested in the study of liquid crystals when he entered graduate school 33 years ago. “I realized that liquid crystals are interesting in terms of fundamental science and are also important for practical applications. Furthermore it does not cost much to do liquid-crystal research!” Yang continues to research cholesteric liquid-crystal devices. The biggest challenge for this technology, he says, is to develop video-rate, high-image-quality transflective displays that Deng-Ke Yang can be used everywhere, from dim indoor Kenneth I. Werner lighting to bright sunny outdoor conditions. from his class in my office and will reference author, teacher, technologist, and, most impor- them once a while.” 2017 Lewis and Beatrice Winner Award tantly, one of the strongest proponents of SID.” Over the years, Yang has advised more than The Lewis and Beatrice Winner Award for Ken Werner’s connections to SID date back a dozen graduate students, many of whom are Distinguished Service is awarded to a Society to a time when he was managing editor of now working in companies such as 3M, member for exceptional and sustained service IEEE Spectrum and happened to edit an Apple, Corning, Kodak, Tianma, and UDC. to SID. article on display technology by Larry Tannas, “They are all playing important roles in the Kenneth I. Werner, journalist, analyst, con- founder of Tannas Electronic Displays and a display industry because of the solid training sultant, and principal of Nutmeg Consultants, past president of SID. Two years later, when they received from LCI under the guidance of receives the Lewis and Beatrice Winner the Society needed an editor for this maga- Professor Yang,” says Ma. Award “for his dedicated services as editor, zine, Tannas remembered Werner’s work and

2017 SID Special Recognition Awards Presented to members of the technical, scientific, and business community (not necessarily SID members) for distinguished and valued contributions to the information-display field.

Masaki Hasegawa “for his invention of decom- Raymond Kwong “for his pioneering research position-type photoalignment used in IPS and FFS on and commercialization of high-efficiency and LCDs to achieve a high contrast ratio and low high-stability phosphorescent OLED materials power consumption.” and devices.” Dr. Hasegawa is a manager of Merck Perform- Dr. Kwong is currently the director of Universal ance Materials Ltd. He earned his Ph.D. degree in Display Corporation HK Ltd. He received his Ph.D. engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology. in chemistry from the Univ. of Southern California.

Jang Hyuk (Jeremy) Kwon “for his pioneering Kenichiro Masaoka “for his leading contributions research on OLED displays, especially on the to the research and development of a wide-color- top-emission device architecture in AMOLED gamut UHD-TV display system and gamut-area displays.” metrology.” Dr. Kwon is a professor at Kyung Hee Univer- Dr. Masaoka is a principal research engineer sity. He has a Ph.D. in chemistry from the Korea with the Advanced Television Systems Research Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Division, NHK Science and Technology Research (KAIST). Laboratories. He received his Ph.D. in engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

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2017 Honors and Awards

hired him for Information Display. Werner display industry manufacturing, technology, He has also supported various display activ- stayed at the magazine from 1987 to 2005, and applications, including mobile devices ities in Brazil, culminating with the formation bringing the magazine to what was universally and television. He continues to run Nutmeg of the Latin American Chapter. “Ken has been recognized as a new standard of excellence. Consultants, and is also a senior analyst for a key contributor to Latin Display over the “During Ken’s time with Information Display, display research firm MEKO, Ltd.; a founding years,” wrote Alaide, Victor, and Carlos Mam- the magazine became truly professional,” says co-editor of MEKO’s Display Daily; and a mana (Latin America Chapter chair, director, Tannas. regular contributor to HDTVexpert.com and member, respectively) in a statement After his stint with Information Display, Werner has also stayed involved with SID, recommending Werner for the award. “Over Werner continued to work in the display serving as program chair or co-chair for many years, Ken not only disseminated industry, as he does to this day. Years earlier, several of the Los Angeles chapter’s one-day knowledge about displays but championed the after leaving IEEE Spectrum, he had founded conferences – a long-running and very suc- SID organization, explaining its goals and Nutmeg Consultants, which specializes in cessful series. helping to foster the creation of the Latin American Chapter for SID. He continues to motivate the industry to increased participation in SID activities.” 2017 SID Fellow Awards Werner’s background is not that of a typical The grade of Fellow is conferred annually upon SID members of outstanding wordsmith. He has a degree in physics and qualifications and experience as scientists or engineers whose significant contributions started out as an engineer at RCA. “I found to the field of information display have been widely recognized. that I enjoyed the first six months of each project when I was trying to figure out which Toshiaki Arai “for his Sin-Doo Lee “for his out- way was up, and then found the next 18 distinguished contribu- standing contributions to months of wrapping up the details to be tions to high-reliability fast-switching and wide- horribly tedious,” says Werner. “So I looked high-performance oxide- view LCD technologies, for an area where I could use my technical TFT technology for ranging from vertically expertise as a generalist, rather than a hyper- AMOLED displays.” aligned nematic to defect- specialist.” This led him to publishing, and Dr. Arai is a chief tech- free ferroelectric modes.” eventually, to SID. nologist at JOLED Inc. He received his Dr. Lee is a professor in the School of Werner says, “I received great satisfaction Ph.D. degree from the Nara Institute of Electrical Engineering of Seoul National from covering SID’s major conferences for Science and Technology. University. He received his Ph.D. degree Information Display, which gave me the in liquid-crystal physics from Brandeis opportunity to make many friends in the dis- Hyun Jae Kim “for his University. play industry and to view display technology original contributions to and manufacturing around the world close LTPS TFTs using excimer- Sang-Hee Ko Park “for up.” He also enjoyed running the promotion laser annealing and for her development of the and press relations program for Display Week, implementing the anneal- first AMOLED display though he is quick to point out that the person ing process into the com- with oxide TFTs.” who did most of the work of keeping the press mercial production of Dr. Park is a professor happy was his friend and colleague Dian LTPS TFT-LCDs and AMOLED displays.” at the Korean Advanced Mecca. Dr. Kim is a professor in the School of Institute of Science and When asked about the significance of the Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Technology. She earned a Ph.D. in chemistry award to his career, Werner replies: “I didn't Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea. He from the University of Pittsburgh. do these things in order to win an award, even received his Ph.D. degree in materials one as prestigious as the Lewis and Beatrice science and engineering from Columbia Winner Award. I did them because people University. asked me. And by simply saying ‘yes,’ I wound up greatly enriching my professional Qun (Frank) Yan “for his outstanding and personal life. This award is icing on the contributions to plasma displays, espe- cake.” cially for inventing and developing the calcium magnesium oxide protective 2017 Peter Brody Prize layer for the mass production of high- The Peter Brody Prize (new this year) is luminous-efficacy PDPs.” awarded to honor outstanding contributions Dr. Yan is a distinguished professor of young researchers (under age 40) who have at Fuzhou University and chief technology advisor for made major-impact technical contributions to Changhong Electric Group Co., Ltd. He received his the developments of active matrix addressed Ph.D. in physics from Vanderbilt University. displays in one or more of the following areas:

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• Thin film transistor devices • Active matrix addressing techniques • Active matrix device manufacturing • Active matrix display media • Active matrix display enabling components Yi-Pai Huang, professor and associate dean of R&D at National Chiao-Tung University, earns the inaugural Peter Brody Prize “for his innovative contributions to the development of wide-view MVA-pixel technology and the invention of the field-sequential-color driving method to achieve imperceptible color Display Week 2017 breakup.” An appreciation for art and imagery led Innovation Zone (I-Zone) Yi-Pai Huang to a career in displays. “My May 23–25, 2017 father is a photographer, so I enjoyed seeing beautiful pictures when I was a kid,” says Sponsored by E Ink Huang. While at graduate school at National Chiao-Tung University, he had the chance to visit Professor Han-Ping Shieh (a display Yi-Pai Huang pioneer in his own right and winner of a Slottow-Owaki Prize). There in Shieh’s lab, become an athlete or a physical education he prototypes on display in he saw many new TFT-LCD technologies teacher, he says, had his mom not steered him the Innovation Zone at Display powering displays with beautiful imagery. toward science when he was 18 and applying Week 2017 will be among the “Therefore, I decided to join Shieh’s group to undergraduate programs. most exciting things you see at this to do research for improving the optics and He credits SID with providing a great deal year’s show. These exhibits were picture quality of displays and TFT-LCDs,” of inspiration early on. “I joined my first SID says Huang. symposium in 2001 and saw many researchers chosen by the Society for Information He went on to develop advanced-MVA engrossed in display technology and excitedly Display’s I-Zone Committee for their TFT-LCD for reduced color washout, invent a reporting their most innovative achievements novelty, quality, and potential to stencil-FSC driving method to achieve imper- in the symposium,” he says. “That really enhance and even transform the dis- ceptible color break-up, and implement an encouraged me to focus more on display play industry. Programmable shoes, LC-lens array for various 3D applications. research.” In 2009, Huang became the officer interactive holograms, the latest He has published 60 journal papers, 133 of SID’s Taipei chapter and the program head-up displays, and much more conference papers, and 3 book chapters. He committee member of SID. He says he has will not only fire your imagination, holds 98 issued patents. learned a great deal from senior scientists in but provide an advance look at many “Huang is an outstanding scientist who has this society, in terms of both leadership and of the commercial products you’ll be made tremendous accomplishments at a technology. “I really have to give my sincere using a few years from now. young age,” says Fan Luo, retired CTO for appreciation to SID,” he says, “and especially AUO, who worked with Huang at AUO. to my senior mentors, Professor Han-Ping SIDT created the I-Zone as a forum for “Professor Huang has also been very active in Shieh, Professor Shin-Tson Wu, Dr. Fan Luo, live demonstrations of emerging SID activities, and Dr. John Chen.” serving as When asked what advice he might give to information-display technologies. The 2017 Honors and chair of the young researchers starting out, Huang offered This special exhibit offers researchers Awards Committee Taipei Chapter this: space to demonstrate their proto- members are: and program “Young people have ‘fresh’ brains, so they types or other hardware demos dur- Shin-Tson Wu, Chair chair for the shouldn't be bounded by old technology. The ing Display Week, and encourages Paul Drzaic technical displays of the future could be some arbitrary participation by small companies, Min-Koo Han Ingrid Heynderickx symposium.” type – we could have images floating in the startups, universities, government Chris King Huang notes air, or even imaging directly into the brain. labs, and independent research labs. Fan Luo that growing I would like to encourage young people to use Haruhiko Okumura up, he was their imaginations to develop a future type of Don’t missI-Zone the 20172016 I-Zone, Best taking Jun Souk drawn to sports display in their minds, and then try to realize Ching Tang placePrototype on the show Award floor Winner: at Display as well as Andrew Watson it solidly, because your achievement will Week, May 23–25. Larry Weber science. He never be greater than your dream.” n nVerpix might have

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The 11 Best Display-Related Finds at CES 2017

The most exciting near- and medium-term developments seen at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas revolved around quantum dots. And there were other surprises.

by Ken Werner

here were lots of displays at the latest marketing army decides to call an apple an Samsung’s 2016 S-UHD TV sets. The sets ConsumerT Electronics Show, held January orange, it’s going to be an orange. (That’s showed in Samsung’s booth at CES looked 4–8, 2017, in Las Vegas, but only in a few what happened when, a few years back, very good, but we will need to compare test cases were developments in display technology Samsung decided to call an LCD-TV with results to see if they are better than competing front and center. More frequently, displays an LED edge-light an “LED TV.” And so it sets. were important as enabling components in remains to this day.) In Samsung’s CES press conference, larger systems, notably automotive human- Today, Samsung is making very good 4K Joe Stinziano, executive vice president for machine interfaces (HMIs), advanced driver quantum-dot TVs under the label S-UHD. But Samsung Electronics America, said the assistance systems (ADAS), and autonomous Samsung representatives have said the label QLED sets cover “nearly all of the DCI vehicles. But leaving the self-balancing hasn’t been very exciting or informative for color space,” incorporate high dynamic range motorcycles, etc. aside, we will focus on the consumers, and that brings us to QLED. (HDR), and generate a peak white luminance 11 display technologies and display-centric In 2016, Samsung acquired the assets of of 1,500 to 2,000 nits. The panel, he said, is products (including one exhibit) that were the quantum-dot company QD Vision. QD Vision optimized for the new QDs, which presum- best in their own right, and we’ll define “best” had developed significant intellectual property ably means the matrix color filter is tuned for as we go along. around QLED technology – true QLED tech- the wavelengths and widths of the QD peaks. nology – and Samsung also acquired rights to The QLED set adapts to room illumination, 1. Best Product That Isn’t What It the “QLED” name. said Stinziano; the panel connects to the box Says It Is True QLED refers to a structure that resem- via optical cable, and the set mounts on the Samsung introduced its new “QLED” TV bles an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) wall, for those who opt for wall-mounting, technology, although it wasn’t based on what structure, but with the organic emitting layer with virtually no gap. Samsung showed 65-in. the technical community would call quantum of OLED replaced with quantum dots (QDs). and 88-in. examples on the show floor. The dot light-emitting diode (QLED). We’d better While QDs in current TVs are excited by QLED line, which was introduced at the get used to it, though. When Samsung’s photons, the QDs in QLED are excited by an start of this year’s show, won a Consumer electric field. This very different approach Technology Association (CTA) Innovation will take years of additional development Award. Ken Werner is principal of Nutmeg Consult- before it appears in commercial TV sets, but Samsung’s announced strategy is to skip ants, specializing in the display industry, many industry-watchers regard it as possibly OLED technology completely and jump manufacturing, technology, and applications, the best TV display technology under devel- directly to true QLED. But, when it does, including mobile devices and television. He opment today. what will Samsung call it? Samsung is already consults for attorneys, investment analysts, This is not the technology in Samsung’s trying to resolve the issue by calling the and companies re-positioning themselves “QLED” TV sets. These sets have the conven- current photoluminescent QD technology within the display industry or using displays tional quantum-dot structure, but the dots – “photoluminescent QLED,” and using in their products. You can reach him at made by Nanosys – are constructed differ- “electroluminescent QLED” for the QLED [email protected]. ently from other QDs, including the QDs in technology to come.

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2. Best Real QLED and Air-Stable said. The QD filter pattern will probably be claims that with IPS NanoColor, the color Quantum-Dot Technology applied to the back side of the LCD’s front gamut at 80 degrees is still 91% of what it is Demonstrations glass, although it could be applied to the front normal to the screen surface, while the equiv- Samsung’s QD supplier Nanosys demon- side. That will be up to the panel-maker, alent QD number is 28%. I look forward to strated a true QLED in its suite in the West- Yurek said. He concluded our conversation by seeing if independent testing supports these gate Hotel. The demo consisted of four bright saying the air-stable QDs “could be commer- numbers. blue pixels (Fig. 1), indicating that 1) Nanosys cial in 2018; 2019 for sure.” The second-generation technology, IPS can make them, and 2) we’re a long way from After leaving the Nanosys suite I had a NanoColor II, takes a different approach. a true QLED TV set, confirming a widely held private meeting with Matt Bootman, CEO Here, the backlight uses blue LEDs, and 1 nm belief in the field. of QD developer Crystalplex, and business nanoparticles are arrayed between the LCD Nanosys gave a primitive, lab-bench style development director Ken Acer. Bootman and cells and the backlight. Some of these demo of air-stable quantum dots behind Acer showed me samples of their company’s nanoparticles convert the blue light to red, closed doors last May at SID’s Display Week. sapphire-passivated air-stable QDs deposited while others convert to green, as quantum dots The company’s air-stable demo in its CES on polymer film. Each of the three samples do. But these particles are too small to operate suite this year was far more sophisticated than produced a different color when a laser was on the basis of quantum confinement. Another what it showed last May. (Nanosys now calls aimed at it. Not as flashy as a multi-colored possibility is that these are phosphor particles, the technology “ambient processable,” which pattern, but sufficient to show the dots work but phosphor particles are typically 50–100 is accurate but hard to wrap your tongue in air and can be coated onto film. times the diameter of LGD’s particles. LGD around.) The demo showed what is widely personnel were not permitted to provide any called a “filter” because the intent is for it to 3. Best LCD TV That Doesn’t Use additional details, but they could say the replace the matrix color filter in an LCD, even Quantum Dots particles had been developed in cooperation though it isn’t a filter in the conventional LG is notable for not using quantum dots in with LG Chemical. sense. its higher-level TV sets, but with wide color NanoColor II, LGD said, will have a color Jeff Yurek, Nanosys director of marketing gamut (WCG) becoming a requirement for gamut about the same as QDs, with a BLU and investor relations, said the materials high-end ultra-high-definition (UHD) sets, efficiency slightly less than the first-gen issues for the air-stable QDs have been this is becoming an untenable position – or is NanoColor, but still slightly more than QD. solved. Photolithography produces a clean it? In its booth on the CES show floor, LG had The LGD reps suggested we could see IPS pattern, which was verified by looking at the an elaborate but unclear booth presentation NanoColor II TV sets in 2018. For now, it sample, although the pixel density was limited promoting its new “nano-cell display.” LG will be very interesting to compare Samsung’s by the lab-level lithography equipment used, claimed “accurate colors maintained at any impressive new quantum-dot technology with said Yurek. The materials are compatible with angle” for its new technology, and also the first-gen IPS NanoColor. lithography for 4K panels and beyond, he claimed that colors are enhanced. The company said the nano-cell technology consisted 4. Best TV Display Less Than 1 mm of 1-nanometer particles uniformly distributed Thick on the LCD cell. In its suite, LGD showed the 77-in. “Wall- What LG was calling “nano-cell display” paper” OLED panel that will soon appear in on the show floor, LG Display (in its invita- the LG Signature OLED TV W, LG’s top-of- tion-only suite in the Las Vegas Convention the-line OLED TV. (The 65-in. version is Center’s North Hall) was calling “IPS Nano- available now at an MSRP of 1 cent less than Color.” There are two distinct types of IPS $8000.) The panel itself is 0.95 mm thick. NanoColor. The current version, which is The TV in which it will appear is 5 mm thick, what LG was showing, is called just IPS with the electronics in a separate box that is NanoColor. Here, the nanoparticles – which connected to the set with a cable. are approximately 2 nm in diameter, not 1 – The set incorporates all of the high-end are indeed distributed on the front surface of features you would expect and then some, the LCD, where they serve as a color filter including an HDR system that supports and, perhaps, as a diffusion layer that HDR10, Dolby Vision, and hybrid log- improves the viewing angle. gamma (HLG) HDR. The internal audio Since it serves as an additional color filter, system supports 4.2 audio with Dolby Atmos the IPS NanoColor layer obtains its increase immersive sound. Fig. 1: Above are four true QLED subpixels in color purity at the expense of some effi- But the primary distinguishing factor of as demonstrated by Nanosys. The subpixels ciency. LGD said the technology delivers a the W is that it is so thin (and sufficiently are blue, but so bright they appear white even color gamut of 90% Digital Cinema Initiative light at 27 lbs.) that it can be mounted directly with the camera’s exposure compensation set (DCI), compared to 96% for quantum dots. on the wall – yes, like wallpaper. (The sepa- to maximum underexposure. Photo courtesy However, it claims a backlight unit efficiency rate AV box weighs another 28 lbs.) It is Ken Werner. of 78%, in contrast to QD’s 70%. LGD also impressive (Fig. 2).

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unique design is based on the panel’s pixel layout and provides refractive and [diffrac- tive] elements to create a 140-degree continuous light front,” according to a Stream white paper. The lamination equipment is operational at Pegatron, the company’s manufacturing partner. A TV or monitor maker must buy this display module from Pegatron. Another essential part of the system is a “rendering processor that decodes Ultra-D formatted content and assigns depth values to each of the 24 million subpixels for a natural and immersive effect.” Yes, the content must be in the Ultra-D format, but processors and tool sets are available that implement real-time conversion, native creation, or pre-conversion. As good as Ultra-D is, I remain convinced that there are basic visual and psychological reasons why 3D TV is not generally appealing over the long term, with glasses or not (with the possible exception of gaming). But that still leaves a wide range of consumer and Fig. 2: LG’s “Wallpaper” OLED TVs are thin enough and light enough to mount directly to a professional monitor-based applications up wall. The effect is striking. The price is high. Photo courtesy Ken Werner. for grabs, with gaming high on the list. 7. Best Product Prediction from a TV 5. Best Biggest-Yet Electrophoretic annoying. E Ink Chief Strategy Officer Paul Maker Display Apen and QuirkLogic’s Mike Maby agreed The 35-year-old Chinese company TCL prides If you thought the largest active-matrix elec- that the latency is primarily a software issue, itself on its vast size and vertical integration. trophoretic display you could buy was only and that QuirkLogic is confident of solving it It is the world’s third-largest TV maker and 32 in. on the diagonal, it’s time to think again. in the near term. In addition to the connected the fastest growing TV maker in North Amer- In the Las Vegas Convention Center’s seem- business and design applications shown in the ica. It also holds the largest stake in panel ingly endless South Hall, E Ink showed its booth, QuirkLogic and E Ink see architecture maker CSOT, which is currently building a new 42-in. display in cooperation with Quirk- as an important market. The companies expect Gen 11 thin-film transistor and OLED plant Logic, whose networked whiteboard system to have more to say and show by the time of at a total investment of US $7.7 billion. (called “Quilla”) is the display’s first applica- SID’s Display Week in May. TCL chairman and founder Li Dongsheng tion. Both companies preferred the designa- made introductory comments at TCL’s press tion “eWriter” to “whiteboard.” 6. Best Glasses-Free 3D Display conference. He read from prepared notes, and Quillas can wirelessly connect to Quillas Philadelphia-based Stream TV Networks it was clear that speaking in English was not in other offices down the hall or around the showed the latest incarnation of its Ultra-D easy for him, but his efforts to do so anyway world for active collaboration and sharing. 3D system – the best (and, as far as I could indicated the company’s seriousness about The 42-in. display has 85 ppi and 16 levels tell, the only) glasses-free 3D system at CES. further expanding its penetration of the North of gray, making the Quilla appropriate for I was not impressed with early versions of the American market. the connected eWriter application. system, but the current one is very good and Li and other executives talked up TCL’s Each Quilla normally hangs from a wall clearly benefits from starting with a 4K panel. extensive TV line-up, including its 4K, mount that delivers power and connects to There are no sweet (or sour) spots, with the quantum-dot, and HDR technologies; its TCL broadband. Simply lifting the Quilla off the 3D field seeming to be continuous over a wide Roku smart TVs; and (at 110 in.) the world’s mount switches it to battery power and a WiFi range of viewing angles (Fig. 3, left). largest 4K curved TV. I have spoken dismis- connection. The unit weighs a bit over 20 There is a visible artifact: diagonal “raster” sively of curved TVs in the 55- and 65-in. pounds and will run all day on a battery lines. (There isn’t really a raster but the lines range – and sales figures confirm that this is charge. look like the raster lines from an old CRT TV.) a fad in steep decline – but at really large QuirkLogic and E Ink claim that Quilla This shouldn’t be a deal breaker for most sizes curved screens make geometrical and offers the feel of pen on paper, and I can people, but you can see them (Fig. 3, right). ergonomic sense. (Not that anyone is going verify that. There was just enough latency The Ultra-D system consists of a propri- to sell very many 110-in. TVs.) between moving the stylus and having the line etary multi-layer optical stack with a precision Ranjit Gopi, marketing director and head on the display follow the stylus point to be layer laminated to a 4K screen. “The film’s of overseas marketing, emphasized the com-

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Fig. 3: Left: Stream TV’s glasses-free 3D system provides an immersive gaming experience that is far more comfortable than one that involves wearing VR goggles. Right: Stream TV’s autostereoscopic effect is provided over a wide viewing angle without conventional sweet and sour spots. The trade-off is these diagonal lines, which are noticeable at normal viewing distances but probably not a deal breaker for most viewers. Photos courtesy Ken Werner.

pany’s major investments in global brand previously VP and GM of the specialty dis- One problem NXT encountered was inter- building, smart television technology, and plays business at Planar. Could PLT be work- ference between the screen’s pixel structure smart manufacturing technology. The coming with TCL? Barnes politely refused to and the screen vibrations at lower acoustic pany has research centers around the world, comment. frequencies. The solution was to cut off the he said, including one in Silicon Valley and a With the technical difficulties confronting frequency at 150 Hz and use a separate cooperative research center at MIT. this technology, a dot-on-chip TV “sooner woofer, which presumably made the approach But for those in the audience who under- rather than later” would be a major step in the less attractive for laptop computers. We will stood it, Gopi’s most interesting comment was now-rapid evolution of QD-enhanced TVs. soon see how Sony has dealt with this issue. this: Quantum-dot-on-chip TV is coming! He What Acoustic Surface, and NXT’s Surface- wouldn’t say when, but he did say it would be 8. Best “Me-Too” Product Sound before it, can do is localize a sound at “sooner rather than later.” Why is this a big With its A1E series of Bravia OLED TV sets, any point on the screen. Reportedly, Sony has deal? Currently, the dominant approach to Sony is making an impressive entry into the done a good job of co-locating the origin of making quantum-dot-enhanced backlights is very limited field of OLED TV manufactur- the sound and image content with a good deal to distribute the QDs in a medium that is ers. Sony is using LGD OLED TV panels, of of precision. encapsulated between polymer films that course, so there is no product differentiation But this was a me-too feature as well. protect them from oxygen and moisture. there, but it has done its best to create a high- LGD was showing its Crystal Sound OLED The multi-layer structure of this quantum-dot end product that includes impressive indus- in its North Hall suite. It’s hard to differentiate enhancement film (QDEF, which is a trade- trial design and presumably top-notch your product when the core technology comes mark owned by Nanosys) is more expensive electronics. Whether the picture quality differs from your supplier. than the QDs that are incorporated within it. significantly from the LGD competition An attractive alternative would be to deposit remains to be seen, but the image looks very 9. Best Display Product Without an the QDs directly on the LED chips that are good indeed (Fig. 4). Obvious Market the backlight’s source of illumination, doing On display were 65- and 77-in. 4K HDR Arovia’s Spontaneous Pop-Up Display away with the film sandwich entirely. OLED sets featuring Sony’s Acoustic Surface (SPUD) is a Kickstarter-funded product One problem with this is that the QDs technology, which incorporates transducers conceived by enthusiastic alumni of Rice deteriorate rapidly when they are subjected that produce sound by vibrating the entire University. Shown at the CES Unveiled to high luminous flux and, especially, heat. display panel. This idea is not new, of course. press and analyst event, SPUD is an inflat- And LED chips are hot. Several companies At the beginning of this decade the British able display with a Texas Instruments have been working on this problem, including company NXT was working with the same Digital Micromirror Device (DMD)-based the recently sold QD Vision, whose IP was idea, and showed prototypes of notebook projector and 24-in. rear-projection screen acquired by Samsung last fall. Another is computers using the technology. NXT cus- (Fig. 5). Pacific Light Technologies (Portland, tomers produced a variety of thin speakers Arovia says its “ideal initial customer is Oregon), whose CEO Doug Barnes was that were sold commercially. the ‘mobile millennial.’ ” But the market has

Information Display 2/17 31 ID Werner p28-33_Layout 1 3/4/2017 11:59 AM Page 32

show review

one. Lenovo showed the 2016 model at last year’s CES, and said then that the OLED option was an experiment that would only be continued if sales justified it. Apparently, they did. But is the option being extended to any other models? Not this year, said Lenovo’s David Harris.

11. Best Display Exhibit This is easy, because it’s always the same one: LG Display’s by-invitation-only suite, which, this year, was in one of the Las Vegas Con- vention Center’s North Hall meeting areas. LGD frequently shows what is under the hood of the products its sister company, LG Elec- tronics, is exhibiting on the show floor. And it often shows products and technologies that are under development. We’ve already described the OLED panel that is only 0.95 mm thick, and IPS Nano- Color. LGD showed a 55-in. full high- definition OLED with 45% transmittance. The combination of transparent clarity and Fig. 4: It’s difficult to say if Sony’s electronics get a better picture out of LG’s OLED panel than color saturation was impressive. The panel is LG’s own electronics, but the image quality of Sony’s A1E series of Bravia OLEDs is excellent. not a product yet, but LGD is exploring the Photo courtesy Ken Werner. technology for other applications. One of those applications was an automo- repeatedly demonstrated its lack of interest in 10. Best OLED Notebook PC tive see-through head-up display (HUD) rear-projection displays, and there are proven Also at CES Unveiled, Lenovo showed its mounted to the top of a mock-up car dash- alternatives such as miniature projectors, 2017 ThinkPad X1 Yoga convertible notebook board. In the well-lit demonstration area, the lightweight monitors, large tablets, and eco- PC with a Gen 7 Intel Core i7, 16GB of mem- images were bright and clear, without the nomical notebook PCs with 15.6- and 17.3-in. ory, and up to 1TB of SSD storage. You can optical and viewing-angle limitations of pro- screens. (You still need a PC or tablet to drive buy one with a 14-in. wide-quad high- jection HUDs. There is a problem, though. the SPUD.) Am I missing something? For the definition 300-nit OLED touchscreen for a The National Highway Traffic Safety Admin- sake of these agreeable young entrepreneurs, $300 premium, and this is clearly the world’s istration specifies that any HUD must have a I hope so. best OLED notebook because it’s the only transmittance of at least 70%. An LGD engi-

Fig. 5: Arovia’s pop-up display inflates from 1.5 lbs. of folded polymer film to a 24-in. rear-projection DMD display. Photos courtesy Ken Werner.

32 Information Display 2/17 ID Werner p28-33_Layout 1 3/4/2017 11:59 AM Page 33

neer said the company is hopeful that it can Last year, LGD showed its S(uper)-IPS including air-stable dots, dot-on-chip, and – get from 45% to 70% transmittance. panel, which used rubbing with a soft cloth down the line – true QLED. Flexible OLEDs A clever use of the transparent OLED was to establish the surface alignment of the for automotive and other applications should to lay it over an LCD instrument cluster. liquid-crystal molecules. In the very early also be high on the list, as is solution process- Warnings were directed alternately to the days of twisted-nematic LCD fabrication, ing to dramatically reduce the cost of OLED LCD and the OLED, giving the impression of this rubbing was done by hand, and some displays. We didn’t see any of that at CES the indicator moving toward and away from operators had “the touch” for doing it and because it’s not here yet, and is taking longer the driver, which was attention-grabbing. The others didn’t. Now, the rubbing is mecha- than many of us expected. Until it comes, the OLED was also used to overlay speedometer nized, with a rotating roller on which the dramatic improvements in QD-enhanced and tachometer pointers and some digits. rubbing fabric is mounted, but it’s still a displays will satisfy the market for all but A plastic OLED was used to make a wave- shockingly 19th-century-looking process for super-premium large-screen products. n like display over the entire dash with a convex a 21st-century high-tech factory. This year, portion of the wave over the instrument cluster, LGD was showing off its U(ltra)-IPS technol- concave over the center, and convex in front ogy, which delivers better viewing-angle per- of the passenger. This display dash looked formance, an LGD rep said, thanks to creating continuous but it used three tiled panels. the alignment layer with ultraviolet light, pat- Submit Your News Releases Plastic OLED is a growing market, and we terning, and a polymerizable layer instead of Please send all press releases and new product announcements to: were told that LGD is well positioned to par- rubbing. UV alignment was developed many Jenny Donelan ticipate in this growth thanks to a G4.5 and a years ago, but has only fitfully been used in Information Display Magazine G6 fab. We were not permitted to take photo- commercial products. Industry sentiment has 411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201 graphs of the automotive OLED displays. often been that “rubbing is good enough,” but New York, NY 10003 Another demonstration focused on LCD this is a competitive world and sentiments Fax: 212.460.5460 pillar panels, displays with extreme aspect ratios change. e-mail: [email protected] for high-end signage installations. These panels were fabricated directly on the mother glass, Quantum Dots Stole the (Display) Show not resized from displays with traditional The most exciting near- and medium-term aspect ratios, an LGD engineer said (Fig. 6). developments are still in quantum dots, J O I N S I D We invite you to join SID to participate in shaping the future development of: • Display technologies and display- related products • Materials and components for displays and display applications • Manufacturing processes and equipment • New markets and applications In every specialty you will find SID members as leading contributors to their profession. http://www.sid.org/ Fig. 6: LGD’s pillar displays have aspect ratios as high as 58:9, luminance of 700 nits, and a Membership.aspx color gamut of 100% of sRGB. Photo courtesy Ken Werner.

Information Display 2/17 33 symposium preview

AR/VR, Digital Signage, Display Materials, Vehicular Displays, and Wearables Headline Display Week 2017 Technical Program in Los Angeles

A bumper crop of papers submitted to this year’s symposium ensures that the field will be broad as well as deep. Highlights include novel technologies like aerial displays, perovskites, full-windshield automotive head-up displays, and tunable microlens arrays, as well as practical advances in manufacturing and metrology that will help you do your job better. This is your once-a-year opportunity to find out what’s happening in the field of displays. The discoveries you’ll make at Display Week will inform your business plans for months and years to come. by Jenny Donelan

his is a big year for Display Week. Nearly vast range of display topics. Obviously, that’s Papers at Display Week are organized into 700T papers were submitted to the Society for many more papers than any one person can take sessions by technical focus: Active-Matrix Information Display’s 2017 technical sympo- in during the four days of the program, but you Devices, Emerging Applications, Applied sium. This is the highest number since 2011 can focus on the ones that are most important Vision, Display Electronics, Display Manu- (coincidentally or not, this was the last time to you if you plan ahead by accessing the facturing, Display Measurement, Display Display Week took place in Los Angeles). preliminary program online at http://display Systems, Emissive Displays, e-Paper and An impressive 30% of this year’s submis- week.org/2017/Program/Symposium.aspx and Flexible Displays, Lighting, Liquid-Crystal sions were from China alone. Another 20% also by reading this article, in which we point Technology, OLEDs, Touch and Interactive were from Korea, making one half of this out some of the highlights. Last but not least: Displays, and Automotive/Vehicle Displays. year’s submissions from these two countries don’t forget to bring friends and colleagues Each session consists of three to five 20- (approximately 75% of all papers are from the along to cover what you can’t! minute presentations. Asian nations of China, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan). “Display Week 2017 is shaping up to be one of the most technologically advanced and diverse symposiums we have hosted. It is a very exciting time to be in the display industry, anywhere around the world, and our speaker line-up aptly reflects this,” said Tech- nical Program Chair Rashmi Rao at the paper selection meeting last winter in Seattle. This year’s technical symposium runs from May 23 to 26, and will include 311 oral presentations and 240 poster presentations on a

Jenny Donelan is the editor in chief of Information Display Magazine. She can be Attendees take in one of hundreds of technical presentations at last year’s Display Week in San reached at [email protected]. Francisco. The symposium is the heart and soul of Display Week.

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Information Display 2/17 35 symposium preview

It’s worth noting that while the technical us articles on both TADF emitters and per- OLED emitter material. Another trend for symposium is the heart and soul of Display ovskites. Make sure you read them so you’re OLEDs that Weaver points to is digital Week, there are many other valuable events ahead of the curve before the show. cinema. A recommended OLED paper in this going on: the Sunday Short Courses and Speaking of QDs – they continue to be a area is “Curved Kawara-Type Multidisplay Display Metrology Workshops; the Monday popular research topic. It’s exciting to see a Combined with an OLED Device for BT.2020 Seminars; the Business, Investors, and Market technology move from the emerging to the Color Gamut” by Daiki Nakamura of SEL, Focus Conferences; the CMO Forum; and the commercial category in just a few years. The which describes a multidisplay capable of Wednesday night Special Networking event at paper “Key Challenges towards the Commer- displaying a seamless image with few visible the Grammy Museum. New this year are a cialization of Quantum-Dot LEDs” by Lei joints. The OLED display achieves an area forum aptly titled “Women in Tech,” in which Quian of TCL Corporate Research will be ratio of 106% to the BT.2020 color gamut in five distinguished women from technology useful for anyone wanting to get up to speed the uʹvʹ chromaticity diagram. fields will discuss their professional chal- on QDs and QLEDs. Lei’s work covers per- lenges and successes; and a special 30th formance, including efficiency and lifetime, Beyond Reality Anniversary OLED Celebration, which as well as the development of printable QD Augmented reality and virtual reality devices, includes talks from Ching Tang and Steve Van inks (including ink-jet printing techniques), especially the head-mounted variety, fre- Slyke, the two researchers who delivered the and blue QDs. To find out more about the quently show up on the pages of mainstream first OLED paper at SID three decades ago. environmental aspects of QDs, check out media, but the devices themselves aren’t in Visit www.display.org for a schedule. “Environmentally Friendly Quantum Dots for the mainstream in terms of usage. The chal- The peer-reviewed papers chosen for pres- Display Applications” by Hyosook Jang of lenge of making comfortable, useful devices entation at Display Week represent the best Samsung. This presentation describes the that will take advantage of “killer apps” yet to work being done in display technology. Here adoption of indium phosphide (Inp) based come is also an opportunity for display mak- are a few of the highlights from this year’s QDs as an alternative to cadmium-based ones. ers. No further indication of such interest is sessions. While it isn’t possible to mention Two other intriguing materials are carbon needed than the Society’s selection of Clay every exciting development or worthwhile nanotubes and zinc-oxide nanorods. You can Bavor, vice president of virtual reality for presentation in this space, we hope this list find out more about them in the presentations Google, as one of the keynote speakers who will serve to whet your appetite for what’s in “Printed Carbon-Nanotube TFTs and Their will kick off Display Week. Google’s best- store at the symposium. Application in OLED Backplane Circuits” by known foray into this area was Google Glass, Jianwen Zhao at the Chinese Academy of but it now makes the affordable ($15) Google Many Materials, Many Advances Sciences and “ZnO Nanorod Array Fabricated Cardboard and the comfortable (fabric- Every year, SID creates areas of special focus on Conductive and Transparent Gallium- covered) Daydream viewers. Bavor is sure to that are designed to both reflect and encour- Doped ZnO substrates for Sensing Applica- have lots to say about the state of the art and age interest in specific areas of display tions in Displays” by Chaoyang Li of the the future of VR and how display companies technology. This year, these focus areas are Kochi University of Technology, respectively. can be part of it. AR/VR, Digital Signage, Display Materials According to Frank Yan, chairman of the The technical symposium will offer several and Processes, and Wearables. We’ll start Emissive Displays subcommittee, research AR/VR sessions with a large number of with Display Materials and Processes, because interest is strong in quantum-dot light-emit- invited papers, including “Liquid Crystal there’s quite a bit going on here. ting diode (QLED) and micro-LED materials. Lenses in Augmented Reality” by Yi-Hsin Lin Thermally activated delayed fluorescence Micro-LED papers increased from 3 to 7 from National Chiao Tung University and (TADF) emitters and perovskites are two this year over last, and emissive sessions “A Switchable Light-Field Display for Mobile “hot” new materials that are attracting a lot of expanded from 5 to 7. Submissions from Applications” by David Fattal of LEIA. (ID attention, according to Ion Bita, co-chair for China accounted for about half those papers. magazine interviewed Fattal in the January/ this year’s Display Materials and Processes (Yan mentioned that the technical committee February 2017 issue.) There is also an entire program. TADF emitters have the potential to in China organized the International Confer- session dedicated to Light-Field Displays for improve OLED performance, and perovskites ence on Display Technology [ICDT], encour- AR and VR that is sure to offer a lot of insights are an emissive nanomaterial that may be used aging scientists to submit papers to ICDT as into the promising territory of light fields. in ways similar to semiconductor QDs. Bita well as to Display Week, which had a positive notes that while the investigated perovskites effect on both quantity and quality.) In terms A Large Display by Any Other Name... contain more lead than QDs (many of which of the emissive papers from all over the All digital signs are electronic displays, but contain cadmium), the Restriction of Haz- world, says Yan, “The overall quality was not all electronic displays are digital signs. ardous Substances (RoHS) limits for lead very high. We had to reject papers of reason- The distinction probably isn’t terribly impor- content are higher than those for cadmium able quality this year that would have been tant outside of Display Week, but for the content. Cadmium-based QDs have faced selected in previous years.” purposes of categorizing papers for the sym- some market challenges in terms of environ- Michael Weaver, chair of the OLEDs posium, the technical committees decided to mental regulations, and this may give per- subcommittee, also mentioned TADF emitters designate displays larger than 120 inches as ovskites an edge. Bita is also the guest editor as a popular topic, because it is a competing digital signage, says Gary Feather, chair of for this issue of ID magazine, and has brought technology compared to phosphors as an this year’s digital signage focus initiative.

36 Information Display 2/17 ID Donelan SympPreview p34-39_Layout 1 3/4/2017 12:09 PM Page 37

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Tuesday, May 23 May Tuesday, 24 May Wednesday, 25 May hursday, T 26 May Friday,

Information Display 2/17 37 symposium preview

“LCD is probably the major digital signage is a ‘soft’ area, which is unusual for display In terms of the latter, a necessity is a very technology right now,” says Feather. One pop- electronics,” says Yao, meaning that Display high resolution display near to your eyes, ular trend is reducing the bezel so as to make Electronics does not usually address aesthet- and companies are working toward that goal. display “walls” that can be configured to look ics. “This is about processing the data, making “We’re excited to see the activity at this con- like mirrors, or actual walls, or whatever kind it look nice for consumers who buy the TVs.” ference,” he says. “What we’re seeing is a of backdrop might be required. The other trend in Display Electronics – merger of activity in microdisplays among Another trend is LEDs for digital cinema driving circuits for OLEDs – Yao describes as established companies, start-ups, and univer- that would incorporate Dolby vision at 4,000 “less soft” and indicative of industry-wide sity research labs. And when there’s a lot of nits. “These would be ultra fine pitch, and fine interest in OLEDs. activity, there’s a lot of innovation.” pitch is the important thing,” says Feather. There’s also an entire session on micro- (For more about high-resolution LED signs, Displays from Head to Toe LED displays, including a good overview of see Feather’s article, “Elemental Evolution of Currently, two of the hot areas for wearables this technology, the invited paper “Nitride Digital-Signage Components,” in the January/ research are displays and supporting elec- Microdisplays and Micro-LED Displays,” February 2016 issue of ID magazine.) tronics that can be worn on the body in the by Hongxing Jiang of Texas Tech University, Find out more about both trends from the form of clothing or sensors, and display which will discuss development, applications, papers “Development of a Zero-Bezel Display systems that are worn on the head, such as and future possibilities. Utilizing a Waveguide Image-Transformation VR goggles. Element” by Sejin Lee of LG Display Co., The former category includes efforts to Displays on Wheels Ltd. and “Fine-Pitch Image Quality on LED make stretchable and flexible systems that can Vehicle designs incorporate ever-increasing Video Screens” by Jorge Perez Bravo of ultimately mimic fabrics and protective cloth- numbers of displays for both information and NanoLumens. ing. Most of the stretchability papers have entertainment purposes, and this is a welcome to do with the underlying electronics that trend for display makers. According to Karl- Exploring the High Dynamic Range allow the stretchability, notes Bill Cummings, heinz Blankenbach, chair of the Automotive/ “The biggest trend in Applied Vision is HDR co-chair of the Wearables program. He points Vehicle Subcommittee, there is a trend toward [high dynamic range],” says David Hoffman, to “Smart Fabrics Functionalized by Liquid larger and curved displays for infotainment as subcommittee chair for Applied Vision. “We Crystals” by John West at Kent State Univer- the industry looks toward autonomous driv- have a whole session on that. And we have an sity as an especially interesting, out-of-the ing. “There’s a notion of cars as a third living invited speaker from a [film] studio, Universal ordinary paper. It describes liquid-crystal space,” says Blankenbach. In addition, high- Pictures – we don’t get studio people to speak functionalized smart fabrics fabricated by concept interior and exterior lighting (often to us very often. I think it’s going to be really gas jet- or electro-spinning. According to the using LEDs) is increasing, with the latter even interesting.” That paper, “Qualitative Explo- authors, “These fabrics retain all the stimuli- beginning to serve as branding by creating a ration of HDR Display Performance,” by Bill responsive properties of liquid crystals. uniquely recognizable look for the vehicle. Mandel of Universal Pictures, considers HDR Because they are flexible, self-supporting If you’d like a big-picture view of what’s content in relation to HDR display capability. and have large surface-area-to-volume ratios, happening in vehicles, check out “How the The author presents test patterns and related [they] are ideally suited for an array of Mobility of Tomorrow Influences the Tech- tools that explore contrast and saturation sensing applications.” nologies of Today” by Nadine Langguth across HDR tone ranges, and argues for The other aspect of wearables is what of Merck KGaA. This paper considers further exploration of HDR techniques in Cummings describes as “things that attach to autonomous driving, the connected car, urban- conjunction with human vision factors to your head.” These displays have to get better, ization, car sharing, transportation on demand, continually improve the viewing experience. he says. “People don’t really want to put and many other use trends that will affect not HDR cropped up in Display Electronics as things on their heads. And they don’t know only drivers but display makers. well, according to subcommittee chair Wei what to do with it [head-mounted technol- Automotive topics, including human- Yao, who noted there were quite a few papers ogy].” The need for head-mounted displays machine interface (HMI), are covered in on the topic – in fact there is an entire session and the quality of the head-mounted displays several sessions. An entire session is devoted devoted to HDR and image processing. “This must come together, he continues. to automotive HMIs, with four invited papers by prominent authors.

Making and Measuring Displays What we’re seeing is a merger of activity in micro- Display Manufacturing received the largest number of papers in at least five years, displays among established companies, start-ups, and according to subcommittee chair Dr. Tian university research labs. And when there’s a lot of activity, Xiao. Hot topics include the application of there’s a lot of innovation. emerging materials such as graphene in dis- “ plays, and LTPS and oxide TFT manufacturing technologies that are compatible with Bill Cummings flexible/bendable displays. The topic of oxide 38 Information Display 2/17 ” TFT is not new, says Xiao. “But the ultimate goal is to make the manufacturing cost of oxide TFT on par with that of amorphous This [ICDM2] is a very significant publication. A lot silicon TFT, and the race is on to make that of companies are involved and care deeply about it. happen!” Another trend he sees is high resolution for Tom Fiske OLEDs. There are many papers on how to manufacture OLED displays with very high- “ ppi values, Xiao says, adding that this is par- “This is a look at the impact of lighting on 3D display for visualizing AR results. They tially driven by AR/VR, where such high health,” says Lighting Subcommittee Chair also integrate a virtual instrument in” the resolution is needed on very small display Marina Kondakova. “The author describes the system. formats. effects of lighting, especially blue light, on A Microlens Array for Surgeons — Another notable paper in display manufac- circadian rhythms.” The paper considers dis- “Wavelength-Independent Electrically Tunable turing combines both metrology and manufac- plays that produce more blue light in daytime Microlens Array with a Chiral Nematic Liquid turing disciplines. “Applied Materials [the and more amber light at night. This “tunable” Crystal” by Kai-Han Chang with the Liquid author] is really helping the industry to improve lighting is being used in hospitals and in Crystal Institute at Kent State University. the yield for high-resolution frontplanes and Alzheimer’s facilities. This is a late-news paper that describes a backplanes,” says Xiao. “It involves using Investigating OLED Touch — “A Novel liquid-crystal microlens array with low oper- inline SEM [scanning electron microscope] Touch-Control Method with Partial Scanning ating voltage and wavelength-independent, technology on large panels.” The invited paper for LC, OLED, and Hybrid Displays Using an electrically tunable focal length, qualities that is “Inline Electron-Beam-Review (EBR) Oxide Semiconductor” by Kei Takahashi of make it suitable for full-color 3D microscopy Accelerates Yield Ramp-Up of Advanced Dis- Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. and endoscopy applications. plays” by Xuena Zhang of Applied Materials. “We have a great OLED touch session,” Getting LCDs Ready for the Spotlight — The big news in Display Measurement, says subcommittee chair Jeff Han. This paper “Can LCDs Outperform OLED Displays in according to subcommittee chair Tom Fiske, is one of three in that special session. Motion-Picture Response Time?” by Shin- is AR/VR and the new ICDM standard. There Illumination Decisions — “Lasers, Lamps, Tson Wu of the University of Central Florida. is an entire session on metrics for AR/VR. or Phosphors – Choices for the Future of The author of this invited paper describes “People are proposing several different Digital Cinema” by Michael Perkins of some metrics that would improve LCD methods for NTE [near to eye] display meas- Christie Digital Systems. motion-picture response time. urements. These measurement systems, in The first generation of digital cinema pro- Super-stretchy LEDs — “Ultrathin Stretch- some cases, attempt to measure optical per- jectors are now being deployed into the able Oxide Thin Film Transistor and Active formance parameters in ways that mimic what majority of movie theaters around the world. Matrix Organic Light-emitting Diode Dis- the human eye sees – or at least in ways that The illumination technology of choice for that plays” by Seong-Deok Ahn of ETRI. are relevant to the human visual system.” first generation was Xenon lamps. Now that The authors demonstrate ultrathin, stretch- Not to be missed is an overview of the laser and laser-phosphor are mainstream illu- able oxide thin-film transistor and active- progress of the revised ICDM display meas- mination technologies, cinema projection matrix organic light-emitting diode displays urements standard, which will include new engineers have a whole new set of decisions that can be operated as free-standing ultrathin methods of optical metrology for resolution, to make. films under 30% strain. HDR, AR/VR, curved displays, and more. A Display You Can Dive Into — “An Aerial Introducing an 8K BT.2020 AMOLED — This presentation, by Joe Miseli of JVM Display: Passing through a Floating Image “An 8.34-in. 1058-ppi 8K x 4K Flexible Research, is called “Progress Toward the Formed by Retro-Reflective Reimaging” by OLED Display” by Tomoya Aoyama of ICDM2 Display Measurements Standard.” Hidetsugu Suginohara of Mitsubishi Electric Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Says Fiske, “This is a very significant publica- Corp. By combining an OLED device with a tion. A lot of companies are involved and care The authors have developed a 56-in. float- color filter and a specially designed top deeply about it.” ing image that you can “dive” into. This is one emission structure, the authors successfully of three papers in a special Aerial Displays fabricated a full-specification 8K AMOLED Notable Papers session with Display Systems. panel with the BT.2020 color gamut. The following is a list of a few more notable Better Surgery Through Augmented Reality High Gamut Automotive Displays — papers (there are many more than can be — “Augmented-Reality Training System for “Quantum-Dot-Based Wide-Color-Gamut named here) from various areas of the Endoscopic Surgery” by Rong Wang at the TFT-LCDs for Automotive Applications” by technical program: Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rashmi Rao and Elijah Auger of Harman Inc. How Lighting May Affect Your Health — The authors propose a 3D augmented reality This paper will discuss the details of manufac- “Biological Effects of Light: Can Self-lumi- (AR) system for perception training on the turing a wide-color gamut LCD-TFT display nous Displays Play a Role?” by Mariana ablation of a tumor inside the kidney. The using quantum dot film, and the testing proce- Figueiro of the Lighting Research Center at system consists of region-based visual track- dures used to qualify such a display for auto- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. ing for localizing the kidney and tumor and a motive applications. n

Information Display 2/17 39 ID Donelan Interview p40-42_Layout 1 3/4/2017 12:12 PM Page 40

market insights

Q&A with IRYStec

ID interviews Tara Akhavan, Simon Morris, and Afsoon Soudi, the principals of IRYStec, a Montreal-based startup that makes Perceptual Display Platform (PDP), an embedded software technology that adjusts the characteristics of content displayed on devices to match how a viewer’s eyes see it in different ambient light. IRYStec was founded by Akhavan and Soudi in Montreal, and closed its Series A financing round in June 2016.

Conducted by Jenny Donelan

ID: IRYStec’s main product is called Perceptual Display Technology. ID: Is this done on the fly or is this something the user needs to Can you describe what that is? enter ahead of time? Tara Akhavan: TA: The ambient process is done on the fly, because the ambience Perception is a missing link in the display industry. Display can change pretty rapidly. The calibration for personalization is settings are not a guarantee of what we will perceive, because something you would do just once. there are a lot of other influences on how we see information. Simon Morris: The biggest one is ambient lighting. What you render on a The innovation is basically two forms: figuring out the algo- display is not necessarily going to be perceived the same way rithms and then figuring out a lightweight implementation for when you are in a really dark environment as when you are them, on a device. This process is pretty heavy computationally walking in a park in the daytime. You need to change the way and often has to be in hardware, which is the approach that you are rendering according to the way eyes work in different some of the competition has taken. ambient lighting. Another aspect is the personalized aspect of TA: Our product is pure software. That is the magic. perception. Each of us has a unique visual system. We see stuff differently, according to age, gender, and background culture. ID: The algorithms are embedded in software in a particular device? This all affects the way we perceive information. You personal- TA: They would be embedded in an OS. ize it to make sure that what you perceive is what you were SM: This could also be integrated in an app, like YouTube or supposed to. Facebook, but the most effective implementation is really at the OS layer, where all apps can benefit from IRYStec technology. ID: How does your technology do that? TA: We have close collaborations with a lot of physiologists and ID: What applications do you foresee? And devices? psychologists who understand how the eye works and reacts SM: The need is greatest where a display is personalized – a smart- with regard to aging, ambient light change [etc.], and we model phone, obviously, or a tablet. Any display that is moving while and compensate [accordingly]. So before content is shown in you are using it, from bright light to darkness. Automotive is a dark room, the device knows you are in a dark room and another application. Especially motorcycles, which are going renders that content differently. through the same transformation as cars, with the instrumenta- tion cluster turning into a display. ID: So at this point the device is determining what the ambient light TA: Only in movie theaters do you have control over the ambiance. in the room is. Everywhere else you have displays where the environment is TA: Yes. But in terms of the personalization, we need to collect the not controlled anymore. It’s very dynamic. And while it is great data – the age and the gender of the user. After that a tiny to go from LED to OLED to quantum dot, the software side of calibration is made and the content is rendered, based on that. the game needs to catch up. ID: What stage is the technology at right now? For example, do you have partners? Jenny Donelan is the editor in chief of Information Display Magazine. SM: Well, we call customers, customers! We are working with a She can be reached at [email protected]. dozen or so handset manufacturers, of which more than half a

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Tara Akhavan is co-founder and CTO of Simon Morris joined IRYStec as CEO in early Afsoon Soudi is co-founder and vice presi- IRYStec. She has a bachelor’s degree in 2016. He was formerly CEO of CogniVue dent of R&D for IRYStec. Prior to founding computer engineering and a master’s degree Corporation. He has also served as director IRYStec, Soudi led multiple research groups. in artificial intelligence. She is currently at BDC Venture Capital and, from 1995 to She has a Ph.D. in physics from Washington finishing her Ph.D. in image processing and 2006, in various senior leadership positions State University. She has also been actively computer vision at Vienna University of with Texas Instruments and Atsana Semicon- involved in various societies, including SPIE, Technology in Austria. Akhavan is the vice ductor. He has bachelor’s and master’s and in promoting women in science and chair for marketing for the Society for degrees in electrical engineering from the technology. Information Display. Royal Military College of Canada, and is a member of the Professional Engineers of Ontario.

dozen are in detailed evaluation of our smartphone technology. TA: We started 2.5 years ago in an incubator in Montreal with the We’ve brought one phone manufacturer to preproduction. We original idea of just compensating for darkness, for night vision. expect sometime in the second quarter to be in a production My background is computer vision. I moved from Vienna, handset. And in automotive we signed our first actual licensing Austria, to Montreal to start this because of the funding available agreement and we’re developing and supporting the software in the incubator. I discovered my brilliant co-founder [Afsoon for what’s called driver information systems. There’s a slightly Soudi] here in Montreal. I’ll let Afsoon explain the challenges! different use case for automotive, where safety is paramount, Afsoon Soudi: and there are some standards around contrast, so you have to In 2014 there was this hype in Silicon Valley [for startups] but maintain certain contrast levels. We are getting a taste of the VR not so much in Canada. It was not that easy to get funding as a market. We’re trying to get a better feel for the exact use case technical founder. But things were starting in Montreal, and for VR, but it’s not the major focus right now. TandemLaunch helped us start the process. The company ID: Can you describe your business journey so far? How did you started with just us and a couple of interns and a few professors get started, and what kinds of successes and failures have you and advisors from Europe and the US. had leading up to this point? The biggest challenge initially was to find the right market fit for the technology we had. We had a lot of dis- cussions with brilliant people to learn more about the business side and find the right way I also wanted to add that from the beginning, SID has to position our product. That was how, later on, had a great impact on how we put our business together. we came across Simon. He had the experience of delivering products in the automotive market and with very similar processes to how we “ Tara Akhavan wanted our product positioned. Having his ” Information Display 2/17 41 ID Donelan Interview p40-42_Layout 1 3/4/2017 12:12 PM Page 42

market insights

complementary experience definitely added a lot of value and made our It’s very important to have the right people to start with second round of financing possible in June 2016. and build the culture of the company on that. TA: Raising money, building a team, attracting professors to work with Afsoon Soudi you – all of those are challenging for every startup. But on top of that we “ were two women co-founders. We went to Display Week You have to have the right strategies. Hire the right people with together: Our first event was the I-Zone at Display Week. When the right expertise and keep them motivated. ” people would visit our booth from other, bigger companies they SM: It’s a different skill set to deal with the various levels of the were always asking us, who are the technical people, and we company as it grows. There actually aren’t a lot of people who were like, that is us! Those were extra challenges and we have stay from a startup position to the very end. Mark Zuckerberg is always faced them, but we have been so lucky to get people one of them. As founders you’ve always got to be aware of your involved, like our CEO, and our investors, who support us. limits, strengths, and weaknesses, and then complement your- SM: It’s a challenge and I can see it happening. The first time I self with the right people as you move through the stages of joined them [Tara and Afsoon] at CES, we had a booth in the growing the business. I think founders who have that perspec- startup area. Tara, Afsoon, and I were all dressed nicely, tive can grow nicely with the business. business-like. Inevitably everyone would come to me to ask TA: One thing about hiring that I’m very proud of is that we have me the technical questions. one of the most diverse teams in terms of both technology background and also male/female balance. We’re at almost 50/50 ID: Do you have advice to offer people and especially young male/female, which adds a lot to the dynamics and health of women going into the sorts of areas that you’re in? Can you our startup. We are from seven different countries. offer some encouragement? [Skill] diversity is also a key point. A lot of the big compa- TA: I’ve been thinking about this for a while now. If you are a tech- nies are slow, and we are faster because we have a very diverse nologist and you are a woman, even at school you are a minor- team. And that is since day one. When I joined I had a good ity. You are always facing this. But it gets more real when you software background, but I was always looking for complemen- start working in the industry. I think the answer is ... well, I tary skill sets. Hardware is one of those, and that’s where have seen other people [in these situations] get angry or get Afsoon, my co-founder, came in. And we had a great tech advi- offended. But you need to push through and surround your- sory board that would help us put together the bits and pieces. selves with people who support you, like our investors and our SM: Diversity also concerns personality. There’s a tendency to CEO. They trust us and believe in us and we build on top of recruit people with similar personalities to yours. It’s hard to that. We might have a harder time getting there but we just push avoid that and find instead someone who is going to comple- and don’t give up. ment and strengthen your team. You want to bring in people AS: Nothing in life comes easy or at no cost. It’s not gonna be all who are not necessarily going to agree with you – the ones who roses and rainbows and it can be hard. There are mornings when will critique you the most. Sometimes this leads to heated dis- everything is great and then by the afternoon it’s just horrible cussions, but it’s healthier for the company. There’s a tendency and bad. It’s great if you can find partners like Tara and Simon with startups to have everyone who thinks alike. And that’s who can get you through those difficult times. It’s very impor- dangerous. tant to have the right people to start with and build the culture TA: I also wanted to add that from the beginning, SID has had a of the company on that. Startups are difficult. Ninety percent of great impact on how we put our business together. I-Zone was them fail in the first year, and another 70 to 80 percent fail in our first outing as a company. Our first investor is now presi- the second year, so it is a difficult thing to do. You have to push dent elect. We were introduced to SID early on. The short through it and not get discouraged. courses, and all the Display Week events, helped us find the basic things we were looking for. And the I-Zone is great for ID: You’ve been going through this admittedly challenging stage, start-ups. So we kind of have this feeling of semi-ownership, but soon you’re not going to be an up-and-coming company semi-gratitude toward SID. n selling a possible product; you’re going to be a company selling a product. How does that look to you and inform your hiring practices and your involvement with the day-to-day business? TA: The scaling is a real challenge. You There’s a tendency with startups to have everyone who have to start from the right place. We thinks alike. And that’s dangerous. had this experience going from fewer than five people to more than 20 people. That was a big jump for us. “ Simon Morris 42 Information Display 2/17 ”

October-December 2016 table of An adaptive generation method for Announcements contents electrophoretic display driving waveform Discontinuation of IEEE-JDT design (pages 676–685) - Fei-Bo Duan et Template effect on reconstruction of blue al., DOI: 10.1002/jsid.512 One of the best publication platforms for phase liquid crystal (pages 593–599) - De- Direct light field rendering without 2D display researchers, the Journal of Display Chun Hu et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsid.502 Technology, has sadly been discontinued image generation (pages 686–695) - Young in December. At SID we are committed to A composite model for accurate Ju Jeong et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsid.513 offering display scientists an efficient and colorimetric characterization of liquid A reduced reference video quality powerful publication platform of our own: crystal displays (pages 600–610) - Jian- assessment of H.264 and mpeg2 codec the Journal of the Society for Information qing Zhang et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsid.503 based on sharpness metric (pages 696–706) Display (JSID), published by Wiley and Study on directional eye movements in - Mohamed Ben Amor et al., indexed in the Web of Science. non-frontal face images for eye-controlled DOI: 10.1002/jsid.517 We are working hard to make JSID the interaction (pages 611–620) - Min Lin et best journal for display scientists. A novel algorithm for selective current al., DOI: 10.1002/jsid.505 limit used in AMOLED panel (pages 713– Publons Simulation and fabrication of a fast fringe- 720) - Chengqiang Huang et al., In 2016, Wiley partnered with Publons. field switching liquid crystal with DOI: 10.1002/jsid.518 This allows reviewers to get verified credit enhanced surface anchoring enabled by A study of 3D cover glass design that for peer review without compromising controlled polymer topology (pages 621– improves handheld device drop reliability their anonymity or infringing upon journal 627) - Libo Weng et al., (pages 721–725) - Bin Zhang et al., policies. It is a step in the good direction DOI: 10.1002/jsid.506 to make it possible to reward review work. DOI: 10.1002/jsid.504 Anisotropic thin films formation rate on Distinguished Papers of Display Week PEDOT : PSS layer with high azimuthal All Distinguished Papers of Display Week anchoring (pages 628–632) - Andrei 2017 will have a peer reviewed expanded Stankevich et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsid.507 version published in JSID. This will both Visual comfort enhancement study based widen and lengthen their worldwide on visual attention detection for visibility and availability. A virtual JSID stereoscopic displays (pages 633–640) - issue containing the expanded Zhenping Xia et al., distinguished papers will be freely DOI: 10.1002/jsid.508 accessible during the Symposium. Dual layered display that presents auto- Information about the Journal stereoscopic 3D images to multiple JSID is published monthly by Wiley. viewers in arbitrary positions (pages 641– Subscription fees apply, but all SID 650) - Yeong-Min Ji et al., members and student-members have free DOI: 10.1002/jsid.509 online access via sid.org/Publications.aspx Many universities also have an institutional A wide view auto-stereoscopic 3D display subscription. with an eye-tracking system for enhanced Quality of experience measurement for JSID is indexed in the Web of Science. horizontal viewing position and viewing light field 3D displays on multilayer LCDs Submit your original manuscript online via distance (pages 657–668) - Daichi Suzuki (pages 726–740) - Shizheng Wang et al., mc.manuscriptcentral.com/sid et al., DOI:10.1002/jsid.511 DOI: 10.1002/jsid.514 Author guidelines can be found on the Journal’s homepage at Wiley Online: Analysis of standard chromaticity gamut tinyurl.com/jsidhome. area metrics (pages 741–746) - Kenichiro Editorial board: tinyurl.com/jsideb. Masaoka, DOI: 10.1002/jsid.519 Please direct any questions about the Super multi-view 3D displays reduce journal to the Editor-in-Chief of JSID at conflict between accommodative and [email protected] vergence responses (pages 747–756) - Haruki Mizushina et al., EarlyView DOI: 10.1002/jsid.520 Accepted papers about to be published can GaN-based emissive microdisplays: A very be accessed online via EarlyView: promising technology for compact, ultra- tinyurl.com/jsidev high brightness display systems (pages Herbert DeSmet 669–675) - François Templier, Editor-in-Chief DOI: 10.1002/jsid.516 ID Industry News Issue2 p3,44_Layout 1 3/4/2017 11:46 AM Page 44

industry news frontline technology

continued from page 3 continued from page 21 Despite these battery challenges, it is worth resolutions and refresh rates, including 8K60 8D. Volz, “Review of organic light-emitting noting that at the time of its release, the 5.7-in. and 4K120, “dynamic” high dynamic range diodes with thermally activated delayed fluo- quad high-definition 2560 x 1440-pixel (HDR), and increased bandwidth with a new rescence emitters for energy-efficient sustain- OLED display in the Note 7 had the highest 48G cable. Details of these highlights follow: able light sources and displays,” J. Photonics resolution for smartphones on the market and Energy 6, 020901 (2016). • The higher video resolutions and faster 9 came with an array of impressive performance refresh rates will include 8K60Hz and H. Yersin, A. F. Rausch, R. Czerwieniec, features that were highly praised by multiple 4K120Hz for immersive viewing and T. Hofbeck, T. Fischer, “The triplet state of reviewers. smooth fast-action detail. organo-transition metal compounds. Triplet ______harvesting and singlet harvesting for efficient 1 • Dynamic HDR is designed to ensure that https://news.samsung.com/us/Samsung-Electronics- every moment of a video is displayed at its OLEDs,” Coord. Chem. Rev. 255, 2622–2652 Announces-Cause-of-Galaxy-Note7-Incidents- (2011). in-Press-Conference best values for depth, detail, brightness, 10 2 D. Zhang, M. Cai, Y. Zhang, D. Zhang, http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/22/technology/ contrast, and wider color gamuts – on a L. Duan, “Sterically shielded blue thermally samsung-galaxy-note-7-fires-investigation-batteries/ scene-by-scene or even a frame-by-frame activated delayed fluorescence emitters with basis. improved efficiency and stability,” Mater. • 48G cables enable up to 48Gbps bandwidth Horiz. , 145–151 (2016). for uncompressed HDMI 2.1 feature sup- 3 11H. Tanaka, K. Shizu, H. Miyazaki, C. HDMI Forum Announces port, including 8K video with HDR. Adachi, “Efficient green thermally activated Version 2.1 of the HDMI The new specification will be released early in delayed fluorescence (TADF) from a phenox- 3 Specification Q2 2017. azine–triphenyltriazine (PXZ–TRZ) deriva- ______The HDMI Forum, an open trade association 3 tive,” Chem. Commun. 48, 11392 (2012). that guides the direction of high-definition www.hdmi.org/manufacturer/hdmi_2_1/index.aspx 12S. Youn Lee, T. Yasuda, H. Nomura, C. multimedia interface (HDMI) technology, Adachi, “High-efficiency organic light-emit- recently announced the upcoming release of ting diodes utilizing thermally activated Version 2.1 of the HDMI Specification. This SDVoE Alliance Launches delayed fluorescence from triazine-based latest spec supports a range of higher video at European Trade Show donor–acceptor hybrid molecules,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 093306 (2012). In February, the new Software Defined Video 13 CYNORA GmbH, October 2016, press over Ethernet (SDVoE) Alliance officially Merger and release, www.cynora.com launched at the Integrated Systems Europe 14 G. Li, T. Fleetham, E. Turner, X. C. Hang, Acquisition Briefs (ISE) show in Amsterdam. The SDVoE J. Li, “Highly efficient and stable narrow- Alliance is a nonprofit consortium of technol- band phosphorescent emitters for OLED Planar Systems, a display systems manu- ogy providers collaborating to standardize the applications,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 3, 390–397 facturer, announced late last year that it adoption of Ethernet to transport AV signals in (2015). had entered into a definitive merger agree- professional AV environments, and to create 15Y. Zhang, J. Lee, S. R. Forrest, “Tenfold ment to acquire NaturalPoint, a global an ecosystem around SDVoE technology that increase in the lifetime of blue phosphorescent leader in optical tracking and motion allows software to define AV applications. organic light-emitting diodes,” Nat. Commun. capture solutions, for $125 million in an The founding members of the Alliance are 5, 1–7 (2014). all-cash transaction. Planar itself was AptoVision, Aquantia, Christie Digital, NET- 16K. P. Klubek, C. W. Tang, L. J. Rothberg, acquired by Leyard in 2015. GEAR, Sony, and ZeeVee. Just prior to ISE, “Investigation of blue phosphorescent organic In February 2017, BASF, the multi-national the Alliance announced that eight additional light-emitting diode host and dopant stabil- companies had joined: Arista, Aurora Multi- chemical manufacturing company based ity,” Org. Electron. 15, 1312–1316 (2014). in Germany, acquired the private company media, DVIGear, Grandbeing, HDCVT, IDK 17J. W. Sun, K. Kim, K. C. Moon, J. H. Lee, Rolic AG, which is headquartered in Corporation, Techlogix Networx, and Xilinx. J. Kim, “A highly efficient sky-blue fluores- 4 n Additional new members are welcome. cent organic light emitting diode based on Allschwil, Switzerland. Rolic makes ______4 mixed cohost system for thermally activated optical films for LCD and OLED panel http://sdvoe.org/ makers. Both companies agreed not to delayed fluorescence emitter (2CzPN),” ACS disclose the terms of the acquisition. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 9806–9810 (2016). 18H. Nakanotani, K. Masui, J. Nishide, T. Shi- OSRAM acquired Maneri-Agraz, a Texas- Submit Your News Releases bata, C. Adachi, “Promising operational sta- based lighting services provider, in bility of high-efficiency organic light-emitting February 2017. OSRAM is a global diodes based on thermally activated delayed lighting and technology company head- Information Display Magazine Please send all press releases and new product fluorescence,” Sci. Rep. 3, 2127 (2013). n quartered in Germany. The terms of the announcements to: acquisition had not been announced at Jenny Donelan press time. 411 Lafayette Street, Suite 201 New York, NY 10003 44 Information Display 2/17 Fax: 212.460.5460 e-mail: [email protected] ID SID News Issue2 p45_Layout 1 3/4/2017 12:16 PM Page 45

SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY NEWS

Be the Best – Win a Best in Show Award Each year, fewer than half a dozen Best in Show winners are chosen by an independent panel of display experts who review the products, prototypes, Display Week Debuts Women in Tech Forum and processes Display Week 2017 will host its first-ever “Women in Tech” forum this May in Los Angeles. nominated for the “I think 2017 is THE year of women in tech events,” says Women in Tech committee awards on the member Tara Akhavan, noting that other technical venues such as the Silicon Valley Forum show floor at Dis- in March are hosting women-centric events. (Akhavan, CTO and co-founder of IRYStec, play Week. Win- has more to say about the role of women in technology in this issue’s Market Insights ners are selected for Q&A feature.) great technology, but “I look forward to the day when there is so much diversity that we do not need a also for the way they women-specific panel,” says Akhavan. “Until then, I want to keep encouraging more display that technol- women technologists into high-tech societies. I am passionate about this panel and happy ogy on the show floor. Winning Best in Show that SID is emphasizing this important issue at Display Week 2017.” exhibits have the ability to excite display experts and members of the general public and press alike. Best in Show is open to all exhibitors on the show floor during Display Week 2017, and prizes will be awarded regardless of exhibit size. Self-nominations are encouraged! For details and to download a nomination form, visit: Niaz Abdolrahim Julie Brown www.sid.org/About/Awards/ BestinShowAwards.aspx

Heidi Dohse

EuroDisplay Calls for Papers EuroDisplay 2017 will take place in Berlin, Germany, this fall. EuroDisplay is unique Candice Brown Elliott Laura Rea Rashmi Rao among European conferences for its emphasis on displays, electronics, and the ways in which both these impact society. This year’s The forum will feature five experts who will offer their unique insights and experiences conference, held in conjunction with the as women in technology fields traditionally populated by men. This is a great mix of Institute of Physics, will focus on 30 different panelists whose discussion is sure to be thought provoking and inspiring. types of displays, materials, and applications, • Niaz Abdolrahim, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering and Materials including transparent conductors, quantum dots, Science, University of Rochester printed electronics, graphene, perovskites, OLEDs, uses for liquid crystals beyond • Julie Brown, Senior Vice President and CTO, Universal Display Corporation displays, 3D displays, and much more. • Heidi Dohse, Google Cloud Platform Program Manager, Google The conference will take place October 31 • Candice Brown Elliott, Vice President, Technology, Leap Motion to November 2 at the Meliá Berlin, which is • Laura Rea, Senior Technology Program Manager, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory located in the heart of the city, just a short distance from the Brandenburg Gate, Museum The panel will be moderated by Rashmi Rao, senior director, advanced engineering for Island, and Alexanderplatz. A two-day exhibi- Harman and program director for the 2017 Technical Symposium at Display Week. tion of products and techniques will be held Women who are interested in becoming entrepreneurs or leaders in a technology business in conjunction with the technical conference. should certainly plan to attend this informative and educational event. The Women in Tech Abstracts for papers are due June 1, 2017. Panel (www.displayweek.org/2017/Program/WomeninTech.aspx) takes place Wednesday, For information about the conference, May 24, 2017, at 4 pm, at the Los Angeles Convention Center. including submissions, visit: eurodisplay2017.iopconfs.org

Information Display 2/17 45 ID Editorial Issue2 p2,46-47_Layout 1 3/4/2017 10:26 AM Page 46

editorial

continued from page 2 I encourage you to start with Ion’s Guest article, “Thermally Activated Delayed Fluo- content is un-matched anywhere else. (Don’t Editor’s note titled “Advances in Materials for rescence Is a Key New Technology for OLED forget to check out the handy “Display Week Display Applications.” If this is an area of Displays,” author Daniel Volz describes the Overview” and “Symposium at a Glance” interest for you, then this will be your year at challenges in today’s OLED materials, the pages in the preview article.) the Symposium, with almost 40 presentations science behind TADF materials, and the in the Display Materials and Processes tracks opportunities, including what we might expect Displays at CES alone. Many more papers related to materials to see in the near future. I’ve been reading CES is the annual Consumer Electronics appear in other tracks as well. One of the and following the OLED field for virtually Show (CES) in Las Vegas, which features the hottest topics is self-emitting nano-materials my entire career and it fascinates me how latest in actual products, including all manner such as quantum dots (QDs), which we have much more work is still ahead of us despite of TVs, portable devices, wearables, and heard about before, and perovskites, which are how far we have come. This is another step in everything else you can think of that might much newer to most of us. what will undoubtedly be an area of intensive use a display. CES is an important barometer In our first Frontline Technology article, activity and interest for years to come. for our industry and it’s hard to find any major “Emerging Solution-Processable Luminescent technical focus area that does not ultimately Nanomaterials in Hybrid Structures Offer Symposium Preview lead to a consumer application in some way. If New Solutions for Displays and Lighting,” Turning our attention now to the other major you want to make a business in displays, you authors Yajie Dong, Hao Chen, Juan He, and theme for this issue, the preview of the annual will almost always need to find a commercial Shin-Tson Wu explain the state of the art for technical program known as the International consumer and know what their un-met needs QDs, provide a detailed explanation of similar Symposium at Display Week 2017, it’s worth are. CES is one of those annual events that emerging optoelectronic materials utilizing noting that the industry must love to come to provides that context. But even if you didn’t the perovskite structure, and describe all the Los Angeles because once again the program get there don’t worry – ID has your back! challenges of incorporating these materials committee saw over 700 abstracts submitted Ken Werner was onsite, and he did the hard into working light-emitting systems. One of for consideration for one of the 311 oral and work for all of us by compiling what he calls the really clever things I learned from this 240 poster presentation slots available. I like “The 11 Best Display-Related Finds at CES article was about the authors’ efforts to utilize to cite the numbers because it provides a con- 2017” in his Show Review article. One of the the natural expansion and contraction proper- text to the scale and depth of the event, which notable things this year is something that I ties of polymer films to encapsulate per- in fact is just one part of the overall Display have predicted before: Once the display gets ovskites. Essentially, they describe a process Week program. If you are looking for proof really good, the exciting story becomes one by which solvents infused with perovskites that innovations are plentiful in the world of about the products that it enables instead. As are introduced to expand the molecular displays, this will certainly do it. Aside from Ken says in the beginning of his article “… structure of a polymer film. Once the film the sheer numbers, the rich array of technical displays were [more] important as enabling expands, the solvent, including the per- focus areas such as AR/VR, Digital Signage, components in larger systems, notably auto- ovskites, becomes embedded in the film. Display Materials and Processes, and Wear- motive Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), As the solvent is then evaporated away, the ables will surely make for one of the most Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS), polymer matrix returns to its normal size and exciting symposiums ever. Starting with the and autonomous vehicles.” So, what were forms a coherent barrier layer around the seminars on Sunday, May 21, this year will Ken’s notable 11 things? Well, read the article remaining perovskite structures. Imagine: pack more technical and business content into and enjoy finding out. You simply expand the film, infuse it with one week than any other display-industry the emitting nano-material, and let it dry out. event in the world. Q&A with IRYStec You are left with a self-infused perovskite To start planning your visit, consult the Two years ago at the I-Zone exhibit, I was film providing all the needed environmental Display Week web site www.displayweek.org/ introduced to a very talented young woman protections for the nano-material. It sounds so 2017/Attendee.aspx to register, then sit back named Tara Akhavan, who, along with her simple. I wish I had thought of it! and enjoy our Symposium Preview, “AR/VR, equally talented business partner Afsoon Another hot topic in this field is called ther- Digital Signage, Display Materials, and Wear- Soudi, were showing a new technology they mally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), ables Headline Display Week 2017 Technical were working on to dynamically enhance the and it represents a way to achieve blue emit- Program in Los Angeles,” compiled by Jenny visual performance of displays under varying ters in OLED displays with virtually 100% Donelan. I believe my favorite sessions may ambient lighting conditions. I say “dynami- potential efficiency from electrical energy to turn out to be those focused on digital signage cally” because in the past we’ve generally light-energy conversion. Today, as we know, and high dynamic range displays, or maybe been able to manually adjust things like color OLEDs make blue-light energy using fluores- the flexible and stretchable electronic fabrics temperature, contrast, luminance, etc. for cent materials that are capable of only 25% being discussed in the wearables sessions, or varying conditions. In some cases, manufac- efficiency. Red and green light can be made maybe the great papers we accepted this year turers have also included ambient light from phosphorescent materials with 100% for the display metrology tracks, including the sensors for dynamic backlight and contrast efficiency, but those materials are not suffi- next generation of the ICDM measurement adjustments. However, what Tara and Afsoon cient for blue emission, hence the need and standards, or maybe…. Well, you get the idea. have done is taken a careful look at how the opportunity for TADF technology. In his The exciting topics and in-depth technical human visual system works, and developed

46 Information Display 2/17 ID Editorial Issue2 p2,46-47_Layout 1 3/6/2017 2:44 PM Page 47

JOIN SID In every specialty you will find SID members as leading contributors to their profession. E XHIBIT N OW AT http://www.sid.org/Membership.aspx algorithms that produce a consistent visual experience under widely varying ambient conditions. Their approach does this in real-time, molecule organics, TADF offers an alternative so as you walk from inside your office to out- strategy for molecular design that enables side for your lunch break, your phone or tablet efficient organic EL. display should look the same to you. They The efficiency improvement need even provide for a calibration to match your addressed by TADF has to do with maximiz- individual visual preferences, which is great, ing the fraction of electrically injected elec- because the response of my 55-year old-eyes trons (e–) and holes (h+) that recombine in the is very different from that of the eyes of my emitter molecule in such a way that their adult children. We wanted to know how this energy is converted to light rather than lost to XHIBITION ATES innovation was coming along and we were nonradiative processes, e.g. to heat. Due to E D : also curious about their experiences as women their typical molecular nature, organic emit- entrepreneurs in the display field, so we ters receiving e-h pairs transition into a mix of reached out to them at their company, called excited electronic states called singlet (S) and IRYStec, for an interview that you can find in triplet (T) which, importantly, are formed in a May 23–25, 2017 this issue, “Q&A with IRYStec,” by Jenny 1:3 ratio (S:T). The S excited state has a net EXHIBITION HOURS: Donelan. I think you will enjoy learning spin moment of 0 (i.e. opposite e– and h+ spin Los Angeles Convention Center about their progress and reading their candid orientations) that matches the ground state of Los Angeles , CA, USA observations about their experiences. the emitter molecule, which is why S excited I hope you enjoy this issue as much as we states can quickly and efficiently relax by enjoyed putting it together. Display Week is emitting a photon. T excited states, on the Tuesday, May 23 just around the corner – start planning! n other hand, have a net spin moment of 1 (i.e. parallel e– and h+ spins), which, by 10:30 am – 6:00 pm differing from the ground state, are forbidden Wednesday, May 24 9:00 am – 5:00 pm from relaxing through light emission. Instead, CONTACTS FOR EXHIBITS AND Thursday, May 25 molecules in this unfavorable high-energy SPONSORSHIPS: guest editorial state typically lose their energy through non- 9:00 am – 1:00 pm radiative mechanisms, such as heat generation. TADF represents a mechanism for continued from page 4 converting T into S excited states and subse- quently enabling efficient EL. This mecha- Jim Buckley Due to the large overlap with semiconduc- nism is possible in specially designed organic Exhibition and Sponsorship Sales, tor quantum dot (QD) applications, the molecules that have a smaller energy differ- Europe and Americas authors also review the status of QD develop- ence between S and T excited states than the [email protected] ment and compare the merits of perovskite available thermal energy during device Phone +1 (203) 502-8283 and QD materials for display applications. operation (which thus allows spontaneous Notably, the thesis proposed by Professor T → S excited state conversion). Dong is one of finding synergies between The team at CYNORA is one of the Sue Chung these two material systems and pursuing pioneers in developing molecules with high- Exhibition and Sponsorship Sales, Asia applications that combine them in order to efficiency TADF that are designed for OLED [email protected] achieve near-term impact in displays and display applications. Please read the article Phone +1 (408) 489-9596 lighting applications. prepared by Dr. Daniel Voltz to learn more For more details about these recent exciting about this exciting area. VISIT developments in perovskite and quantum dot I hope you enjoy both these articles about nanomaterials, we recommend this article exciting new materials. I hope to see you all INFORMATION prepared by Yajie Dong, Hao Chen, Juan He, in Los Angeles in May. n and Shin-Tson Wu from UCF. In the second article, Daniel Voltz from DISPLAY ON-LINE CYNORA gives an overview of thermally Ion Bita currently serves as the 2017 Chair of activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and the Display Materials and Processes special For daily display the development of highly efficient TADF topic track for the Society for Information emitter materials for OLED applications. Display’s technical symposium at Display industry news Similar to the introduction of phosphorescent Week, and is a member and past Chair of emitters, which made possible nearly 100% the SID Display Manufacturing Committee. www.informationdisplay.org efficient electroluminescence (EL) from small He can be reached at ion.bita@ gmail.com.

Information Display 2/17 47 ID Ad Index Issue2 p48_Layout 1 3/4/2017 12:26 PM Page 48

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