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Study Guide Resources Study Guide The Hebrew Bible: A Comparative Approach By Christopher Stanley Chapter 1 Key terms apocalyptic Bible deit y elites Hebrew Bible holy inspiration literacy midrashim Mishnah New Testament Old Testament oral tradit ions pr iests proverbs Qur’an rit ua ls sacred scribes Scripture Talmud Torah Summary The Hebrew Bible is a particular expression of a common human tendency to create and canonize a set of written texts to guide the life of a community. Not every religion has books of Scripture. Those that do have them vary greatly in the kinds of material that they include and the manner in which they view and use them. Scriptures are not fundamentally different from other books. They are written and compiled by ordinary human authors and editors using the common language and images of their society, and they are copied and circulated and become popular in the same manner as other books within that culture. Like all literary works, they express the viewpoints and biases of their authors, which in ancient times usually meant the views of elite urban males. W hat makes books of Scripture different from other books is not their mode of composition but the fact that a particular religious community has decided that they are worthy of special respect. Such a decision reflects the group’s judgment that these books are uniquely valuable for ordering the social, intellectual, ethical, or devotional life of the community. In some groups the human origin of the sacred books is either downplayed or forgotten, giving r ise to stories that attribute the books to supernatural inspiration or to a group of supremely wise ancestors. By the time this happens, books of Scripture are usually well on their way to becoming a dominant source of religious authority within their community. Links http://www.unification.net/ws/theme111.htm (quotes from various world religions on the importance of knowing and living by Scriptures) http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3818/is_200810/ai_n31110668/?tag=content;col1 (lengthy scholarly article on the cross-cultural study of Scriptures) http://www.unification.net/ws/wsintr4.htm (overview of the major world religions and their Scriptures) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text (short article containing links to descriptions of the sacred texts of dozens of world religions, from Ayyavazhi to Zoroastrianism) http://www.unification.net/ws (topically arranged quotations from a variety of world Scriptures on a broad range of issues pertaining to belief and practice) http://www.sacred-texts.com (links to online versions of a highly diverse collection of sacred texts and articles about the beliefs and practices of various world religions and philosophies) Chapter 2 Key terms Abraham Adonai blessings circumcised covenant El Elohim Israel laws lega lis m Messiah Moses Palestine Prophets Psalms rabbis Ten Commandments Torah Yahweh Summary Every reader brings a set of presuppositions and prior commitments to the reading and interpretation of a text. This is especially obvious when we look at how Jews, Christians, and Muslims view and interpret the Hebrew Bible. All three groups honor the Hebrew Bible as a holy book, but their views about which parts are most important and how the book should be understood are very different. For Jews, the Hebrew Bible is a record of their special covenant relationship with the one true God who created and sustains the universe. Under this relationship, Yahweh promises to bless and protect the descendants of Abraham, and they in return commit themselves to obey faithfully the laws of the covenant as contained in the first five books of the Bible. This covenant continues in force to the present day. For Christians, the Hebrew Bible tells the story of how God was at work in the history of Israel to prepare humanity for the coming of the Messiah and Savior, Jesus of Nazareth. This story is continued in the New Testament, which explains how the death and resurrection of Jesus made it possible for all people, not just the Jews, to find a place among the people of God. The laws of Torah are no longer binding in this new age. For Muslims, the Hebrew Bible is a corrupted edition of an earlier, simpler revelation that God sent to the Jewish people through a series of prophets, including Adam, Abraham, Moses, and David. This message told the Jews to honor the one God of the universe through proper forms of worship and to base their lives on God’s moral and ethical standards. Elements of that original revelation can still be seen in the Hebrew Bible, but the full truth is contained only in the Qur’an. At its core, then, each of these groups holds to beliefs that are fundamentally incompatible with the other two. Yet they also have much in common. Virtually all of the similarities among the three religions can be traced to their common origins in the ideas and language of the Hebrew Bible. Links http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/Jewish%20Sacred%20Texts (overview of Jewish sacred texts and their use in the Jewish community) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh (another overview of the Hebrew Bible/Tanakh from a Jewish standpoint) http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/vox/vol16/scripture_evans.pdf (artic le discuss ing var ious ways in which Christians view the “Old Testament”) http://triangularchristianity.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/the-scripture-of-juda ism (brief comme nts on differences between Jewish and Christian views of Scripture) http://www.hanefesh.com/Jewish-Christian_Talk.htm (article explaining why Jews do not accept Chr ist ian Mess ianic readings of the Jewish Scriptures) http://www.readingislam.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1123996015484&pagename=IslamOnline- English-AAbout_Islam%2FAskAboutIslamE%2FAskAboutIslamE (description of Muslim beliefs about the Jewish and Christian Scriptures) http://en.allexperts.com/e/t/ta/tahrif.htm (another article on Muslim beliefs about the Jewish and Christian Scriptures, including Jewish and Christian responses) http://www.scripturalreasoning.org/pdfs/an-interfaith-wisdom.pdf (academic article describing dialogue between Jews, Christians, and Muslims over the similarities and differences among their Scriptures) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar (explanation of the ritual calendar and modes of tracking time in Judaism) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism (discussion of Jewish names for God, including beliefs about not pronouncing the name “Yahweh”) Chapter 3 Key terms Apocrypha Assyrians Babylonians deuterocanonical Egypt Exile Exodus Former Prophets high pr iest Hist or ical Books Jerusalem Judah judges Ketuvim Latter Prophets Maccabees Mesopotamia Minor Prophets Mount Sinai Nevi' im paralle lis m Pentateuch Persians Pharaoh Poetic Books Prophets Proverbs Torah wisdom Writ ings Summary From both a literary and a theological standpoint, the Hebrew Bible is not one book but many. Between its covers lie literally dozens of compositions from different periods representing a variety of literary styles and genres. The Jewish editors who compiled this collection into its present form used a three-part pattern of organization that gave pride of place to the Torah, the most important part of the Bible for Judaism. W hen the early Christians made this collection the first part of their Scriptures, they reorganized the books into a four-part system that emphasized the historical and prophetic elements of the collection. In this way they expressed their belief that the true purpose of the Jewish Scriptures was to narrate what God had done in an earlier era to prepare the way for the coming of Jesus. In the end, we must give due weight to both the similarities and the differences between the Jewish Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Though they contain much of the same material, the ways in which Jews and Christians understand and interpret their respective texts are so different that from a practical standpoint it sometimes appears as if they are reading two different books of Scripture. Links http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/sbrandt/canon.htm (discussion of historical reasons for the differences between Catholic and Protestant canons of the “Old Testament”) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon (broad historical overview of Christian debates over the contents of the “Old Testament” canon) http://www.bible.gen.nz/amos/literary/genre.htm (readable discussion of the presence and meaning of various literary genres in the Hebrew Bible, focusing on the book of Amos) http://www.rpeurifoy.com/christn/theolog/litstyot.htm (descriptions and examples of various literary forms in the Hebrew Bible) http://books.google.com/books?id=F4T9i- nZcs8C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=%22old+testament%22+literary&source=bl&ots=1HTeD9AY AD&sig=Var_y0s6zw2nWGuQkp-dFm8u7- 0&hl=en&ei=IUhvSpG0IZWCMcioueII&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5 (scholarly introduction to literary criticism of the Hebrew Bible [pp. 1-17]) Chapter 4 Key terms canon doctrine grand narrative oral tradit ions sacrifices Summary The process by which the Hebrew Bible came into existence was long and tortuous. The final product was the result of numerous small decisions by countless unknown people over the course of several centuries. The collection was produced, compiled, and edited by the literate elites, who were also the only ones who were capable of reading and studying the texts on their own. Once the texts began to be recited in public ceremonies, however, the masses became more aware of their content. Over time, Jews of every social level came to regard these books as sacred and authoritative for the life of the community—first the Torah, then the Prophets, and finally the Writings. Through this process Judaism became increasingly a “religion of the book,” though it would be centuries before the masses were sufficiently literate to read the texts for themselves.
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