DOCSLIB.ORG

0765 Political Action -- an Eight Nation Study Zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Zz Zz Zz Machine-Readable Codebook Study No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ZA-NO.: 0765 POLITICAL ACTION -- AN EIGHT NATION STUDY ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ MACHINE-READABLE CODEBOOK STUDY NO. 765 1979 ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ POLITICAL ACTION -- AN EIGHT NATION STUDY ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ A ZZ GREAT BRITAIN ZZ AA ZZ ZZ AAA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ GERMANY ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ THE NETHERLANDS ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A A AA ZZ AUSTRIA ZZ A AA AA ZZ ZZ A A A AA ZZ ZZ A A A AA ZZ ZZ A A A AA ZZ UNITED STATES ZZ A A A AA ZZ ZZ A A A AA ZZ ZZ A A A AA ZZ ZZ A A A AA ZZ ITALY ZZ A A A AA ZZ ZZ A AAAAAAAAAAA AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AA ZZ SWITZERLAND ZZ A AA ZZ ZZ A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AA ZZ ZZ A AA A AA ZZ ZZ A AA A AA ZZ FINLAND ZZ A AA A AA ZZ ZZ A AA A AA ZZ ZZ AAAAAAAA AAAAAAA ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ UNIVERSITAET ZU KOELN ZZ ZZ BACHEMER STR.40 ZZ ZZ D-5000 KOELN 41 ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ POLITICAL ACTION -- AN EIGHT NATION STUDY A SOCIAL SCIENTIST’S BEST FRIEND, THE OCTOPUS ______________ ! ! ! ! ! GREETINGS ! ! FROM ! ******* ! KOELN ! ** * ******** ! ! *** ** * ** !__ _________! * * * O O * _/ _/ * * * * / / * * * * ( ) * / / ** * * * * * * * * * * * * ******* * * * * ** * *** * * * * * ** ** * * * * * ** *** * * ** ** **** ** *** ** * ** *** * ********** ** * ** ********* * *** ** ****** * * * *** ***** **** **** ** * * ** ** * ****** * * * ** * **** * ** *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** ** ** * * * ** * * * ** ** * * ** ** ** * * * * ** * ** ** * * ** * ** ** ** * * * * * *** ** * * * * * ** * * * * ** *** * * * * * * XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX * * X X * * X 8888 N N AA TTTTT I OOOO N N X * * X 8 8 NN N AAAA T I O O NN N X * * X 88 N N N A A T I O O N N N X * * X 8 8 N NN AAAA I I O O N NN X * **X 8888 N N A A T I OOOO N N X* * ** X * ** * CCCCC CCCCC CCCCC * ** **** CC CC CC ** * X *** CC CC CC ** ** X X * CC CC CC * * X X CCCCC CCCCC CCCCC * * X X * * X RJDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX* *XXXX * * ** * * ** **** * ****** SUMMARY OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF ASSISTANCE II STUDY DESCRIPTION III PUBLICATIONS V SAMPLING VII PROCESSING INFORMATION X FILE STRUCTURE XI CODEBOOK INFORMATION XII LIST OF VARIABLES XIV CODEBOOK 1 - 466 NOTES 467 - II - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF ASSISTANCE All manuscripts utilising data made available through the Zentralarchiv or the Consortium should acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original collectors of the data. We kindly ask all users to follow some adaption of the following statement: The data utilised in this (publication) were made available by the Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung. The data for "Political Action -- An Eight nation Study" were originally collected by independent institutions in each country. Neither the original collectors of the data nor the ZA bear any responsibility for the analyses or interpretation presented here. In order to provide funding agencies with essential informa- tion about the use of archival resources, and to facilitate the exchange of information about research activities based on the ZA’s holdings, each user is expected to send two copies of each completed manuscript to the ZA or to the ICPSR. - III - STUDY DESCRIPTION The wave of unrest of the late 1960s and early 1970s in advanced industrial societies provided the impetus for a cross-national study of conventional and unconventional forms of political participation. National sample surveys conducted in eight nations during 1973-1976 focused on the various forms and combinations of political activity ranging from voting to protest actions, and on individual propensities to perform these activities. Among the factors explored as contributors to varying political reportories are age, education, political values, ideological sophistication, deprivation, and policy satisfaction. The first volume to emerge from this project deals with five of the eight nations: Samuel H. Barnes and Max Kaase, et al, "Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies", Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1979. While the design and analysis were conceived and carried out jointly, the funding and execution of the fieldwork were the responsibilities of each national team. Samuel H. Barnes served as organizational coordinator for the project. --In Britain, leadership in launching the project was pro- vided initially by Mark Abrams, then Director of the Survey Unit of the British Social Science Research Council (SSRC). Funding was provided by the British SSRC, and fieldwork was carried out by Mary Agar Fieldwork Services Ltd. Abrams and Alan Marsh served as principal investigators on the British project. --German financing was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschaft (DFG), and fieldwork was executed by the Gesell- schaft fuer angewandte Sozialpsychologie (GETAS). German prin- cipal investigators were Klaus R. Allerbeck, currently of the University of Bielefeld, and Max Kaase and Hans D. Klingemann of the Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA) and the University of Mannheim. --The Dutch study was funded by the University of Tilburg and and fieldwork was executed by students selected and trained from throughout the country. The principal Dutch investigators were Philip Stouthard, Felix Heunks, and Cees de Graaf of the University of Tilburg. - IV - --Leopold Rosenmayr was the principal Austrian investigator; he was assisted by Anselm Eder, Inga Findl, Kathleen Stoffl, and Elfie Urbas. Austrian funding was provided by the Austrian National Science Foundation. Fieldwork was carried out by the Institut fuer Empirische Sozialwissenschaft (IFES) after special training and under supervision of the Austrian group, all of whom were members of the Institute of Sociology of the Social Sciences Faculty of the University of Vienna. --The American study was financed by the National Institute of Mental Health and the U.S.Army Research Institute; it was executed by the Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research (ISR). American principal investigators are Samuel H. Barnes, Ronald Inglehart, and M. Kent Jennings; Barbara G. Farah was an associate throughout the project. All are associated with the University of Michigan’s Department of Political Science and the Center for Political Studies of the ISR. --In Italy the principal investigators were Giovanni Sartori and Alberto Marradi, University of Florence, in association with Giacomo Sani. Funding was provided by Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce, Roma, with a contribution by the Unione Industriale di Torino. Fieldwork was carried out by FIELDWORK Srl., Milano --In Switzerland the principal investigator was Henry H. Kerr in collaboration with David Handley, Charles Roig and Dusan Sidjanski, Department de Science Politique, Universite de Geneve. The study was funded by Fond Nationale Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique. --The Finnish study was funded by the SSRC of the Finnish Academy. The field work was done by the Finnish Gallup Insti- tute. The study was directed by Pertti Pesonen, University of Helsinki, and the other principle investigators were David K. Matheson, University of Helsinki, and Risto Saenkiaho, University of Tampere (formerly University of Jyvaeskylae). - V - PUBLICATIONS The principal publication upon which this dataset is based: Samuel H. Barnes, Max Kaase, Klaus R. Allerbeck, Barbara G. Farah, Felix Heunks, Ronald Inglehart, M. Kent Jennings, Hans D. Klingemann, Alan Marsh, Leopold Rosenmayr, "Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies", Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1979. Klaus R. Allerbeck, Leopold Rosenmayr, Einfuehrung in die Jugendsoziologie, Heidelberg, Quelle und Meyer 1976 Klaus R. Allerbeck, "Beziehungen zwischen Jugendlichen und Eltern(-generation)", in: Helge Pross (ed.), Familie - wohin?, Hamburg, Rowohlt Verlag 1979, pp. 133-162 Anselm Eder, Jugend, Ideologie und Protest, Vienna, 1977 (dissertation). Felix J. Heunks, Nederlanders en hun Samenleving, with a sum- mary in English, Amsterdam: APA Holland University Press, 1979. Felix J. Heunks, "Politieke Participatie", in: M. Van Schen- delen (ed.), Kernthema’s van de Politicologie, Meppel/Amster- dam: Boom, 1976, pp. 98-122. Felix J. Heunks, "Vervreemding onderzocht",in: Mens en Maat- schappij 52 (2), 1977, pp. 172-205. M. Kent Jennings, "Analyzing Pairs in Cross-National Survey Research", European Journal of Political Research 5 (June 1977), pp.179-97. M. Kent Jennings and Barbara G. Farah, "Continuities in Com- parative Research Strategies: The Mannheim Data Confrontation Seminar", in: Social Science Information, 16 (2), 1977, pp. 231-249. M. Kent Jennings and Barbara G. Farah, "Ideology, Gender, and Political Action: A Cross-National Survey", in: British Journal of Political Science, April 1980 Max Kaase and Hans D. Klingemann, "Politische Ideologie und Politische Beteiligung", Mannheimer Berichte, Mannheim: Uni- versitaet, 11 (December 1975), pp. 326ff. Max Kaase, "Political Ideology, Dissatisfaction and Protest: A Micro Theory of Unconventional Political Behavior", in: Klaus v. Beyme (ed.), German Political Studies, Vol 2, Bever- ly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1976(a), pp. 7ff. Max Kaase, "Bedingungen unkonventionellen politischen Verhal- tens in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", in: Peter Graf Kiel- mannsegg (ed.), Legitimationsprobleme politischer
Recommended publications
  • Partisan Veto Players in Australia, Denmark, Finland and Germany: Government Status and Legislative Behavior Ganghof, Steffen; Bräuninger, Thomas

    Partisan Veto Players in Australia, Denmark, Finland and Germany: Government Status and Legislative Behavior Ganghof, Steffen; Bräuninger, Thomas

    www.ssoar.info Partisan veto players in Australia, Denmark, Finland and Germany: government status and legislative behavior Ganghof, Steffen; Bräuninger, Thomas Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: SSG Sozialwissenschaften, USB Köln Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Ganghof, S., & Bräuninger, T. (2003). Partisan veto players in Australia, Denmark, Finland and Germany: government status and legislative behavior. (MPIfG Working Paper, 11). Köln: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/44301 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed to alter this document in any Urheberrechtshinweise und sonstigen Hinweise auf gesetzlichen way, to copy it for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the Schutz beibehalten werden. Sie dürfen dieses Dokument document in public, to perform, distribute or otherwise use the nicht in irgendeiner Weise abändern, noch dürfen Sie document in public. dieses Dokument für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke By using this particular document, you accept the above-stated vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben oder conditions of use.
  • Verhandelingen Explorations in the Anthropology Of

    Verhandelingen Explorations in the Anthropology Of

    VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 74 EXPLORATIONS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF RELIGION ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF JAN VAN BAAL edited by W. E. A. VAN BEEK ,and J. H. SCHERER mE HAGUE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1975 VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE 74 EXPLORATIONS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF RELIGION ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF JAN VAN BAAL edited by w. E. A. VAN BEEK and J. H. SCHERER THE RAGUE - MARTINUS NIJHOFF 1975 I.S.BoN. 90.247.1787.6 EXPLORATIONS IN THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF RELIGION CONTENTS v Editorial Preface SECTION I : THEORY AND METHOD K. o. L. Burridge, University of British Cotumbia Other peoples' religions are absurd 8 Th. P. van Baaren, University of Groningen Religions of faction and community-religions 25 D. J. Hoens, University of Utreaht Rites of initiation; a contribution to the methodology of comparative religion 29 A. J. F. Kó~ben, University of Amsterdam Opportunism in religious behavior 46 w. E. A. van Beek, University of Utreaht The religion of everyday life; an ethnoscience investigation into the concepts of religion and magic 55 ct. Lévi-Strauss, CotZège de Franae, Paris Histoire d'une structure 71 SECTION II MELANESIAN AND AUSTRALIAN RELIGIONS J. Pouwer, .viatoria University of WeZlington Structural History: a New Guinea case study 80 J. W. van Nieuwenhuijsen & C. H. van Nieuwenhuijsen-Riedeman Institute for SoaiaZ Saienae Researah in Devetoping Countries, (IMWOO), the Hague Eclipses as omens of death; the socio-religious interpretations of a cosmological phenomenon among the Suki in South New Guinea 112 vi R.
  • Direct Democracy

    Direct Democracy

    Direct Democracy The International IDEA Handbook Direct Democracy The International IDEA Handbook Lead Writers and Editors Contributors Virginia Beramendi Jennifer Somalie Angeyo Andrew Ellis Nadja Braun Bruno Kaufman Mugyenyi Silver Byanyima Miriam Kornblith Algis Krupavicius Larry LeDuc Humberto de la Calle Lombana Paddy McGuire Krisztina Medve Theo Schiller Alfred Lock Okello Oryem Palle Svensson Rodolfo Gonzáles Rissotto Daniel Zovatto Handbook Series The International IDEA Handbook Series seeks to present comparative analysis, information and insights on a range of democratic institutions and processes. Handbooks are aimed primarily at policy makers, politicians, civil society actors and practitioners in the field. They are also of interest to academia, the democracy assistance community and other bodies. © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2008 International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. The map presented in this publication does not imply on the part of the Institute any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of such boundaries, nor does the placement or size of any country or territory reflect the political view of the Institute. The map is created for this publication in order to add clarity to the text. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: International IDEA SE -103 34 Stockholm Sweden International IDEA encourages dissemination of its work and will promptly respond to requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications.
  • Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 21 (2014)

    Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 21 (2014)

    (Re)Construction of Christian Democratic party identity in Germany and The Netherlands Torsten Oppelland/ Gerrit Voerman I. Introduction An individual’s identity is strongly related to its social roles as modern socio- logical identity theory tells us. The multiple roles an individual performs in a complex modern society are interrelated, they can co-exist with or without conflicting with each other, and altogether they make up a person’s identity.1 Political parties have a collective identity simply because they are social groups; and they particularly need an identity because they compete with other parties, and therefore they need to form an ‘understanding of who we are and who other people are, and, reciprocally, other people‘s understanding of them- selves and others (which includes us)’2. Political parties are extremely open organizations which have very little control over who joins them, party activ- ism is voluntary, and parties are very heterogeneous social groups with widely differing goals of sub-groups, for instance between office-seekers, usually pro- fessional politicians, and policy-seekers, i. e. rank and file3; for all these rea- sons political parties require – possibly even more than other social groups – an understanding of who the we-group is and what distinguishes it from other groups. This understanding allows them to generate active political support, to overarch different policy goals between party wings and to unite the party un- der something – a kind of core identity – that members and supporters have in common, a common distinctive characteristic. The core identity can take many different forms but unlike a person’s individual identity it is not made up of multiple identities related to certain social roles (although political parties do perform different roles in the political sphere, government and opposition, for instance).
  • A Tiny Spot on the Earth

    A Tiny Spot on the Earth

    A Tiny Spot on the Earth A Tiny Spot on the Earth The Political Culture of the Netherlands in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Piet de Rooy Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Nationaal Archief/Spaarnestad. Photo/Wilh. L. Stuifbergen Translated by Vivien Collingwood Cover design: Suzan Beijer Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 90 8964 704 7 e-isbn 978 90 4852 415 0 (pdf) e-isbn 978 90 4852 416 7 (ePub) nur 686 © Piet de Rooy/ Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2015 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Table of Contents Introduction 7 1. Long Live the Republic! 17 1798: The Constitution 2. A New Society is Being Created Here 43 1813: The Nation State 3. Everything is a Motley 73 1848: Parliamentary Democracy 4. Following the American Example 111 1879: The Political Party 5. Justice and Love 147 Fin de siècle: Ideology 6. The Nation is Divided into Parties 185 1930: The Pillarized-Corporate Order 7. Fundamental Changes in Mentality 229 1966: The Cultural Revolution 8. That’s Not Politics! 265 2002: Populism 9. A Tiny Spot 289 Political culture Acknowledgements 299 Notes 301 Bibliography 371 Index of persons 403 All government, indeed every human benefit and enjoyment, every virtue, and every prudent act, is founded on compromise and barter.
  • Preaching Politicians

    Preaching Politicians

    Preaching Politicians The Development and Relevance of Dutch Small Orthodox Protestant Parties M.D. Appelman 10003305 Research Master Social Sciences dhr. dr. D.J. Bos dhr. prof. dr. W.G.J. Duyvendak 18-08-2017 Amsterdam Abstract Until well into the 1990’s, Small Orthodox Protestant Parties (SOPP’s) in the Netherlands were regarded as politically irrelevant, utterly predictable and even interchangeable, being dubbed the “small Christian right”. In recent years this has changed, however. Since the ChristenUnie (CU) entered government in 2006 and the Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) participated in the so-called “backseat consultations” of 2012, these parties have been closer to political power than ever before. There are also signs of ideological divergence: while the SGP is generally still considered a right-wing Orthodox party, the CU has become more moderate, describing itself as “Christian-social”. This thesis identifies the defining characteristics of both parties – explaining how they differ from mainstream political parties and from one another, and how they developed into the parties they are now – by analyzing historical literature on these parties through the lens of political scientific framework on party typologies. Furthermore, a content analysis of speeches given by the SOPP’s during the Algemene Beschouwingen (General Debate) from 1990-2016 will be conducted, analyzing the most recent developments. It is argued that the SOPP’s once represented clearly demarcated quasi-ethnic social bases in society that provided them with natural electoral support. The CU’s connection to such a natural social base has weakened, however, creating the necessity to seek support from new electoral groups and to distinguish itself politically from other religious parties.
  • Radical Right Political Parties and Public Policy in Germany and Austria

    Radical Right Political Parties and Public Policy in Germany and Austria

    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2009 Important or Impotent? Radical Right Political Parties and Public Policy in Germany and Austria Marcella J. Myers Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Public Policy Commons Recommended Citation Myers, Marcella J., "Important or Impotent? Radical Right Political Parties and Public Policy in Germany and Austria" (2009). Dissertations. 717. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/717 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPORTANT OR IMPOTENT? RADICAL RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES AND PUBLIC POLICY IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA by Marcella J. Myers Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Advisor: Gunther Hega, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2009 IMPORTANT OR IMPOTENT? RADICAL RIGHT POLITICAL PARTIES AND PUBLIC POLICY IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA Marcella J. Myers, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2009 Across Western Europe throughout the 1990s radical right political parties emerged and gained some electoral success. Since that time, particularly in the face of the popularity of the National Front in France and the Freedom Party in Austria, many studies have been conducted examining the voting behavior, party membership and ideologies of these parties, and what the parties mean to democratic governments.
  • Japan's Arduous Rejuvenation As a Global Power

    Japan's Arduous Rejuvenation As a Global Power

    Japan’s Arduous Rejuvenation as a Global Power DEMOCRATIC RESILIENCE AND THE US-CHINA CHALLENGE Victor Teo Japan’s Arduous Rejuvenation as a Global Power Victor Teo Japan’s Arduous Rejuvenation as a Global Power Democratic Resilience and the US-China Challenge Victor Teo The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China ISBN 978-981-13-6189-0 ISBN 978-981-13-6190-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6190-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931024 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.