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LESSON PLAN 5 OBJECTIVES Marriage of Louis XIV to Marie Thérèse Statue of Louis XIV, Lyon, France • Identify conflicts between English rulers of Austria. Artist unknown and Parliament. Parliament Limits • Explain the causes and results of the . the English Monarchy • Describe the Restoration and the MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES . REVOLUTION Absolute rulers in Many of the government • Charles I • Glorious • Explain changes under William England were overthrown, and reforms of this period • English Civil War Revolution and Mary. Parliament gained power. contributed to the democratic • Oliver Cromwell • constitutional tradition of the United States. • Restoration monarchy • • cabinet FOCUS & MOTIVATE SETTING THE STAGE During her reign, Queen Elizabeth I of England had In this section students will study the had frequent conflicts with Parliament. Many of the arguments were over money, English monarchy. Ask students if they because the treasury did not have enough funds to pay the queen’s expenses. By know the name of the current British the time Elizabeth died in 1603, she had left a huge debt for her successor to deal . (Elizabeth II has been queen with. Parliament’s financial power was one obstacle to English rulers’ becoming since 1952.) absolute monarchs. The resulting struggle between Parliament and the monarchy would have serious consequences for England. INSTRUCT TAKING NOTES Monarchs Defy Parliament Analyzing Causes Use a Monarchs Defy Parliament chart to list the causes of Elizabeth had no child, and her nearest relative was her cousin, James Stuart. each monarch’s conflicts Already king of , James Stuart became King James I of England in 1603. with Parliament. Critical Thinking Although England and Scotland were not united until 1707, they now shared a ruler. James’s Problems James inherited the unsettled issues of Elizabeth’s reign. His • Why might Puritans have looked favor- Monarch Conflicts worst struggles with Parliament were over money. In addition, James offended ably on King James’s translation of the with Parliament the Puritan members of Parliament. The Puritans hoped he would enact reforms Bible? (Possible Answer: They hoped a James I to purify the English church of Catholic practices. Except for agreeing to a new new translation would be more in line translation of the Bible, however, he refused to make Puritan reforms. Charles I with their beliefs.) Charles I Fights Parliament In 1625, James I died. Charles I, his son, took the • Why was the Petition of Right important James II throne. Charles always needed money, in part because he was at war with both even if King Charles simply ignored it? Spain and France. Several times when Parliament refused to give him funds, he (It signaled a change in the way the dissolved it. English viewed government.) By 1628, Charles was forced to call Parliament again. This time it refused to grant him any money until he signed a document that is known as the Petition of In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 Right. In this petition, the king agreed to four points: • Guided Reading, p. 5 (also in Spanish) • He would not imprison subjects without due cause. • He would not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent. TEST-TAKING RESOURCES • He would not house soldiers in private homes. • He would not impose martial law in peacetime. Test Generator CD-ROM After agreeing to the petition, Charles ignored it. Even so, the petition was Strategies for Test Preparation important. It set forth the idea that the law was higher than the king. This idea con- tradicted theories of absolute monarchy. In 1629, Charles dissolved Parliament Test Practice Transparencies, TT79 and refused to call it back into session. To get money, he imposed all kinds of fees Online Test Practice and fines on the English people. His popularity decreased year by year. 614 Chapter 21

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ALL STUDENTS STRUGGLING READERS Electronic Library of Primary Sources In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 • “The Restoration of Charles II” • Guided Reading, p. 5 • Guided Reading, p. 5 • History Makers: William of Orange, p. 18 • Building Vocabulary, p. 6 • Reteaching Activity, p. 24 Formal Assessment eEdition CD-ROM • Section Quiz, p. 335 Reading Study Guide, p. 201 Power Presentations CD-ROM Reading Study Guide Audio CD ENGLISH LEARNERS Critical Thinking Transparencies In-Depth Resources in Spanish GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS • CT57 Chapter 21 Visual Summary • Guided Reading, p. 149 In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 Electronic Library of Primary Sources Reading Study Guide (Spanish), p. 201 • Primary Sources: from Diary of Samuel Pepys, • “The Restoration of Charles II” Reading Study Guide Audio CD (Spanish) p. 12; from the English , p. 13 classzone.com • Connections Across Time and Cultures, p. 19 614 Chapter 21 wh10te-052105-0614-0617 9/8/03 11:58 AM Page 615

English Civil War CHAPTER 21 • Section 5 Charles offended Puritans by upholding the rituals of the Anglican Church. In addi- tion, in 1637, Charles tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book. He wanted both his kingdoms to follow one religion. The Scots rebelled, assembled a huge army, and threatened to invade England. To meet Tip for Struggling Readers this danger, Charles needed money—money he could get only by calling Parliament into session. This gave Parliament a chance to oppose him. Some students may have difficulty remembering the differences among War Topples a King During the autumn of 1641, Parliament passed laws to limit royal power. Furious, Charles tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders in January 1642, religious groups. Remind students but they escaped. Equally furious, a mob of Londoners raged outside the palace. that, in this section, the main distinction Charles fled London and raised an army in the north of England, where people is between Catholics and Protestants were loyal to him. and that Puritans, Anglicans, and From 1642 to 1649, supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the Presbyterians are all Protestant groups. English Civil War. Those who remained loyal to Charles were called Royalists or Cavaliers. On the other side were Puritan supporters of Parliament. Because these men wore their hair short over their ears, Cavaliers called them Roundheads. At first neither side could gain a lasting advantage. However, by 1644 the English Civil War Puritans found a general who could win—Oliver Cromwell. In 1645, Cromwell’s New Model Army began defeating the Cavaliers, and the tide turned toward the Critical Thinking Puritans. In 1647, they held the king prisoner. • Why might Charles have had more In 1649, Cromwell and the Puritans brought Charles to trial for treason against loyalty from the north of England than Parliament. They found him guilty and sentenced him to death. The execution of from London? (Possible Answer: The Charles was revolutionary. Kings had often been overthrown, killed in battle, or put new ideas that had taken hold in the to death in secret. Never before, however, had a reigning monarch faced a public trial and execution. city had not yet spread to the north.) • Why might it be difficult to form a new Cromwell’s Rule Cromwell now held the reins of power. In 1649, he abolished the monarchy and the . He established a commonwealth, a republican government after overthrowing the form of government. In 1653, Cromwell sent home the remaining members of previous regime—even if the population Parliament. Cromwell’s associate John Lambert drafted a constitution, the first writ- supported the overthrow? (Possible Comparing ten constitution of any modern European state. However, Cromwell eventually tore Answer: It can take a long time to What did up the document and became a military dictator. ▼ replace institutions and officials of the Cromwell’s rule Cromwell almost immediately had to put down a rebellion in . English This engraving depicts the old regime.) have in common colonization of Ireland had begun in the 1100s under Henry II. Henry VIII and with an absolute beheading of • How might the English have reacted his children had brought the Charles I. monarchy? to Cromwell’s social reforms? (Possible A. Possible Answer country firmly under English He abolished the rule in the 1500s. In 1649, Answer: Puritans liked the strict rules; legislative body and Cromwell landed on Irish shores others would have disliked the rules.) set himself above with an army and crushed the In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 the law. uprising. He seized the lands • Connections Across Time and Cultures: and homes of the Irish and gave The Absolute Power of Rulers, p. 19 them to English soldiers. Fighting, plague, and famine killed hundreds of thousands. Puritan Morality In England, Cromwell and the Puritans sought to reform society. They made laws that promoted Puritan morality and abolished activities they found sinful, such as the theater, sporting events, and dancing. Although he was a strict Absolute Monarchs in Europe 615

Name ______Date ______CHAPTER 21 Section 5 (pages 614–617) TERMS AND NAMES Charles I King of England who was executed Parliament Limits the English Civil War War fought from DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: STRUGGLING READERS 1642 to 1649 between the Royalists, or Cavaliers, and the Puritan supporters English Monarchy of Parliament Oliver Cromwell Leader of the BEFORE YOU READ Puritans In the last section, you saw how power was becoming Restoration Period after the more absolute in Russia. monarchy was restored in England habeas corpus Law giving prisoners In this section, you will see how the power of the monarch the right to obtain a document saying was challenged and weakened in England. that the prisoner cannot go to jail Creating a Board Game without being brought before a judge AS YOU READ Glorious Revolution Bloodless Use the time line below to take notes on key changes in overthrow of King James II the government of England. constitutional monarchy Government in which laws limit the monarch’s power Class Time 45 minutes For example: cabinet A group of government ministers that was a link between the monarch and Parliament

1642 1660 1689 Task Making a trivia board game • The _____ remained loyal to Charles I during the English Civil War begins English Civil War: A. Cavaliers; B. Roundheads; Purpose To help readers learn about the English Civil War 1649 1688 ed. Instructions Divide students into small groups and ask C. Royalists; D. Both A and C (Answer: D) v Monarchs Defy Parliament During the reign of his son, Charles I, there

ights reser (page 614) was continued conflict between king and

All r Parliament. Parliament forced Charles to sign the them to read “Monarchs Defy Parliament” and “English • Royalists in the English Civil War never controlled: Why was there tension between Petition of Right in 1628. By signing, Charles the monarchy and Parliament? agreed that the king had to answer to Parliament. But he then dissolvedParliament and tried to raise When Queen Elizabeth I died, her cousin James, money without it. This went directly against the king of Scotland, became king of England. The Petition of Right.

A. London; B. the north of England; C. western McDougal Littell Inc. reign of James I began a long series of struggles

Civil War” on pages 614–615. Then explain to students © between king and Parliament. They fought over 1. How did Charles I make Parliament angry? money. James’s religious policies also angered the England; D. none of the above (Answer: A) Puritans in Parliament. They wanted to reform the that they will be making a trivia board game that uses to remove any Catholic prac- tices. James was not willing to make these changes. cards with multiple-choice questions. Ask students to After groups complete the project, have them exchange CHAPTER 21 ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE 201 work as a group to design their game. Students should and play the games. For overall help with the section, Reading Study Guide use the information in the text to create the questions. have students complete the Reading Study Guide activity for this section. Teacher’s Edition 615 wh10te-052105-0614-0617 9/8/03 11:59 AM Page 616

CHAPTER 21 • Section 5 The English Civil War, 1642–1645 58°N 0 250 Miles 58°N

W 0 W 500 Kilometers ° W ° ° 8 8 8 December 1642 December 1643 December 1644 December 1645

SCOTLAND North SCOTLANDNorth SCOTLANDNorth SCOTLAND History from Visuals Sea Sea Sea IRELAND IRELAND IRELAND Adwalton Moor Marston Moor Interpreting the Map June 1643 July 1644

Point out the colors showing the areas ENGLAND ENGLAND ENGLAND ENGLAND controlled by each side. Which part of Naseby Edgehill June 1645 England did the Puritans control during Oct. 1642 all four years? (the southeast part) London London London London

° ° °

0 0 Extension Have groups of students 50°N 0 50°N Area controlled by Puritans create a time line of key events in the Area controlled by Royalists GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps civil war from 1646 through 1649. Battle 1. Movement Explain which side gained and which side lost territory during each year from 1643 to 1645. 2. Place Which side maintained control of London? Why would this be important? SKILLBUILDER Answers 1. Movement 1643—Royalists gained; 1644, 1645—Puritans gained Puritan, Cromwell favored religious toleration for all Christians except Catholics. 2. Place Puritans; Control of London He even allowed Jews to return; they had been expelled from England in 1290. was important because it was the country’s political and economic Restoration and Revolution center of power. Oliver Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658. Shortly afterward, the government he had established collapsed, and a new Parliament was selected. The English peo- ple were sick of military rule. In 1659, Parliament voted to ask the older son of Charles I to rule England. Restoration and Revolution Charles II Reigns When Prince Charles entered London in 1660, crowds shouted joyfully and bells rang. On this note of celebration, the reign of Charles II began. Critical Thinking Because he restored the monarchy, the period of his rule is called the Restoration. • What factors might have contributed to During Charles II’s reign, Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom, the success of laws passed by habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is Latin meaning “to have the body.” This 1679 Parliament during the Restoration? law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the (Possible Answers: People welcomed prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner. The the restoration of Parliament’s legisla- judge would decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free. Because of the Habeas Corpus Act, a monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing tive powers, and Charles II, as the first the ruler. Also, prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trials. monarch of the Restoration, recognized In addition, Parliament debated who should inherit Charles’s throne. Because the need to respect Parliament.) Charles had no legitimate child, his heir was his brother James, who was Catholic. • Why would Parliament, after so many A group called the Whigs opposed James, and a group called the Tories supported reforms, continue to support the him. These two groups were the ancestors of England’s first political parties. B. Answer There monarchy? (Possible Answer: They James II and the Glorious Revolution In 1685, Charles II died, and James II was no execution of may have viewed the monarchy as became king. James soon offended his subjects by displaying his Catholicism. the king; the monarchy was not Violating , he appointed several Catholics to high office. When a symbolic institution that promoted abolished. unity and order.) Parliament protested, James dissolved it. In 1688, James’s second wife gave birth to a son. English Protestants became terrified at the prospect of a line of Catholic kings. Electronic Library of Primary Sources James had an older daughter, Mary, who was Protestant. She was also the wife Contrasting • “The Restoration of Charles II” of William of Orange, a prince of the Netherlands. Seven members of Parliament How was the invited William and Mary to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism. When overthrow of James II different William led his army to London in 1688, James fled to France. This bloodless over- from the overthrow throw of King James II is called the Glorious Revolution. of Charles I? 616 Chapter 21

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CHAPTER HISTORYMAKERS William of Orange 21 Protestant Champion DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS Section 5 “The Liberties of England and the Protestant Religion”—motto on the banners of William of Orange when he landed in England (1688)

illiam of Orange belonged to the royal fami- follow James on the throne to ensure that England Wlies of two of the main Protestant powers would remain Protestant. Others talked about nam- in 17th century Europe—the Netherlands and ing William as a regent to control James. William, England. As a result, he devoted himself to pre- who was still seeking an alliance against France, lis- venting the growth of Catholic France. It was to tened to their plans. further that goal that he gladly accepted the offer In 1688, however, James and his wife had a son, The Life and Death of William of Orange to become king of England in 1688. a Catholic heir. A group of Protestant leaders then William was born to the house of Orange, a invited William to come to England and become family that had helped the Netherlands win inde- king immediately. Skillfully avoiding James’s strong pendence in the 1500s. In 1672, France and England navy, William crossed the English Channel. He invaded this country and William, though only 22 landed with an army of 15,000, declared that a new years old, was put in command of its army. The Parliament should be elected, and easily marched Class Time 20 minutes based in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, or the Dutch military had long been neglected, and parts to London. James fled for Europe. of the country were quickly overrun. In despera- Even then, William and Mary’s status was tion, William ordered the destruction of the dikes, uncertain. Some said that Mary should rule and that devices that prevented the sea from flowing onto William, who was foreign born, should not have any land. By flooding parts of his country, he prevented real power. Nevertheless, Mary insisted that they Netherlands. Students can use local or national newspa- rule together, and they were crowned king and Task Writing an obituary the advance of the enemy armies. William then boldly refused a peace offer from queen. However, Mary died only a few years later. England and France. Determined to continue the William ruled both England and the Netherlands fight, William worked on two fronts. He strength- until 1702. He spent much of these years leading per obituaries as models. Tell students to think carefully ened the army while using diplomatic skill to find armies. First, he had to end revolts in Scotland and allies. He won some victories and within a few Ireland. Later, he fought on the continent, continu- Purpose To have students learn more about William years forced the French to retreat. ing his long struggle against France. He had a new During this time, William married his cousin, cause for war now because Louis XIV of France Mary. Both were grandchildren of King Charles I was trying to put James back on the English throne. about what information is appropriate for their obituaries of England, and both had a claim to the English In early 1702, William urged Parliament to form ed. of Orange throne. an alliance with the Netherlands against France. v Throughout the early 1680s, William continued While the bill was being debated, William died. his efforts to limit French power. He wanted to Nevertheless, Parliament approved his plan and

before they begin. Explain that the tone should be ensure the survival of the Netherlands and prevent declared war on France. Parliament added that for ights reser the war to end, France must recognize the

French religious influence. France was a Catholic All r nation, and William was the leading Protestant Protestant succession in England. Instructions Have students complete the History power in Europe. He had hoped to forge an alliance between the Netherlands and England, but the Questions respectful—although it may reflect an English or English never agreed to one. In 1685, James, Mary’s father and a Catholic, 1. Drawing Conclusions Which of the ideas on William’s banner do you think was more important

became king of England. That change brought McDougal Littell Inc.

Maker activity in In-Depth Resources: Unit 5. Tell students to him? Why? © William new opportunities. English Protestants feared that James would make the country Catholic 2. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects anti-English bias—and that the obituary should be up to Why did the English turn to William in the again. They thought they could use William as a way to stop James. Some hoped that James would struggle with James? to use what they learned from the History Maker to write remain childless and that William and Mary would 3. Synthesizing What does successionmean and 250 words long. Students should include William’s family produce a son. Their child could be named to why was it important in England in this period? an obituary for William of Orange. Students might choose 18 Unit 5, Chapter 21 history, his military activities, his marriage, and his to write the obituary from the perspective of a newspaper religious beliefs. In-Depth Resources: Unit 5

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Limits on Monarch’s Power CHAPTER 21 • Section 5 At their coronation, William and Mary vowed to recognize Parliament as their partner in governing. England had U.S. become not an absolute monarchy but a constitutional Today, the United States still relies monarchy, where laws limited the ruler’s power. on many of the government reforms Limits on Monarch’s Power Bill of Rights To make clear the limits of royal power, and institutions that the English Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights in 1689. This document developed during this period. Critical Thinking listed many things that a ruler could not do: These include the following: • the right to obtain habeas corpus, • Why might William and Mary have been • no suspending of Parliament’s laws a document that prevents willing to accept the limits placed on • no levying of taxes without a specific grant from authorities from holding a person their power? (Possible Answer: because Parliament in jail without being charged • no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament • a Bill of Rights, guaranteeing such their position was not powerful enough • no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about rights as freedom of speech and to demand more) grievances freedom of worship • What factors might have determined • a strong legislature and strong William and Mary consented to these and other limits on executive, which act as checks on whether a cabinet was loyal to the their royal power. each other monarchy or to the Parliament? Cabinet System Develops After 1688, no British • a cabinet, made up of heads of (Possible Answers: who appointed the monarch could rule without the consent of Parliament. At executive departments, such as the cabinet members; the political beliefs Department of State the same time, Parliament could not rule without the con- of the cabinet members) sent of the monarch. If the two disagreed, government came • two dominant political parties to a standstill. In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 During the 1700s, this potential problem was remedied by the development of • Primary Sources: from Diary of Samuel a group of government ministers, or officials, called the cabinet. These minis- Pepys, p. 12 ters acted in the ruler’s name but in reality represented the major party of • Primary Sources: from the English Bill of Parliament. Therefore, they became the link between the monarch and the major- Rights, p. 13 ity party in Parliament. Over time, the cabinet became the center of power and policymaking. Under the cabinet system, the leader of the majority party in Parliament heads the cabinet and is called the prime minister. This system of English government continues today. ASSESS SECTION5 ASSESSMENT SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. • Charles I • English Civil War • Oliver Cromwell • Restoration • habeas corpus • Glorious Revolution • constitutional monarchy • cabinet Have pairs of students help each other with key terms by making word cards USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING with definitions on the back. Students 2. What patterns do you see in 3. Why was the death of Charles I 6. EVALUATING DECISIONS In your opinion, which decisions the causes of these conflicts? revolutionary? of Charles I made his conflict with Parliament worse? can take turns quizzing one another. 4. What rights were guaranteed Explain. Monarch Conflicts Formal Assessment with by the Habeas Corpus Act? 7. MAKING INFERENCES Why do you think James II fled to Parliament 5. How does a constitutional France when William of Orange led his army to London? • Section Quiz, p. 335 James I monarchy differ from an 8. SYNTHESIZING What conditions in England made the absolute monarchy? execution of one king and the overthrow of another Charles I possible? RETEACH James II 9. WRITING ACTIVITY REVOLUTION Write a persuasive essay Use the Visual Summary to review this for an underground newspaper designed to incite the British people to overthrow Charles I. section and chapter. Critical Thinking Transparencies CONNECT TO TODAY DRAWING A POLITICAL CARTOON • CT57 Chapter 21 Visual Summary Yet another revolution threatens the monarchy today in Great Britain. Some people would like to see the monarchy ended altogether. Find out what you can about the issue and choose a In-Depth Resources: Unit 5 side. Represent your position on the issue in an original political cartoon. • Reteaching Activity, p. 24 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 617

ANSWERS

1. Charles I, p. 614 • English Civil War, p. 615 • Oliver Cromwell, p. 615 • Restoration, p. 616 • habeas corpus, p. 616 • Glorious Revolution, p. 616 • constitutional monarchy, p. 617 • cabinet, p. 617 2. Sample Answers: James I—Money and reform 5. Under a constitutional monarchy, laws written • offer supporting facts and examples. of the English church; Charles I—Money, by a legislative body limit the ruler’s power. • conclude with a call to action. rule of law, and Anglican ritual; 6. Possible Answers: dissolving Parliament, CONNECT TO TODAY James II—Appointment of Catholic officials. ignoring Petition of Right Rubric Political cartoons should Pattern—Religious conflict. 7. He may have feared being arrested • take a clear position on whether the British 3. Never before had a reigning monarch faced and executed. monarchy should be retained. a public trial and execution. 8. Possible Answer: the power of Parliament • identify the people represented. 4. the right to have a judge decide whether a 9. Rubric Persuasive essays should prisoner should be tried or set free • clearly call for removal of Charles I.

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