John Gay's Dramatic Works,, Formula for Arranging the Songs: Introductions and Codas Vol
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The Music of JohnGay's The Beggar'sOpera E,ditedand Arrangedfrom Eighteenth-Century Sources by JERE,MYBARLO\T MusicDepartment OXFORD UNIVERSITYPRE,SS Oxford and New York To Martin Best ()xford Llttir.'arsit1,Press, \X/alt<tn Strcat, Oxford ()X2 (tDP, b,nglartd ()xford Uttiucrsity,I'rcss,200 MLtdisonAt,cnuc, Ncrt,York, Ny 10()/6, IJSA ()rfrtrd is tt Irtda nttrk rtf ()xlbrd Llnit'crsit)' prcss @ ()xiord Unit'crsi4,Prcss 1990 1.\lJN0- t9-.i.i6.i06 2 Pcrntissiotrto pcrfornt 7fii511tork or dny pLtrt oi it drdnrtttit'tlly, or tba completc u'rtrk itr conccrt f<trm, trtust lta oltttrinctl in rtdurtrtccirom tbc puhlishcrs (rtr tbcir dgcnts tbrottl) u,bo util! Lluote tcrnts on apltlic,ttiorr.Pcrmissit,tr t() pL'rl()nu L'xL'L't'ptsirt concart fitrm ntust bc o[ilainctl irom tbc l'crfornring Right Socicty,29l.l3 llcrncrs Strcct, London WIP 1AA, or front thc Sociatlt'sreprcsentLrtiL,as tor parfrtrnttrrtccs otrtsidc tbc Unitcd Kingdottt. Stdge,rtdio, tclcuisiou, rrtotir;n lticture, t,idco, perforning, Lrnd,tll otbcr rigbts subsisting in this umrk arc strictly rcsarued. lxlo 1t,trtof tbis publictttiott ntay ltc reprotluced, st<trcdirr tr rctricual systent,or trttnsntittctl, in Llny fornt rtr l\',rtty' ntctuts,clcctronic, ntcc'brtttit-tl,photocopyirtg, rat'ording, or otberu'ise,tt,itbortt the prior ltcrntission oi thc publishcrs. A ptpcrbttck edition is dlso trtuilablc, cortttriuingi con(lense(luersiort of thc prcf'LtccLmd cditrtriol mcthod ltrouidcd bcra. All perfornting rrttttaritrl,including librctti, is ,tudiltblc for birc f'r<nn tbc ltultlishcr's hirc librury. CONTE,NTS Preface V Abbreviati<insand SelectedBibliography vii The Evidenceof the Sources ix EditorialMethod xii Dramatis Pers<lnae I ') Ouverture in Score The S<rngsin The Beggar's ()1tera: Act I, Airs I - 18 13 Act II, Airs 19-40 36 Act III, Airs 41-69 67 Sources 101 Commentary r02 Notes on the Origins of the Songsand Their Titles 108 PREFACE This edition recreatesthe way in which the music of John Television/RM Arts co-production of The Beggar's OperA."' Gay's The Beggar's Operd was arranged during the half The orchestraplayed on baroque instruments and Pepusch's century or so following its first performance rn 1,728.Gay basseswere used in most of the songs,along with the simple used existirtg tunes for his songs in the opera, and in the introductions and codas just mentioned. But it was considered original production thesesongs were given accompaniments that unison violins and continuo in every song would sound by the composerJohannChristoph Pepusch(b. 1,567, Berlin; too bare, so second violins and violas provided harmonic d.1.752, London, where he had settled by 1.70a).No full filling much of the time, while orchestral colour was varied scoresurvives, so a reconstruction has to be basedmainly on with the use of other instruments. The result demonstrated the evidenceof three sources.The most important of these that Pepusch's basseswere effective, and also showed that is the third edition (1.729) of the opera, which includes the difference in texture between the songs with just unison the music of the songs, with Pepusch's bassesand fully violins and continuo accompaniment and those with four- scored overture. But the edition presents the songs in an part scoring was not always significant, becausethe light incompleteform, printing them without instrumental intro- tone quality of the baroque strings caused the non-contra- ductions and codas, ind with scarcely any indications of puntal inner parts to disappear into the background. scoring (seep. 66). An appropriate method of completing The need,then, becameapparent for a generallyavailable the arrangementscan be found in two manuscripts of music edition of the music f.rom The Beggar's ()pera based on for other ballad operas, one a score for The Deuil to Pay 18th-century practice.The simple methods of this arrange- (Royal College of Music MS 2232) and the other a set of ment have the advantage, just as they did in the 18th orchestral parts for Damon and Pbillida, The Deuil to Pay, century, of being adaptableto bands of widely differing size, andThe Lottery (British Library MS RM.21.c.43-5). Both constitution, and ability. The following score can be used sourcesprobably date from the 1740s, but are otherwise for rehearsing,conducting, and as the basisof a harpsichord unconnected. They appear to have been used in actual continuo realization. Orchestral parts are available on hire; performances and have in common an almost invariable so too is the text, taken from John Gay's Dramatic Works,, formula for arranging the songs: introductions and codas Vol. II, edited by John Fuller, Oxford, 1983. Fuller's Intro- simply copy the opening and closing bars of each song and duction in Vol. I contains much information on the conception scoring is for unison violins and continuo throughout. In- and original production of The Beggar's Opera, and places dications that these were standard procedures in The Beggar's the work in the context of Gay's dramatic output as a whole. Opera too come from other early editions of the work and The librarians and staff of the following libraries have from comments at the time and later on performances. been most helpful in providing me with relevant material for In the late 1,8thcentury, when such arrangements began this edition: the British Library, the Vaughan \Tilliams to sound old-fashioned, the tradition arose of re-arranging Memorial Library, Cecil Sharp House, the Royal College of and re-harmonizing the songs to suit the tastesof successive Music Library, the Royal Academy of Music Library, the generations. It could be said, in fact, that this process really University of Nottingham Library, the University of Sheffield beganwith the first production; even then, the tunes selected Library, and the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. I by Gay had to be arranged and given new basses by would like to thank lan Caddy, David Johnson, and Iain Pepusch. In the previous OUP edition of The Beggar's Mackintosh for help over various points. Finally, I must Opera,1,954, the editor and arranger E. J. Dent wrote that expressmy gratitude to John Eliot Gardiner, who asked me 'any attempt to reproduce the original harmony and in- to arrange the music for the television production mentioned strumentation of 1,728would have been both impracticable above; that arrangement was the starting point for this and ineffective'. Today, taste has changed, and with so edition, and provided concrete evidence that the L8th-century much interest in historical performing practices, it seems methods actually work. natural to try out the original methods. *' Directed by Jonathan Miller, with the English Birroque Soloistsdirected by I first had the opportunity to do this in 1983, for the BBC John Eliot Girrdiner. ABBRE,VIATIONSAND SELECTEDBIBLIOGRAPHY Comprehensive bibliographies can be found in Gagey, Day and Murrie Cyrus L. Day and EleanoreB. Murrie, Handley-Taylor, Lewis, and Schultz,although the publication EnglishSong-Books, 1551-1702: A tsibliograpbywith a dates of these works should be noted. Throughout the First-Linelndex of Songs,1,940. edition, London is the place of publication unlessotherwise Dearing John Gay, Poetry and Prose, ed. Vinton A. stated. Dearing,with the assistanceof CharlesE. Beckwith,2 vols.,Oxford, 1974. BL The British Library. Dent The Beggar'sOpera, ed. and arr. Edward J. Dent, BL parts A set of manuscript orchestral parts for three Oxford, 1,954(music only; vocalscore). ballad operas, Damon and I'}hillida, The Deuil to I'ay, and Fiske,Englisb TheatreMusic in the Eighteenth The Lottery,, preceded by parts f<>rThe Musick in Macbetb, Fiske Roger 1,973;second edition, 7986.The most The Coronation Anthem in Henry 8tb, and Theodosius Century,Oxford, usedin preparingthis edition. (British Library, Royal Music Library, RM.21.c.43-5). importantsecondary source great informationon theperformance All the works in this manuscript have one part each for It containsa dealof The Beggar's and other balladoperas through- violin L, violin 2, and basso. In addition there is a viola of Opera part and a tympano part inTbeodosius, and a vocal score/ out the 1Sthcentury. continuo part on two staves for the ballad operas. The Fuller Jobn Gay,Dramatic'Works, ed. John Fuller, 2 vols., parts, probably dating from the 1740s, are in the same Oxford, 1,983(without music).Fuller's lntroduction hand throughout; the copyistsigns himself E. R. Simpson. includesmuch information on the conceptionof The Beggar'sOpera, and placesthe work in the contextof BO The tseggar's (see Opera Sources,p. 101). Gay'sdramatic output as a whole.He alsogives a list of 'The Bronson Bertrand H. Bronson, Beggar's Opera', in 20th-centurypublished musical arrangements (Il, 374). Studiesin the Comic,University of California Publications Gagey Edmond M. Gagey, Ballad Opera, New York, in English, VIII, 2, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 794'1,1,97 - 1937;reissued New York and London, 1968. 23 1. Reprinted rn Restoration Drama: Modern b,ssaysirr Goberman A facsimileof thethird edition<>f The Beggar's Criticism, ed. Loftis, New York, 1966, 298-327. John Opera,with commentariesby Louis Kronenbergerand Calmus Zwei ()pern-tsurleskcnaus der Rokokozeit ITete- Max Gobermanon the literaryand musicalbackground, mdque and The tseggar's Operal, ed. Georgy Calmus, Larchmont,New York, 1,961,.Goberman's commentary Berlin, 1912; with an extensiveIrrtroduction. The music puts Gay'ssong texts side by sidewith the first versesof of Tbe Beggar's Opera is taken from the third edition, the originalwords. with an editorial realization the basses.The text has a of Guerinot and Jilg Contexts I: The Beggar'sOpera, eds. German translation. J. V. Guerinotand Rodney D. Jilg,Hamden, 1976. Source Chappell tWilliam Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden readingson the 18th-centurybackground and response.