helsinki 2/2018
Quarterlycity of helsinki ▶ urban research and statistics
Tourism After a record-breaking year Children More families choose to live in the inner city
City brand From ‘Daughter of the Baltic’ to ‘making an impact together’ helsinki 2/2018
Quarterlycity of helsinki ▶ urban research and statistics 2/2018 Editor in Chief ▶ timo cantell Editor ▶ teemu vass ● Contents Translations ▶ Magnus Gräsbeck (pp. 48–57, 66–89), Lingoneer Oy (pp. 38–47, 58–65)
Graphs ▶ lotta haglund ● TIMO CANTELL General Layout ▶ pekka kaikkonen 6 ▶ Editorial Cover ▶ pekka kaikkonen
Printing Contact ▶ lotta haglund ● Salla Jokela:
Print ▶ libris oy, helsinki 2018 10 ▶ The development of Helsinki’s city brand
● Pekka mustonen 24 ▶ Helsinki tourism enjoys a record-breaking year – but what next? Publisher ▶ CITY OF HELSINKI, EXECUTIVE OFFICE, URBAN RESEARCH AND STATISTICS P.O.BOX 550, FI – 00099 City of Helsinki, Finland ● Pasi Mäenpää & Maija Faehnle:
telephone +358 9 310 36377 38 ▶ Urban civic activism: solutions for the governance of a self-organising urban community
Subscriptions, distribution ▶ telephone +358 9 310 36293, [email protected] ● Tamás Lahdelma: 48 ▶ Geographical proximity and employee mobility ISSN 0788-1576 (in print) in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
ISSN 1796-7279 (online) ● Oskari Harjunen: 58 ▶ Housing market has already anticipated the effects of the West Metro
ISTÖM ÄR ER P K M K ● Ari Niska: Y I 66 ▶ Number of children on the rise particularly in Inner Helsinki
M I KT LJÖMÄR Painotuotteet 4041 0014 ● Veera Moll: 78 ▶ From city streets to suburban forests – changing mobility patterns of children in Helsinki
www.kvartti.fi city of helsinki / KALLE KATAILA Editorial
elsinki Quarterly presents an Other articles in this issue concentrate on urban overview of interesting research and children and their world. Ari Niska writes about the statistical information from the past return of families with children to the city centre twelve months. The articles shed light and inner districts of Helsinki. He points out that on recent developments in Helsinki there are more children in the city today than at Hand its metropolitan area. Most of the texts in this any time since the mid-1970s. Veera Moll’s article issue have been published previously in Finnish deals with the independent mobility of children in and Swedish. Helsinki. In international comparison, children in Helsinki – and Finland in general – are still relatively The Urban Research and Statistics Unit at free to walk to school or roam their neighbourhood Helsinki City Executive Office is charged with without parental supervision. This can be We need to delve the duty to monitor the development of Helsinki considered an indicator of how safe and functional by means of statistical analysis, prognoses and Helsinki is as an urban environment. research. Sometimes this requires us to delve into a variety of into a variety of data sources in order to produce Helsinki is becoming an increasingly important relevant insights and understanding about crucial destination in the worldwide tourism market. developments in the city. This issue of Helsinki Pekka Mustonen presents in his article an data sources to Quarterly offers some examples, including overview of travel statistics for 2017, a record- Tamás Lahdelma’s analysis of workforce flow breaking year in tourism in Helsinki. Mustonen networks and the importance of the proximity of looks at the reasons underlying the exceptionally understand crucial business establishments. Oskari Harjunen has busy year and current trends in tourism, also analysed large sets of data on real estate sales to casting an eye on potential future developments. demonstrate how the construction of a new metro The article by Salla Jokela offers a slightly different developments in line in the Helsinki Metropolitan area affects perspective to Helsinki as a tourism destination: the housing market. Pasi Mäenpää and Maija she maps the history and development of city Faehnle, on their part, have studied new kinds marketing efforts and city branding in the Finnish the city. of networks that have existed in Helsinki only for capital. Compared to its predecessors, the current a few years: their article focuses on urban civic city brand is much more based on the views of activism and the contacts of the activists with local residents: how they experience the city and local authorities. what they cherish in it. ●
Timo Cantell
Director for Urban Research and Statistics City of Helsinki
6 — kvartti ▶ 1/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 7 In Helsinki, efforts to capture the essence of the city gained ground along with the institutionalization of tourism. helsinki / ju ssi hellsten city o f city 8 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 9 city officials have long striven to manage Helsinki’s reputation The development of and visual appearance through place-making and marketing communication. In the 2000s, these actions have been grouped under the umbrella of “city branding” – a practice that has become increasingly popular throughout the world in the Helsinki’s city brand context of global intercity competition. Branding refers not only to the promotion of cities through logos, slogans and visual representations, but also to strategic practices and participatory processes through which cities are reinvented and developed.
● Salla Jokela
ity brand” is (Lindberg 1931; Laine 2011: 289). The The staff of the Helsinki City Tourist often used idea of Helsinki’s whiteness stemmed Office recognized the need to come in colloquial from the light-colored buildings in the up with symbolic representations language as center of Helsinki and it was frequently and material landmarks that would a synonym associated with Helsinki Cathedral capture the spirit of the city. A new “for the reputationC of a city, whereas (Jokela 2014). slogan was adopted from the title of researchers usually use it more novelist Maila Talvio’s trilogy Itämeren specifically to refer to strategically tytär (“Daughter of the Baltic”) in managed attributes and mental Daughter of the Baltic meets the order to emphasize the maritime associations connected to a city (e.g. White City of the North nature of Helsinki (Salokorpi 2000). Anttiroiko 2014). In Helsinki, efforts The promotion of Helsinki became This slogan was used in a series of to capture and enhance the essence more systematic after the opening of tourism brochures, posters, and other of the city gained ground along with the Helsinki City Tourist Office in 1963. marketing materials in the 1960s the institutionalization of tourism. The office aimed to raise awareness through the 1980s. During its peak Prominent individuals and tourism of Helsinki’s assets and improve the years in the turn of the 1970s and societies had published illustrated infrastructure of the city in accordance 1980s, a brochure entitled “Helsinki – guidebooks and brochures about with prevailing ideas about urban life Daughter of Baltic” was published in 20 Helsinki since the 1850s, but it was not and tourism. In the inaugural speech languages, including Arabic, Japanese, until the mid-twentieth century that the of the tourist office, Mayor of Helsinki and Portuguese (Figure 1). city administration addressed the need Lauri Aho described tourism promotion for more systematic city promotion. as a collective endeavor which required Mikko Nupponen, the manager of the local people to learn to look at Helsinki Helsinki City Tourist Office in 1963– In the 1950s, the Sport and Excursion through the eyes of a visitor. According 1993, frequently associated the Office of the City of Helsinki launched to Aho, the essence of Helsinki was “Daughter of the Baltic” with the statue a promotion campaign which included determined by contrasts between of Havis Amanda by the Market Square. the publication of a series of tourism nature and architecture – between the According to him, the statue was “the brochures. In these brochures, Helsinki major attractions and the islands, for touristic symbol of and probably the was called the “White City of the North” instance – or the “old” Empire style city most photographed sight in the capital along the lines of a catchphrase that center and suburbs (Aho 1963). city” (Nupponen 1991). Most often, had become established by the 1930s however, the slogan was depicted next
10 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 11 to the Cathedral, which was the “most visible landmark of Helsinki” and, together with Senate Square, “among the actual pull factors” in the city (Nupponen 1984).
While tourism promoters were working to strengthen the symbolic and material basis of the “Daughter of the Baltic,” Helsinki’s brand evolved also more organically on the foundation laid by earlier marketing and communication. In 1970, for example, Boston Herald Traveler adopted both slogans by noting that Helsinki was “variously known as the ‘White City of the North’ or ‘Daughter of the Baltic’” (Koenig 1970). Likewise, the notion of whiteness was used by planners to advocate functionalistic architecture in Helsinki and, later, by public commentators to oppose plans to build a Guggenheim Museum in Helsinki. Those critical of the museum plan argued that the winning proposal would be too dark for the “White City of the North” (Rakennuslehti 2016; Visanti 2016).
Making place for performances and lifeseeing The Helsinki City Tourist Office promoted tourism not only by producing marketing materials, but also through place-making1 and performances, which enabled people to enact the ideas captured in images and texts (Figure 2). In the late 1960s, for example, tourism officers appealed to the City Board in order to enliven the Empire center of Helsinki, which lacked “small shops, cafeterias, restaurants and public services which were characteristic of the turn of the century and would invigorate the area during weekends and after office hours” (Nupponen 1978).
Nupponen (1969) considered urban liveliness important, because “the motto of today islifeseeing , which […] includes different functions from various domains of life that tourists can observe up close or in which they themselves can participate.” In the 1980s, Finnair’s marketing director Leif Lundström shared this idea FIGURe 2. when he emphasized the role of the City of Helsinki and Local celebrities played a special role in the promotion of Helsinki. In 1977, Helsinki’s tourism poster and map were ceremonially delivered by Mikko its service providers in supporting the development Nupponen to Miss Finland Armi Aavikko, who was from Helsinki and, hence, associated with the idea of “Daughter of Baltic.” In a story published by of the Helsinki–Vantaa Airport into a “gateway airport” Helsinki-lehti (1977), Aavikko promised to use the map during her trips to promote “her beautiful hometown”. Picture from the Helsinki City Archives. that would eventually encourage tourists to spend more time in Helsinki and Finland (Palojärvi 1986).
Tourism promoters perceived local people as being view was also taken into consideration but also as a leader of tourism tools clarified its marketing messages integral and adding to the exoticness of Helsinki. In by the Finnish Tourism Board, which development in the entire country. and, thereby, helped to improve 1982, Nupponen was interviewed about foreigners’ wanted to launch a “charm campaign” The Finnish Tourism Board, for people’s knowledge of Helsinki’s
FIGURe 1. reasons for travelling to Helsinki. He stated that “we to develop the Finns’ language skills, example, acknowledged the potentially assets. This development paved the way live in an odd and strange place and we are a little manners, and sense of humor, “toward beneficial effects of urbanization on to tourism promoters’ understanding of “Helsinki – Daughter of Baltic” (“Itämeren tytär”) brochure published by the Helsinki City Tourist Office was an important marketing tool for bit strange ourselves” (Pääkaupunki-lehti 1982). This a more pan-European direction” “sophisticating” the Finns. the city as a product that could be “sold transportation companies, the Finnish Tourist Board, and other tourism (Kantakaupungin Alueuutiset 1986). In to” and consumed by various groups of 1) Place-making refers to activities through which people communities both in Finland and abroad from the 1960s until the 1980s. appropriate space and attach meanings to it (Cresswell 2015: this campaign, Helsinki appeared not The willingness of Helsinki’s local people. 11-12). only as a showcase of Finnishness, authorities to adopt modern marketing
12 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 13 Engaging stakeholders for the co- such as pulse and peace, light competitiveness and connectivity within production of the city brand summers and dark winter nights, the global networks of cities. As a result, a As the previous examples show, city city and nature […]”, uniqueness and growing number of people praise the branding inevitably involves choices diversity (“We don’t want to be overly important role of independent urban about whose idea of the city is taken polished. We are authentic and the activism in the making of internationally as the starting point of the brand. city has a certain edge.”), as well as recognized city brands (Mäenpää In the worst case, the city brand smartness and functionality (“Everyday & Faehnle 2017). The value of urban is unsustainable, because it is not life in Helsinki goes smoothly.”) (Brand activism is especially emphasized supported by the residents. Branding New Helsinki 2018). What differentiates when contrasted with government professionals have thus started the new brand concept from earlier funded cultural building projects, which to emphasize the need for more branding initiatives is the role of people are increasingly criticized for being inclusive and democratic branding as co-creators of the city brand instead expensive and unrealistic (Vihinen processes, which utilize branding of mere consumers and users of ready- 2013). as a comprehensive tool of urban made places and activities. development. Branding for transformation
This is evident in Helsinki’s new brand International branding researchers concept, developed in 2015–2016 in have started to address the use of city of helsinki / juhana hurtig accordance with the strategy of the branding as a tool to achieve the Helsinki City Council. The “Brand New goals of urban policy and strategic Helsinki 2020” project engaged various spatial planning (e.g. Oliveira 2015; From consumer-oriented image Region, the general image of the region The initial brochure consisted of stakeholders to address Helsinki’s Joo & Seo 2018). This approach is building to city branding was to be developed on the basis of the simple black and white photos and strengths and weaknesses and to come relevant also in Helsinki, where one In the 1980s, city promotion in Western region’s “closeness to nature and sea”, it was recalled by the City Board on up with a vision of what Helsinki wants This suggested that of the goals of the brand is to lead countries was supported by the as well as its “interesting architecture, grounds of being too bleak and giving to be in the future. The aim of the brand the city’s transformation “in the right adoption of the concept of image, human scale, functionality, safety, and an impression that Helsinki is “grey concept was to “highlight the city as the city needed to direction” through concrete measures, which “in a fairly straightforward way cleanliness” (Pääkaupunkiseudun like Petrozavodsk” (Manninen 1994; a desirable location for both business such as “the removal of unnecessary captured something essential in the matkailun kehittämisstrategia Tani 1995: 74–75). This brochure was and living, and help create the buzz that obstacles that hinder encounters and otherwise messy conceptual field of 1997). Tourism promoters were also replaced by a colorful collage of images can make Helsinki a more interesting pay more attention actions with impact” (Helsinki brand city marketing” (Anttiroiko 2014, 61). interested in developing products that marketed Helsinki as “a pocket destination for visitors and events” concept 2016). In other words, the City The study of city images had gained for different market segments. These size metropolis” (Figure 3). (Helsinki brand concept 2016). to the locals’ ways of Helsinki is using branding as one impetus with the rise of behavioral included “the hustle and bustle – good way of reassessing the rationalities approach within geography and urban vibes, swinging Helsinki” for “the young, The identity-political underpinnings While earlier city branding endeavors and practices of governing people and studies from the 1960s onwards, and young adults and dinks (double income, of Helsinki’s brand were discussed in Helsinki have included place-making of conceptualizing managing spatial change. the concept of image was adopted by no kids)” and “Helsinki seen from a again in 2007, when Kari Halonen, initiatives, Helsinki’s brand concept place promoters as a way of referring child’s-eye view.” the marketing manager of the City of (2016) stresses explicitly that “the and using the city. Pasi Mäenpää and Maija Faehnle (2017) to the attitudes, perceptions, and Helsinki, maintained in a newspaper Helsinki brand needs actions, not state that Helsinki’s administration beliefs people held about places (Aikäs Despite the increasingly market- article that Helsinki should be branded words,” as the brand is essentially should find ways “to participate 2004: 41). oriented approach, the strengthening as “a meeting point between East made up of “shared experiences that constructively in the activities of of Helsinki’s image was essentially and West, sort of like the Istanbul of happen wherever and whenever we citizen networks.” The branding of In Helsinki, the term “image” (“imago”) based on the same concerns as the North”. According to Halonen, encounter the city.” Instead of slogans, Helsinki shows that there is a strong was introduced to tour guides in the before. Tourism developers stated, Helsinki’s past in the sphere of the city brand is based on phrases that The active role of the people of Helsinki impetus for such participation, but it 1980s in the context of the “creation for example, that Helsinki’s city center influence of Russia and Soviet Union is crystallize Helsinki’s attitude – “One Hel in city branding supports Helsinki’s remains to be determined what role of a mental picture to listeners” should be made “livelier” for tourists “that exotic feature that makes tourists of an Impact” and “Here is the city – use attempts to emphasize civic activism the new brand concept will play in (Nupponen 1988). Along with the and locals through the “liberalization of come here” (Huhtanen 2007). People it!” – with the goal of ensuring that as a distinctive feature, setting Helsinki facilitating and supporting new types economic restructuring that followed shops’ opening hours” and plans that quickly reacted to the article by stating “[i]n 2020, Helsinki is a city full of apart from other major cities (Helsinki of collaborations between the city and the depression of the early 1990s, would “direct the services aimed at that “Helsinki is not St. Petersburg people, actions and encounters that brand concept 2016). The idea of its people. Some important questions the concept of image emerged also private citizens to locate on the street or Istanbul” and it should “proudly make an impact” (Helsinki brand “people who make an impact” is also remain. How will Helsinki’s residents, as an analytical tool for studying level” (Pääkaupunkiseudun matkailun be itself, with its own weaknesses concept 2016). The brand is supported connected to a broader shift in the visitors and businesses be able to associations linked to Helsinki. These kehittämisstrategia 1997). and strengths” (Yrjölä 2007). In both by the My Helsinki website and hashtag, conceptualizations of administration utilize the opportunities provided by studies revealed that the image of The marketers of Helsinki also cases, the evocation of Eastern which enable people to share their tips and citizenship in networked western the new brand concept? What will they the Helsinki capital region remained continued to balance between the exoticism conflicted with local people’s and experiences concerning Helsinki societies (Bäcklund et al. 2014). The get in return for their participation in “unknown, neutral, or unclear” exploitation of Helsinki’s perceived understanding of what Helsinki was (My Helsinki 2018). rise of neoliberalism and globalization the making of the brand? What kind (Pääkaupunkiseudun matkailun “exoticness” and the production of about. This suggested that the city from the late twentieth century of “impact” is desired and how is the kehittämisstrategia 1997). more mainstream promotional imagery. needed to pay more attention to the Helsinki’s new brand concept relies onwards have involved the emergence “right direction” of transformation In 1994, the City of Helsinki published a locals’ ways of conceptualizing and largely on the assets acknowledged by of autonomous and flexible citizens, defined? Who will decide what kind of According to the 1997 Tourism brochure to accompany its application using the city. earlier generations of city promoters. whose actions can be harnessed for the people, actions and encounters make Development Strategy of the Capital for European Capital of Culture 2000. These include “fascinating contrasts, purpose of enhancing (inter)national the right kind of impact?
14 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 15 FIGURe 3a. FIGURe 3B. Images have played an important role in the negotiation of Helsinki’s brand, as in the case of illustrated brochures that the City of Helsinki produced to pursue the status of the European Cultural Capital 2000. The city’s decision-makers criticized the images of the original brochure (on the left) for being too grey and gloomy and decided to replace them with a colorful photo collage (on the right).
16 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 17 Nupponen, M. 1984. Writing for the “Matkaaja” Open discussion makes the branding journal. Helsinki City Archives, file UC: 1. Nupponen, M. 1988. Material for the tour guide process transparent and helps people courses in the Helsinki Capital Region. February 16, 1988. Helsinki City Archives, understand the role of branding. file UC: 1. Nupponen, M. 1991. Writing about the need to release details about valuable buildings, sculptures etc. August 6, 1991. Helsinki City Archives, file UC: 1. Oliveira, E. H. S. 2015. Place branding in strategic spatial planning: A content Open discussion about these issues Helsinki-lehti 1977. Kaunotar ja ‘Helsinki analysis of development plans, strategic Itämeren tytär’. April 7, 1977. is important because it makes the initiatives and policy documents for branding process transparent and Huhtanen, J. 2007. Helsinkiä ryhdytään Portugal 2014-2020. Journal of Place helps people to understand the role myymään ulkomaalaisille venäläisyydellä. Management and Development 8: 1, 23–50. Helsingin Sanomat. June 4, 2007. of branding – and their own actions in Palojärvi, E. 1986. Suomesta tehtävä relation to the emerging brand – in the Jokela, S. 2014. Tourism and identity politics kauttakulkukeskus. Kauppalehti, February context of urban development. On a in the Helsinki churchscape. Tourism 4, 1986. Geographies 16: 2, 252–269. more profound level, open discussion Pääkaupunki-lehti 1982. Pohjolan outo will make it easier for Helsinki’s Joo, Y.-M. & Seo, B. 2018. Transformative kaupunki. August 12, 1982. Here residents to take ownership of the city city branding for policy change: The Pääkaupunkiseudun matkailun case of Seoul’s participatory branding. brand as well as the processes through kehittämisstrategia 1997. which it is made. ● Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36:2, 239–257. Rakennuslehti 2016. Helsingin kaupunki esittää Guggenheim-museon perustamista. Kantakaupungin Alueuutiset 1986. MEK https://www.rakennuslehti.fi/2016/11/ suunnittelee charmikampanjaa. January is the city Salla Jokela is Postdoctoral Researcher in helsingin-kaupunki-esittaa-guggenheim- 22, 1986. the RELATE Centre of Excellence at the Uni- museon-perustamista/, accessed on June versity of Helsinki. Koenig, H. P. 1970. White City of the North. 13, 2018. Boston Herald Traveler. February 15, 1970. Salokorpi, S. 2000. Itämeren tyttärestä Laine, S. 2011. Pilvenpiirtäjäkysymys: Urbaani Euroopan kulttuuripääkaupungiksi. mielikuvitus ja 1920-luvun Helsingin Helsingin kaupungin matkailutoimisto – Bibliography ääriviivat. k&h, Turun yliopisto. 1963–2000. Helsingin kaupungin Lindberg, C. 1931. Helsinki: Pohjolan valkea matkailutoimisto. Aho, L. (1963). Speech at the reception for the kaupunki. WSOY. Tani, S. 1995. Kaupunki taikapeilissä. Helsinki- opening of the Tourist Centre. September Manninen, A. 1994. Kuvaesite elokuvien mielenmaisemat: maantieteellisiä use it! 3, 1963. Helsinki City Archives, file UC: 1. markkinoi Helsinkiä vuoden 2000 tulkintoja. Helsingin kaupungin Anttiroiko, A.-V. 2014. The political economy of kulttuuripääkaupungiksi. Helsingin tietokeskuksen tutkimuksia 1995: 14. city branding. Routledge. Sanomat. August 5, 1994. Vihinen, A. 2013. A Guggenheim in every city? In Brand New Helsinki (2018): http://www. My Helsinki 2018. https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en, Sonnenburg, S. & Baker, L. (eds.): Branded brandnewhelsinki.fi/2020/, accessed on accessed on June 13, 2018. Spaces: Experience, enactments and entanglements, 193–202. Springer. June 13, 2018. Mäenpää, P. & Faehnle, M. 2017. Civic activism Bäcklund, P., Kallio K. P. & Häkli J. (2014). as a resource for cities. Helsinki Quarterly Visanti 2016. Lecture about urban planning and Residents, customers or citizens? Tracing 1/2017. the profiling of Helsinki’s neighborhoods. University of Helsinki. November 11, 2016. the idea of youthful participation in the Nupponen, M. 1969. Helsingin matkailun context of administrative reforms in kehittämisestä. Speech given to the Yrjölä, R. 2007. Helsinki ei ole Pietari eikä Finnish public administration. Planning Helsinki Association, March 27. Helsinki Istanbul [Helsinki is not St. Petersburg or Theory & Practice 15: 3, 311–327. City Archives, file Uc: 1. Istanbul]. Helsingin Sanomat. June 6, 2007. Cresswell, T. 2015. Place: An Introduction. John Nupponen, M. 1978. Helsingin empirekeskustan Äikäs, T. A. 2004. Imagoa etsimässä: Kaupunki- Wiley & Sons. – matkailukeskustan kehittäminen. A ja aluemarkkinoinnin haasteista mielikuvien Helsinki Brand Concept (2016). A summary writing for the Helsinki-lehti. Helsinki City mahdollisuuksiin. Acta 166. Suomen published on April 22, 2016. City of Helsinki. Archives, file UC: 1. Kuntaliitto.
18 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 19 20 — Helsinki ▶ Quarterly 2/2018
city of helsinki / jussi hellsten 2/2018 ▶Helsinki Quarterly Quarterly — 21
Last year was an exceptional year for tourism in Helsinki.
22 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 23 Last year, 2017, was a exceptional year for tourism ● pekka mustonen HELSINKI in Helsinki. The year was the busiest ever for airline traffic flying in and out of Helsinki Airport, and record-breaking numbers have also been released enjoys for overnight stays in the city itself. The purpose TOURISM of this article is to present a closer analysis of the travel statistics for 2017, and we will also cast a record-breaking year an eye on the first half of the present year. The statistical examination will also be connected to the topical debate about how to approach the constant – but what next? growth of global tourism, and sustainable tourism in particular.
24 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 25 Part of this interest is related to to 2016. Overnights by Finnish visitors Helsinki’s strategically excellent increased by 4 per cent and foreign location on the flight routes from visitors by 17 per cent. A particularly Europe to Asia. The flight statistics strong increase of foreign visitors was of Helsinki Airport support this fact. seen in Lapland, 22 per cent compared International traffic to and from to the previous year. However, the Helsinki Airport increased by 11 per number of Finnish visitors in Lapland cent in 2017, and the total number of went down. flights taken by passengers was the highest ever recorded. Of the 19 million In Helsinki, the growth of overnight passengers flying to and from Helsinki stays by Finnish visitors was almost Airport in 2017, the majority were as rapid (16 per cent) as with foreign on international flights. The biggest visitors (18 per cent). The total increase increase, 21 per cent, was recorded of overnight stays in Helsinki was 17 per in international transit travel. The cent in 2017. statistics released by Finland’s national airport operator Finavia reveal that Foreign visitors generated 54 per the strong growth at Helsinki Airport cent of all overnight stays in Helsinki has also continued in the first months in 2017. The share of foreign visitors of 2018, and this growth is boosted by was the highest in June and August, increasing numbers of international when they accounted for almost two transit passengers. thirds of overnight stays. In Lapland, the situation was the opposite: most overnight stays by foreign visitors More than 4 million overnights in take place in the winter months. For Helsinki example, in December 2017, Lapland An interesting point of comparison for had more overnights than Helsinki in these air traffic statistics is offered by any month of last year. accommodation statistics, which are usually the most often used indicators The number of registered overnight when regions, countries or cities are stays in Helsinki totalled 4.2 million measured against each other in tourism in 2017. This was the first time that research. Air traffic statistics do not the number of overnights in Helsinki offer information on the citizenships surpassed 4 million. The total number of travellers, and for this reason, of registered overnight stays in all of additional sources of data are needed. Finland reached 22 million. Thus the Information on overnight stays and share of Helsinki in all overnight stays citizenships are collected from in Finland amounted to 19 per cent. all registered accommodation Among Finnish visitors, Helsinki’s share establishments. It has to be noted, was 13 per cent, while 33 per cent of however, that only a part of all tourists overnights by foreign visitors to Finland stay in registered accommodation took place in Helsinki. establishments. Estonians staying in Helsinki are a typical example of a traveller demographic among Countries of origin of visitors to
helsinki / ju ssi hellsten whom only a small proportion of Helsinki overnights are recorded in registered Russian visitors have dominated city o f city establishments (see Mustonen 2018b). accommodation statistics in recent The weakness of register-based years, whether we look at the statistics – such as the overnight statistics at the national level or Increasing interest towards Finland statistics – is often related to a lack of only the overnight stays in Helsinki. In global regional travel statistics, Europe is still the world’s most attractive comprehensiveness. Russians accounted for 12 per cent destination for tourism. At country level, France is the most popular travel of all overnight stays in registered destination, while London tops the list of cities. However, Europe now holds a one- As with the development of air traffic, accommodation establishments in third share in worldwide tourism. Asia and especially China has grown rapidly as 2017 was also a record-breaking year in Finland in 2017. In Helsinki, the share a travel destination in recent years. From a global perspective, Finland remains a terms of the number of overnight stays. was smaller, remaining at 9 per cent. relatively small player but interest towards it has increased around the world. Registered overnights increased in The share of Russian visitors in Finland by about 8 per cent compared Helsinki’s overnight statistics was at its
26 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 27 highest in 2013, peaking at 18 per cent. from countries not in the top ten, which overnight stays was slower: 4 and 2 were thus tied to demand from two the year-round perspective. The room establishments are fully booked. On After plummeting drastically in 2014– can be considered a relatively large per cent, respectively. In Oslo, foreign source markets. Similarly, the role of occupancy rates of accommodation the other hand, it has been argued 2016, the number of Russian visitors share. overnights actually decreased by 5 Finnish visitors in Tallinn is immensely establishments are highest in that they distort the competition and in Helsinki is now back on upward per cent compared to the previous important. In Stockholm, by contrast, the summer. In June, August and lead to an increase in housing prices in trajectory. In 2017, visitor nights from The importance of the top countries year. Also in absolute figures, the the ‘sustainability indicators’ describing September the monthly occupancy destinations where landlords prefer to all source markets increased. Apart for the total number of overnight stays growth in Helsinki overtook all of these the importance of individual source rates in Helsinki were over 80 per rent their properties to tourists. from the revived demand from Russia, is a useful indicator when we analyse competitors. markets to the tourist industry of cent. Accommodation statistics do other trends worth noting are the the split between different source a particular city were the lowest not yet allow us to examine shorter A maximum of 2,400 flats and 500 steady growth of Japanese overnights markets. From the perspective of Stockholm was by far the biggest among the cities in our comparison. ‘micro-seasons’ such as exceptionally separate rooms were available and, of course, the skyrocketing rise of economic sustainability, it is desirable tourist destination among the cities Helsinki came second after Stockholm, popular weekends when the capacity is through Airbnb in Helsinki in 2017. This Chinese visitors witnessed in Helsinki’s that the share of an individual country in the Nordic area when measured in while Copenhagen and Oslo were temporarily in full use. peak figure was reached in August, accommodation establishments in the should not grow too large. An over- the total number of overnight stays. In significantly more dependent on according to AirDNA, a company that past couple of years. If the overnight representation of a single source 2017, the registered accommodation their top five source markets, which In summer months, room occupancy collects and releases figures about stays by Japanese and Chinese visitors market can even have negative impacts establishments in Stockholm recorded represented about half of all foreign rates are very high not only in Helsinki the use of Airbnb services. In other in Helsinki are put together, the total (Mustonen 2018c). 9.4 million overnight stays. Copenhagen overnights in the Danish and Norwegian but also in all other reference cities. words, the total number of Airbnb amount is greater than that of Russian was second, with approximately eight capitals in 2017. The highest occupancy in 2017 was rentals amounted to almost 3,000 in visitors. It can be argued that the million overnights. Helsinki has more recorded in the accommodation Helsinki last year (AirDNA 2018). These growing demand from Asian source Tourism growth in Helsinki outpaced foreign bednights than Oslo, while establishments of Reykjavik had monthly average occupancy rates markets – particularly China and Japan rival cities the total number of stays in Oslo was Accommodation capacities and and Copenhagen. According to of over 50 per cent throughout the – has compensated for the flailing Other Nordic capitals are often higher than in Helsinki. Among the room occupancy rates Benchmarking Alliance (2018), even year, peaking at nearly 80 per cent in Russian tourism in Helsinki in recent regarded as Helsinki’s competitors cities in our comparison, Oslo had the With the recent rapid growth of the lowest monthly occupancy rates August. While these figures are only years. in the world tourism market. second highest number of overnights tourism in Helsinki, the accommodation in Reykjavik surpassed 70 per cent, approximate and indicative, it must be Notwithstanding, Chinese tourists, for by domestic visitors. capacity and its sufficiency have been and the highest were over 90 per cent. noted that Airbnb has brought with it For all the discussion about the growth example, often travel to several cities much debated. In 2017, Helsinki had Copenhagen had monthly occupancy a notable increase to Helsinki’s total of Asian visitors in Helsinki, it must be during one trip, and from this point If we only look at the number of foreign 10,919 rooms in total (or an average rates of over 80 per cent from May accommodation capacity with several acknowledged that there are actually of view, Helsinki, Tallinn, Stockholm, overnight stays, Copenhagen tops the per month of 10,085) and the entire to October, while Stockholm had the thousand additional beds per month. no Asian countries among the five Copenhagen and Oslo also form parts list with 5.4 million stays. In foreign Helsinki Metropolitan Area had 15,218 lowest percentages, remaining under It is of course impossible to estimate biggest source markets for overnight of one and the same target market. bednights, both Reykjavik and Tallinn (14,130). The room occupancy rate 80 in all months. the exact effect of Airbnb activities on stays in Helsinki. Russia is joined in Thus the cities simultaneously compete had higher figures than Helsinki. On calculated for the whole year in all the occupancy rates of accommodation the top five by Germany, UK, USA and for the same tourists and benefit from closer inspection, Reykjavik and Tallinn the accommodation establishments Alternative types of accommodation services in Helsinki. Nonetheless, there Sweden, and these five countries one another’s success. offer interesting points of comparison in Helsinki was 73 per cent. For – such as Airbnb – have become has been no observable decrease of together form the solid base for foreign for Helsinki. Tourism to both of these comparison: the occupancy rate for increasingly popular worldwide in the room occupancy rates in registered bednights in Helsinki. 38 per cent of Compared to the above-mentioned cities is heavily dependent on a small Lapland was 46 per cent, and 52 per past few years. They are revolutionising accommodation establishments all foreign overnight stays in Helsinki competitors, the growth of foreign number of crucial source markets. cent for all of Finland. the tourism industry and have been a during the past years. On the contrary, originated in these five source markets. overnights in Helsinki was in a league Of all overnight stays in Reykjavik in topic of much lively debate in the past the occupancy rates have actually Top ten countries accounted for 58 per of its own in 2017. In Stockholm, 2017, 30 per cent were generated by Room occupancy rates show a year (e.g. Mustonen 2018d). On one slightly increased (although not very cent of all foreign bednights. In other the increase was 8 per cent and in visitors from the USA and 22 per cent considerable degree of seasonal hand, Airbnb and similar operators help significantly). In the light of these words, almost 40 per cent of registered Reykjavik, 6 per cent. In Copenhagen from the UK. More than half of all variation. For this reason, a month-by- to ease the pressure during times when statistics, it would seem that Helsinki’s foreign overnight stays were by visitors and Tallinn, the growth of foreign foreign overnight stays in Reykjavik month analysis is more fruitful than traditional types of accommodation accommodation establishments have
Foreign visitors generated 54 per cent of all overnight stays in Helsinki in 2017. The share of foreign visitors was the highest in June and August, when they accounted for almost two thirds of overnight stays.
28 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 29 30 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 31 increased but the number of bednights time, the fast evolution of technologies has declined. At the same in Stockholm, is likely to affect the tourism market in for example, the number of overnight ways that we cannot yet even anticipate. stays by Japanese visitors has grown This vast and partly uncontrollable since March 2018 – precisely the conceptual network is also closely moment when the drop was observed linked to the demand for increasing in Helsinki’s statistics. sustainability in travel and tourism development. The upcoming months will be interesting for those who follow travel statistics. Sustainable tourism – formerly Airbnb has During the first half of 2018, many mainly a preoccupation of the important source markets have lost academic community – has finally ground in terms of the overnight also begun to filter through to the brought with it a indicators. This fall has been at least mainstream debate. This is partly partly compensated by the rise of due to the negative effects of tourism notable increase new source countries. From this becoming increasingly evident. We perspective, tourism in Helsinki have witnessed this also in Helsinki. appears to rest on a solid foundation. In our new tourism roadmap (City of to Helsinki’s total We cannot yet draw long-reaching Helsinki 2018a), a chapter has been conclusions about the possible consecrated to sustainable tourism, accommodation diversion of Asian tourist fluxes to with attention paid to each of its three other Nordic destinations merely on dimensions: ecological, socio-cultural the basis of the first six months of this and economic. Ensuring sustainable capacity with year. However, clear signs about such a growth is also a key goal of the Helsinki phenomenon are visible. The task for a City Strategy, and the tourism roadmap several thousand tourism researcher for the autumn is reflects this priority. to examine possible reasons underlying these developments. At this juncture, From an ecological perspective, the additional beds been at least somewhat underused, throughout the spring months, until the busy. One notable feature in the first hypotheses are too uncertain to put growth of international travel is a global excluding the busiest times. This is not number increased again in June. half-year’s statistics is the situation forward. challenge, not least because of traffic per month. to say, however, that the changes in the in the competitor cities. In contrast emissions. It is necessary to discuss room occupancy rates of registered Foreign overnight stays continued to to Helsinki, the number of overnights how the strain caused by tourism is accommodation establishments can be break the previous year’s records up has continued to grow in Stockholm, How to reconcile tourism targets distributed across regions, since it automatically linked to the existence of until May 2018. January and February Copenhagen and Oslo. and sustainable development? is already a major problem for many Airbnb, unless at some point we notice had still seen double-digit growth International travel has grown around destination areas in different parts considerable increases in Airbnb’s own percentages. The downward turn came Much attention has been paid recently the world for decades (UNWTO of the world. It can be ecologically occupancy rates. in June, with a 4.3 per cent decrease to the development of Chinese tourism 2018). Although part of this growth is more responsible to aim to direct the in foreign overnights compared to in the Nordic area. This source market generated by people who had travelled focus of tourism to areas where the the same month last year. In absolute offers one explanation to why Helsinki previously, new customer groups have necessary infrastructure is already in 2018 – a year of changes? terms, the number of foreign overnights is now (in the first summer months) also entered the global tourism market. place and well-developed. Emphasising If the scope of our examination were in June 2018 remained very high – had following a different trajectory than An increasing number of people have individualistic tourism may prove to be limited to 2017, we could end our the same figure been recorded a year the other capitals. The overnight stays the leisure to travel and can afford the wrong choice from the viewpoint analysis by stating that tourism in earlier, it would still have represented by Chinese visitors have decreased it. If major catastrophes are avoided, of sustainable development. However, Helsinki is thriving and the Finnish a staggering growth. Thus, despite the in Helsinki all through the spring, with international travel will also keep on it must also be noted that areas where capital is fast catching its Nordic drop, the number of overnight stays the single exception of February. A growing in the near future, whether the number of tourists is consistently neighbours. The first half of 2018 looks by foreign visitors in June 2018 is 11 similar fall has not been observed in we want it or not. In this sense, the multiple times larger than that of local somewhat different from the same per cent higher compared to the same the competitor cities. At the same time, tourism business is different from residents face a worrying future on all period a year before. The growth has month in 2016. however, border-crossings by Chinese other industries: as a phenomenon, it is the dimensions of sustainability. slowed down slightly. The growth in the travellers have increased at Helsinki extremely difficult to control. The infrastructure of cities is often total number of overnight stays turned Taking into account the high growth Airport. Judging by these double- better developed than in tourism negative in March, and this change is percentages of 2017, the continued digit growth percentages, it seems The global tourism market is destinations relying on nature mainly explained by the decrease of growth of foreign overnights in the that more and more Chinese tourists undergoing something of a revolution. attractions. Nevertheless, tourism has domestic overnights. The number of first months of 2018 can be considered continue their trip directly from Helsinki Uncertainty factors for the future also grown in many major metropolises overnights by Finnish visitors in Helsinki almost astonishing. Since the total Airport to other cities. and functionality of the business are to the extent that its negative effects had stopped growing in January 2018, number of overnight stays has created by the immense volumes have changed the attitudes of local when it remained 4.5 per cent lower decreased only modestly from last Interestingly enough, the same of tourism, as well as the pressure residents. This is a dilemma because than a year before. The growth of year’s record level, it can be stated that observation holds true for Japanese brought by climate change or political tourism is a lifeline for many cities. domestic overnights remained negative tourism in Helsinki remains extremely tourists. Border-crossings have changes and movements. At the same To ensure that it is also economically
32 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 33 travellers, who spend a lot of money Sources: in the destination, may diminish the number of package tourists and affect AirDNA (2018)
34 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 35 36 — Helsinki ▶ Quarterly has not yet solved been – and may never be. the dilemmaof sustainable tourism scale,On aglobal 2/2018
photos: city of helsinki / eetu ahanen the future. situation may change in phenomenon, the now asamainly positive of to travel us appears Although thegrowth notare easily influenced. fluctuationseconomic and trends Global 2/2018 ▶Helsinki Quarterly Quarterly — 37 A city is a community formed by city residents, and the role before. City residents’ participation in the development of their own city of the city administration is to answer their needs and ensure and living environment emerges on a their conditions for success. Changes in the community and more extensive scale than previously. The possibility to influence local affairs its operational environment require the administration to through administrative preparation adapt to the new circumstances. In our previous article (see and policy-making is, for many, a cornerstone of participation, but Helsinki Quarterly 1/2017) we discussed today’s urban civic there are also more direct ways for society and its new actors, methods and roles that are based participating and making a difference – such as when people help one another, on independent self-organisation. These we have termed urban engage in peer-to-peer transactions, civic activisms. act for the benefit of their community, or finance local projects. Not everyone needs to be an activist but, through Pasi Mäenpää ● Maija Faehnle their actions, activists also create conditions for the participation of those who are less active (see also Idström e have characterised operating culture. This requires new 2016). this new section of vocabulary, not only for adopting the society as a fourth new culture within the administration The tendency of city administrators sector to which the but also for communicating it to the to talk of residents when referring to city administration urban community. One of the key local people portrays them in a rather Wshould, and eventually must, adapt. measures we propose for the city restricted role. People not only live Identification of the resources of is to put the following terminology in their neighbourhood but are also the civic society, strengthened by to test when setting the goals for engaged in various activities in the
H elsinki / J u ssi H ellsten digitalisation, is necessary for achieving the administration. In Helsinki, one neighbourhood, and in relationship with the strategic objectives of cities, opportunity for doing this is while it. Moreover, the word ‘resident’ ignores ity o f C ity such as ecological sustainability, translating the city’s new model of the entrepreneurs and employees participation of communities and participation into concrete operative working in the area, or people taking individuals, and the vitality of instructions for officials. part in leisure activities there, URBAN neighbourhoods. although all of these are also actors The concept of urban civic activism in the community. The Finnish word CIVIC In the present article, we will locate directs attention to action, the diversity kaupunkilainen (literally ‘one of the areas of activity on which cities of the of actors and to the possibilities these city’) is a useful term because it refers metropolitan area, particularly the activists bring to the development of to a person or other actor without ACTIVISM: administration of Helsinki, should focus cities. The challenge with this concept emphasising the aspect of residence. in order to adapt to the ‘fourth-sector’ is that it is too easily equated with the The same applies to the word ‘local(s)’. solutions for the governance urban community in a coherent way. traditional role of a citizen. However, We will deal with challenges related to people can function in an activist-like, Another problematic Finnish term reforming city governance as well as ‘fourth-sector’ manner also in their sometimes used as a synonym for of a self-organising some solutions to these challenges. professional roles – that is to say, by ‘participation’ is osallistaminen We will present a model of hybrid acting for the benefit of communities (literally ‘making people engage in an urban community governance as a desired state of city beyond one’s own job description. A city activity’), because this word strongly administration and will attempt to official can be an activist, too. One can implies the role of the public authority describe the steps leading towards this strive to avoid the image of separation as an organiser (Westerink et al. goal. between city residents and the city 2016). Instead, it would often be more administration through a discourse precise to speak of crowdsourcing where these are understood as one in the sense that virtually any one Re-wording of governance single urban community. can be a ‘crowdsourcer’. This would A city organisation can enable people’s support a detachment from top- self-motivated and self-organising With the rise of urban civic activisms, down thinking. The term ‘volunteer activism successfully if it invests on the the concept of participation must be work’ is usually linked to participation development of both its practices and understood in more diverse terms than in activities arranged by a non-
38 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 39 People not only live in their neighbourhood but are also Crowdsourcing of engaged in various activities in the neighbourhood, and in democracy Rewording of participation relationship with it. Initiative-taking and self-mo- How administration tivation as a common good Sharing economy encounters activists Participatory budgeting + Expansion of the city’s Activist oceholders as crowdfunding + subsidies = Varaamo service* to cover citizens’ ‘a orneys’ co-resourcing privately-owned premises One-stop shop operation Library as a builder of governmental organisation (NGO) or a We propose that city organisations and we advise that such surveying is as part of oceholders’ sharing networks public administration organisation. In invest in the use of social media as conducted constantly and by means performance goals and Coworking spaces as a matters of taxation, similar activities an instrument of communication and, of crowdsourcing. Helsinki has remuneration support network for ‘gig are referred to as mutual aid. Such first and foremost, interaction and already experimented with outreach Social media as an oce- workers’ words are not ideally suited to capture the production of information. As key models with which these surveys holder’s tool the nature of urban civic activisms, measures, we suggest providing social could be coupled, such as the youth and they should be replaced with media training for officials, ensuring department’s district surveys. This terms such as community activity support from management, and survey data can be produced through and sharing of services. The latter reserving time for public employees an open resource barometer that type of vocabulary would be helpful in to work in social media. Matters under compiles quantitative and qualitative Governance of the managing these new forms of activity preparation should be opened for information, of which Helsinki’s youth City as a community Activism ‘tentacles’ more coherently. public perusal once they have been welfare reporting is an example. self-organizing city instituted, and they should be suitably Shaking up administrative Social media groups as a communicated in social media from the The rise of urban activisms entails that thinking virtual city and a topic of From ‘Bureauslavia’ to ‘social media start. the city authorities should adjust their Permissive atmosphere data analysis governance’ democratic principle of equal treatment Move forward through Mapping of resources and To enable urban civic activisms means The roadmap for social media of city districts, so that the principle experimentation assessment of their tearing down obstacles to such governance that we describe in Figure would not automatically preclude them management is crowd- activisms and creating preconditions 2 can be used to help the setting of from making use of potential activism sourced for the emergence, dispersion and goals for utilising social media. Not all resources in certain areas. Resource continuity of activisms also in the long public employees need to be ‘social thinking can be hoisted to the side *Varaamo allows anyone to browse and book premises owned by the City of Helsinki online. term (Figure 1). This requires special media pros’, and they do not have to of democracy thinking by adopting a investments in the development of a jump to the top in one go – initiating practice in which solutions are always FIGURe 1. permissive atmosphere and readiness the learning process is the key thing. weighed also in terms of the usability for experimentation. Many activisms The city administration can also strive and renewability of the resources. Solutions that enable the emergence, dispersion and continuity of urban civic activisms. fade out or do not emerge because the to meet activists outside of the online In city planning, resource sensitivity actors are needlessly afraid of running sphere, for instance through a regular means, for instance, that alternative headlong into bureaucracy. We propose series of meetings in the mould of plans (drawn up by groups of citizens) permissiveness communication in the Helsinki Loves Developers ‘open- are identified as carrying more weight produce services and information, and working spaces, for instance, to secure discussion that has been going on in order to quell the fear of bureaucracy. door office’ events. Various budgeting than an individual opinion. The city organise crowdsourcing and planning. a sufficient number of users, allowing urban research since the 1990s has This can be launched as a campaign and design workshops can also be organisation can balance the residents’ In this framework, the city’s own under- continuity for such services. Similarly, referred to a descent of public power designed together with activists, arranged, inviting service providers varying possibilities to take part in utilised resources are made more free server space provided by public from its former sovereign position to a thus taking the first steps towards from the ‘fourth sector’. city planning by introducing support widely available and the emergence authorities can be of significant help more levelled network of partnerships, establishing permissiveness services available for everyone, such of citizen-led sharing networks is to some citizen-led platform economy cooperation and negotiation with other communication as part of the everyday as allowing resident groups to ‘borrow’ supported. As measures, we propose services. operators (see e.g. Sager 2012). At communications of the city authorities. Bringing out resources through professional planners, or fostering extending the Varaamo service (which the same time, the academic debate – Part of this campaign can consist, for crowdsourcing networking, or providing material allows premises owned by the City focussing on the state of democracy instance, of explaining what activities For identifying resources, the city packages and printing services. of Helsinki to be booked online by Participation and innovativeness in a and sustainable development – has are already allowed (and being done) in organisation needs ‘activism tentacles’ private individuals and groups) to cover self-organising city also highlighted concepts such as the city without any official permits. – ways to detect budding activisms, The leading idea in the shift to a better also private facilities, and developing The operations of an administration civic engagement and participation, or or the potential and preconditions utilisation of activisms can be an libraries as hubs of sharing activities. that supports urban civic activism may more specifically the need to intensify Successful encounters between for the creation of such activisms. As orientation towards a sharing economy The communications staff of the city seem like a radical change compared to the interaction between citizens and activisms and authorities require measures, we propose a survey of the and decentralised co-production, which can provide assistance for activisms a ‘traditional’ public administration, but administration (see Kettunen 2002; interaction in the places frequented urban community’s resources and allows many other actors and platforms that require more visibility in the urban are they really that different in light of Bäcklund et al. 2002). by activists, social media in particular. an assessment of these resources, besides the city organisation to space or online. This could help co- recent history? The urban governance
40 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 41 its derivative hybrid administration Specifying hybrid administration as peer-to-peer networks want to remain (Heinonen & Ruotsalainen 2017), on hybrid governance means shifting peer-to-peer networks, cherishing How social media is used Advanced social the other hand. A ‘hybrid organisation’ attention from the system, the decision- their communal identity, values and media governance refers to an organisation that mixes making power and contracts to operating methods – sometimes the elements, values and operating interaction processes. In our opinion, this seems to be an end in itself. methods of different sectors of society. the concept of hybrid governance is Operation of the fourth sector is, by best suited to describing the view of its nature, occasional and usually Social media as a multi-purpose work tool The futurologists Heinonen and the future city opened up by urban does not constitute an established Ruotsalainen, on their part, have activisms, not least because it involves partner for the city organisation. The Use of social media is developed a model of predictive hybrid a combination of operators, operating local authorities, on their part, cannot an essential and governance that involves systematic methods and processes that are share responsibility for decisions with Social media as an appreciated part of work and comprehensive activity by the diverse and not commensurate in these civic actors, and cannot make instrument of interaction administration in order to predictively terms of values and operating logic. legally binding contracts where the understand its operating environment, other party is not a legal entity. This is taking into account and working Urban civic activists often seek why hybrid governance describes the together with the residents, their peer- cooperation with different parties, paradigm better than co-governance or Social media as a to-peer networks and other local actors including the city administration, but partnership. communication media (op. cit.). Peer-to-peer networks largely they do not wish to melt their identity Use of social media is seen refer to the same phenomenon as and operating methods with those of as superuous, ‘takes time away from real work’ urban civic activisms, because these others, fearing that they would thus activisms typically comprise mutual, diminish their own role as actors. Fledgling social Governance culture media governance social media-based and principally non- Primarily, these informal communities hierarchical networks between peers. want to remain communities, and
FIGURe 2. Steps of social media governance. By following these steps, the public administration can adapt itself to the transfer of the civic society into social media. At its best, social media can become a multipurpose tool that helps assemble quick-response citizen groups in crisis situations and produce background information for planning by means of data analytics. Relationship between activisms and administration Levels of collaboration Sustainable utilisation of activisms is an established, dynamic part of administrative activities Activisms and administration (including the top levels of the 1–8 scale) form an integrated system By the early 2000s, innovation policy The discussion of urban civic activism in terms of the relevant concepts. had become an important part of as a resource of urban development In analyses that focus mainly on city Continuous urban development through themes can be understood as deriving from planning, the conceptual premise Relationship of activisms and administration collaboration of information industry, the creative all these discussions. The question of is usually co-planning or co-design, developed on a determined and long-term basis class and metropolitan politics. The city residents’ participation is linked whereas the concept of co-governance Project-based concept of triple helix in innovation to the city’s ability to adapt and create is often used in analyses with a cooperation policy was expanded to the customer- something new, in the conditions of broader scope. (Horelli 2013.) The Activisms recognised and utilised oriented economy and augmented into deepening, technical-economic-social latter term refers to a paradigm in in a routine manner Administration’s a ‘quadruple helix’ that acknowledges digitalization. Therefore, the challenge which the administration shares its support to activism a strong civic society (Kanninen created by urban civic activism is formal decision-making power with 2005), thus spawning an innovation not an entirely new subject but a communities. Definitions focussing on Dialogue between activism Activisms recognised in goal-seing; and administration environment thinking that highlights continuation of previous development the concept of partnership, on their administration aims for active use the local aspect in the spirit of the towards a stronger position for city part, tend to emphasise contracts of resources Active communication quadruple helix. (Schulman & Mäenpää residents in urban development. This between the parties. For our analysis, especially to activists 2011.) The 3P partnership model of real challenge culminates in the ability with its emphasis on the ‘fourth sector’, Activisms and resources estate development that emphasised of cities to merge the dimensions neither the sharing of decision-making occasionally recognised Activism as a source the customer-oriented economy of participation and innovativeness power nor the contractual basis of and utilised of information was expanded to a 4P model (public- into a goal of urban policy that is cooperation would appear relevant for private-people partnership) (Majamaa democratically legitimate and can describing the conceptual structure. 2008). In the field of city planning, there be operationalised as administrative No aention to activisms Activism on its own was discussion of co-creation which processes. As a conceptual premise, we propose was derived from a communicative, the term hybrid governance, deriving, participatory planning paradigm and Moving towards hybrid governance on one hand, from the concept of FIGURe 3. which also led to design-focused A description of the desired state of hybrid organisation arising from Development of the relationship between activisms and city administration, and the levels of co-operation in hybrid governance. thinking emphasising user orientation. a self-organising city can be started organisational studies (Billis 2010) and
42 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 43 REKO producer-to-consumer networks for food distribution REKO is part of administration’s Figure 4 shows what the levels of collaboration can signify in Pasi Mäenpää is researcher and adjunct professor at the food services FIGURe 4. practice, in three different cases. In the examples cited in the University of Helsinki Department of Social Research. Three examples of the levels of collaboration REKO cooperation as part of figure, the City of Helsinki currently operates mostly at levels administration's participation network under hybrid governance between the city ad- ministration and the fourth sector. 1 to 3. In spring 2017, the Public Works Department gave the Maija Faehnle is senior researcher at the Finnish Environment Joint project for coordinating REKO food distribution network in the Viikki district a free Institute SYKE and also works for the University of Tampere. During REKO logistics event permit as a precedent, in line with earlier guidelines the project on which this article is based she was Mäenpää’s Statistics compiled given by the authority administering market squares in Inner colleague at the University of Helsinki Department of Social about REKO networks Helsinki. In the field of peer-to-peer lending, the city libraries Research. Annual event for have acted as a hub for the Kuinoma peer-to-peer service. REKO administrators Furthermore, the officials in charge of city planning regularly Administration facilitates the take part in planning-related discussions in social media nding of premises and applying for permits groups and utilise them as a channel for civic engagement. In these groups, the officials discuss with alternative- Literature: REKOs as a modern-day market square Steps to hybrid governance planning activists, comparing the city’s own draft plans and concept in terms of local food strategy Billis, D. (ed.) 2010. Hybrid Organizations and the Third Sector: alternative plans drawn up by the activists. Challenges for Practice, Theory and Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave REKO distribution organised (e.g. in school car parks) Hybrid governance should not be without administration being aware Macmillan. approached as an ideal goal of Bäcklund, P. & Häkli, J. & Schulman, H. 2002. Osalliset ja osaajat. development but rather as multilevel Rain, sun and gardening Gaudeamus, Helsinki. readiness to act together with the As a question of urban policy, the challenge posed to cities Libraries as platform for peer-to-peer renting fourth sector in a coherent way. The by urban civic activism and the fourth sector largely reverts Heinonen, S. & Ruotsalainen, J. 2017. Tulevaisuuden kaupungit rakentuvat vertaisvoimin ja ennakoiden – hybridihallinto kansalaisten Peer-to-peer services city authorities can move towards to digitalisation, and it represents the more recent social- apuna. Futura 2/2017. as part of library services the operating methods of hybrid technological phase of digitalisation that has followed Himanen, P. 2001. Hakkerietiikka ja informaatioajan henki. WSOY, Coordinated planning of governance on a case-by-case basis, the initial technology-oriented stage. The fourth sector Helsinki. dierent lending and sharing services learning and experimenting. Figure grows from the ability of internet platforms to enable and Horelli, L. (ed.) 2013. New Approaches to Urban Planning - Insights ‘Library as a base for sharing’ 3 describes a possible progress in foster communication, interaction, like-mindedness, self- from Participatory Communities. Department of Real Estate, development project the utilisation of urban civic activism organisation and activity in a cultural atmosphere dominated Planning and Geoinformatics. Aalto University publication series in city administration as well as by the spirit of hacker ethics, information sharing and co- Library acquires information about the use SCIENCE+TECHNOLOGY, 10/2013. of peer-to-peer concepts to coordinate services the corresponding levels of co- creation (see Himanen 2001), as well as ethical thinking Idström, A. 2016. Katsaus demokratiaa ja osallisuutta käsittelevän operation on the way to deeper hybrid linked to sustainable development in different ways. As Library and peer-to-peer service organise keskustelun nykytilaan. Tutkimuskatsauksia 13/2016, Helsingin governance. a result, the city community begins to consist of urban joint workshop to plan cooperation kaupunki, Tietokeskus. operators and their networks instead of ‘residents’ and Library informs organisers of peer-to-peer Kanninen, V. (ed.) 2005. Neloskierrettä kaupunginosiin - Kumppanuudet Even at its most advanced level, hybrid ‘customers’. The subject of governance changes, and a services about cooperation possibilities ja roolit alueiden kehittämisessä. Kulttuuriasiainkeskus, Helsingin governance must remain porous to new concept of democracy as empowerment for direct kaupunki, Helsinki, 69–81. Library can suggest peer-to-peer the extent that the city administration participation in developing one’s own living environment is Kettunen, P. 2002. Miksi osallistumisesta puhutaan? Osallistumisen services to its customers can choose the approach it applies attached to that subject. kehittäminen suomalaisissa kunnissa. In Bäcklund, P., Häkli, J., Library is not familiar with on a case-by-case basis. Sometimes Schulman, H. (eds.) Osalliset ja osaajat. Kansalaiset kaupungin peer-to-peer services the authorities may need to assess Peer-to-peer networks generated by a digitalisation that suunnittelussa. Gaudeamus, Helsinki, 18–35. if it is reasonable to restrict their extends its tentacles ever deeper into society, as well as their Majamaa, W. 2008. The 4th P – people – in urban development based on role to simply fostering a permissive sharing-based platform activities, must be accepted as the Public-Private-People partnership. TKK Structural Engineering and City planning atmosphere – for instance, when new logic that reconstructs urban societies. This means that Building Technology Dissertations: 2 TKK-R-VK2, Espoo. dealing with strongly ideological actors. the city can no longer be developed with a slavish devotion to Open co-planning Sager, T. 2012. Reviving critical planning theory: dealing with pressure, projects are organised In other cases, a more supportive and geographic equality, because the fourth sector does not rise neo-liberalism, and responsibility in communicative planning. more enabling approach can be taken, and operate in the same way in all districts and at all times. Alternative plans presented Routledge, New York. such as when dealing with the new Otherwise, too many of the urban communities’ resources to the city planning commiee Schulman, H. & Mäenpää, P. (ed.) 2011. Kaupungin kuumat lähteet. kinds of neighbourhood movements. end up wasted. Co-production of Helsingin metropolialueen innovaatioympäristöt. Helsingin These are a valuable partner planning materials kaupungin tietokeskus, Helsinki 2011. alongside with the more traditional The city authorities can still act like rain that nourishes Westerink, J., Kempenaar, A., van Lierop, M., Groot, S., van der Valk, A. Support services for district associations and clubs in the entire cityscape. But it must also learn to be a sun that, alternative planning & van den Brink, A. 2016. The participating government: Shifting the formation of the neighbourhood according to the ‘topography’ of the urban community, boundaries in collaborative spatial planning of urban regions. Oceholders take part in the community, including as a source of shines on different places in different ways, in concordance Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 35:1, 147–168. discussion in activists’ social media groups information and as representative with how each of these spots seems to flourish. In addition, Communication about the source bodies. An example of deeper hybrid the local public authority must act as a gardener who materials used by planners governance would be, for instance, can pick the best plants and plant them in new locations, Monitoring of city planning linking participatory budgeting with a understanding where each flower will bloom and knowing activists’ social media groups crowdsourcing campaign that creates how to make a tree growing from a sprout to bear fruit. ● No preparation for local services. alternative plans
44 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 45 46 — Helsinki ▶ Quarterly
City of Helsinki / Jussi Hellsten 2/2018 capacity for innovations. andontheir areas in urban rely onbusinesses located increasingly economies based The contemporary knowledge- 2/2018 ▶Helsinki Quarterly Quarterly — 47
City of Helsinki / Jussi Hellsten 48 — Helsinki ▶ Quarterly G ● T amás lahdelma amás 2/2018 eographical proximity and employee and proximity mobility eographical in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area opportunities foropportunities enterprises. of thelabour market business andincrease couldhelpimproveurban areas thefunctioning and thedevelopment of business clusters in suggest thatin thisarticle landuse planning industries andregions. The findings presented productivity andcompetitiveness of businesses, the ideathat employee mobility enhancesthe in business establishments. This supports switching linked jobsto are higher productivity the networks created of asaresult employees by employee mobility inurbanregions, and form stronger anddenser networks generated Geographically closer business establishments activities. and how thismobility isinturnlinked to business Metropolitan influencesArea workforce mobility of knowledge-intensive businesses intheHelsinki analysis focussing onhow thegeographic proximity We theissue methods approach of through network between productivity. companiesandthuseconomic urban structure affects the formation of networks agglomeration, and we will doso by analysing how the level underlyingthese mechanisms advantages of The purpose of our study istoat look organisation- density (Loikkanen&Susiluoto 2011; Loikkanen2013). of businesses inthesame industry andahighjob structure inurbanregions, thegeographic proximity productivity along increases with a varied industrial of urbanregions. shown Ithasbeen that economic factor for developing the vitality andattractiveness land use andthe way itismanaged isacrucial andbusiness activitiespreconditions of companies, the urbanstructure influences theoperational andontheirareas capacity for innovations. Since increasingly rely onbusinesses located inurban The contemporary knowledge-based economies Background 2/2018 ▶Helsinki Quarterly Quarterly — 49
promote the geographical dispersion of innovation activities (Asheim & Gertler 2005). However, when we assess the role of geographic proximity we have to consider that companies can also be close in other ways apart from Employee mobility geography. It is essential to make between companies an analytical distinction between the geographic and organisational is seen as an dimensions of proximity (Boschma 2005). Geographic proximity is not, important factor for per se, a sufficient condition for the the development of transfer of knowledge, and active participation in networks of knowledge regional and urban exchange is necessary. Employing people from rival businesses, economies and cooperation partners or other innovation. companies can be an important way of accessing such networks (Breschi & Lissoni 2003).
Thus, employee mobility between companies is seen as an important factor for the development of regional There is a range of general research and urban economies and innovation. findings showing how networks Research suggests that job switches between companies, on one hand, and between businesses promote structural between businesses and research change in the local job market and organisations, on the other hand, boost productivity (Maliranta et al. have positive effects on innovation, 2008; Böckerman & Maliranta 2012; knowledge capital, competitiveness Piekkola 2015). Transferring from one and growth. Networking is considered employer to another, employees not to lead to the spread of knowledge only move to a new workplace network, and innovations between businesses, but they also create ties between the which increases their productivity old network and the new one, thereby (e.g. Audretsch & Feldman 2004). facilitating the spread of knowledge and However, research literature often ideas (Granovetter 1995). Although staff treats networking as a phenomenon changing jobs can also have drawbacks on a rather general level, although the for employers – such as losing a skilled methods of network analysis in fact employee to a rival company – studies also allow a closer examination of local maintain that employee mobility networks (e.g. Ter Wal & Boschma promotes learning processes within (Haaparanta & Piekkola 2006) or companies locate in different cost concept of social capital understood Research data 2009; Maggioni & Uberti 2011). companies as well as their business their investments in the organisation zones. This, in turn, influences the as social cohesion, strong and dense success (e.g. Combes & Duranton (Piekkola 2015). When assessing the opportunities of companies to build relationships give network members In our study, we have used employees’ 2006). interrelation between geographic networks (Arzaghi 2005). the kind of opportunities to achieve professional mobility between business Context proximity and employee mobility, their goals that they would otherwise establishments as an indicator of ties Economic activities are strongly Modelling employee mobility controlling for the location of Organisational proximity – which, like lack. The interpretation that focusses between organisations. We examined concentrated in urban areas, and should take into account not only companies is essential since the effects geographic proximity, has an important on social capital as mediation across the job transfers on the basis of research and development, in organisational similarity but also the relating to the companies’ internal impact on the spread of knowledge – structural holes emphasises, in individual-level data from Statistics particular, are locally agglomerated location of businesses in the urban dynamics can be spatially distributed – is strongly linked to the role of social turn, the ties between groups or Finland’s employment statistics. (Carlino et al. 2012). Agglomeration area. In our statistical analysis, the as was the case with the reorganisation capital in local networks. The concept communities that allow for transfer of We describe these links between benefits brought about by clustered purpose of a locational variable that of the electronics industry and related of social capital is defined and used ideas and resources between them. organisations in terms of both the economic activities have been seen controls area effects is to identify business services in the Helsinki in literature in numerous ways. In the According to the latter view, a dense in- and the outflow of employees, to bear a close relationship to the factors influencing the companies’ Metropolitan Area during the period present study we distinguish between network facilitates goal achievement because, according to research processes of the creation and spread workforce demand or their locational of our study. Furthermore, location- two interpretations of the concept: only to a certain degree, since strong literature on employee mobility, of knowledge. At the same time, it decisions – factors that cannot be related costs based on land prices one focussing on social cohesion, the cohesion may lead to the sharing of companies learn from both new has been predicted that evolution accounted for in the model – such influence the locational choices of other focussing on “mediation” across common rather than new information. employees (e.g. Song et al. 2003) and in information technologies may as the companies’ finance situation companies so that different kinds of “structural holes”. According to the from personnel who have moved to
50 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 51 The network perspective that we applied differs in terms of the methods of statistical analysis from the kind of economic research on agglomeration advantages that relies on econometric modelling. Econometric models are usually based on the assumption of companies functioning independently of each other, only reacting to consumer demand (Granovetter 1985). While autocorrelation models in spatial econometrics identify interdependence between regions, network analysis methods enable an analysis of dependences between companies. In the network-analytical approach, individuals or organisations are placed in the network of social and economic relations, and the main focus of the analysis is, expressly, on the interdependences between actors (c.f. Abbott 1997).
Findings In the light of our study, employee mobility and a common labour market – which both are important for the spread of knowledge – seem to have a strong spatial dimension: our statistical analysis shows that geographic proximity is linked to employee mobility between establishments also when other forms of proximity and organisational factors have been taken into account. Our findings suggest that workplaces located closer1 to each other in the urban area form both stronger and denser labour flow networks2. In the knowledge-intensive industries in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area that were the focus of our study, one-quarter of job changes occurred between workplaces located under one kilometre from each other and half within four kilometres. The city centre and the fringe areas of Inner Helsinki, as well as the Otaniemi–Tapiola–Leppävaara axis in Espoo, form the strongest agglomeration of labour flows in knowledge- intensive industries in the capital region, complemented by Pitäjänmäki and the more peripheral employment zones in the region.
The relationship observed between proximity and workforce mobility can y be seen as supporting the view that matching between employers and employees take place not only through the price mechanisms of the labour market, but that the processes of job seeking are also affected by social factors that require close personal contact (Granovetter 1995). Employee
Kuv io O m isto toi mobility between companies links networks together, which creates social cohesion between these companies. This creates networks that can enhance mobility even further. The social processes that influence job seeking may be local, because short distances facilitate contacts between
helsinki / Kuva people and enable the kind of knowledge exchange that happens more easily through face-to-face interaction (cf. Storper & Venables 2004).
city o f city This can be the case especially in well-networked knowledge-intensive service industries where informal interaction plays a key role for economic activities (Arzaghi & Henderson 2008). With the rapid development of other organisations (t.ex. Corredoira & ●● research and development 158,800 employees in total (HSY 2013). Business Register and Statistics Finland’s Rosenkopf 2010). ●● data processing The labour flow networks identified data on companies’ R&D and export ●● business services in the study included 7,820 business activities and the educational level of 1) The geographic distance between business establishments is measured as the The assembled data covers job changes ●● private and public education establishments, which, during the the employees within the organisations. average distance weighted by the number of employees switching jobs between the between business establishments in ●● software publishing period studied, had a total of 136,300 By combining the results of the network establishments during the period studied. The distance between the establishments the knowledge-intensive industries in ●● software industry employees on average. analysis based on employment statistics has been calculated at postal code area level, the most detailed level of location data that Statistics Finland delivers. For each postal area, a geographic point of gravity Helsinki Metropolitan Area in the years ●● information services with data on companies’ locations and has been computed as an average weighted with the floor area of its commercial pro- 2008–2012. During that period, a total ●● electric and electronics industry Using Statistics Finland’s codes for business activities, we were able to analyse perties. The distance between postal code areas has been computed as the shortest of 52,500 job changes occurred in the ●● other metal industry establishments and enterprises the interrelations of the different forms of distance between the areas’ points of gravity. selected industries. In our study, we we combined our individual-level proximity between workplaces and their 2) The strength of the labour flow network is the average of the number of job switches. classify as knowledge-intensive the In 2012, these industries together employment data with information on position in the network, on one hand, and The density of the network was computed by taking the number of actual reciprocal following industries in the service and accounted for around 18,400 the location and business activities their network position and their business contacts between business establishments linked to one another through job chan- technology sectors: workplaces in the Helsinki of establishments. The latter were activities, on the other hand. ges, and comparing this to the number of all potential contacts within the labour flow Metropolitan Area, with approximately obtained from Statistics Finland’s network of a business establishment.
52 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 53 information technologies, networks are no local labour market may be made more rail connections and easily accessible auld acquaintance be forgot? The reverse longer necessarily geographically limited, functional by planning land use in a station areas in developing the transfer of knowledge through mobility but spatial proximity still seems to be of way that guarantees better conditions availability of offices.● ties. Strategic Management Journal, 31(2), 159–181. importance for economic activity. for businesses to be located near each other. Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of Networking through switches of jobs Tamás Lahdelma is Researcher at City of embeddedness. American Journal of has – as our findings suggest – a positive In 2015, there were about 610,000 Helsinki Executive Office. Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. correlation with higher productivity at jobs in Helsinki Metropolitan Area, of workplaces measured in our study in which 160,000, or one quarter, were Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. University of terms of turnover per employee. This in the knowledge-intensive industries Chicago Press. supports the view that workforce mobility that were the scope of our study (HSY Literature: raises productivity and competitiveness 2016). These industries account for Haaparanta, P. & Piekkola, H. (2006). Liquidity constraints faced by firms and in businesses, industries and regions almost all of the exports of services Abbott, A. (1997). Of time and space: The contemporary relevance of the Chicago employment. Applied Economics Quarterly, (e.g. Maliranta et al. 2008; Böckerman & in the metropolitan area and the 52(1), 3–28. Maliranta 2012; Piekkola 2015). The link majority in Finland as a whole. Through school. Social Forces, 75(4), 1149–1182. HSY [Helsinki Region Environmental Services between productivity and the network the technology industry, they also Arzaghi, M. (2005). Quality sorting and networking: Evidence from the advertising Authority] (2013). Helsingin seudun contacts made when people change jobs account for the majority of the exports yritysraportti. HSY:n julkaisuja 11/2013. is interesting also from the perspective of of goods in the Helsinki Metropolitan agency industry. Working Paper 05-16, Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Bureau HSY [Helsinki Region Environmental Services social capital theories, since the different Area. In a longer perspective, the of the Census, October. Authority] (2016). Helsingin seudun approaches have opposing views on how growth of production and jobs yritysraportti. HSY:n julkaisuja 11/2016. networks generate social capital. has been significantly faster in the Arzaghi, M. & Henderson, V. J. (2008). Networking off Madison Avenue. Review of Loikkanen, H. A. (2013). Kaupunkialueiden knowledge-intensive industries than Economic Studies, 75(4), 1011–1038. maankäyttö ja taloudellinen kehitys – According to our study, productivity of in all industries on average. These Asheim, B. & Gertler, M. S. (2005). The maapolitiikan vaikutuksista tuottavuuteen establishments appears to have a positive industries also represent, in terms geography of innovation: Regional sekä työ- ja asuntomarkkinoiden correlation with strong and dense network of both ownership and personnel, innovation systems. Teoksessa Fagerberg, toimivuuteen. VATT valmisteluraportit. ties within the labour flow networks – the most international part of the J., Mowery, D. & Nelson, R. (Eds.), The Loikkanen, H. A. & Susiluoto, I. (2011). more so than brokering relationships, Finnish economy. Creating favourable Oxford Handbook of Innovation (s. 291– Kasautuminen, tiheys ja tuottavuus considered to be essential for the access conditions for knowledge-intensive 317). Oxford University Press. kaupunkialueilla. Teoksessa Schulman, to new ideas, information sources and industries to locate and function well Audretsch, D. & Feldman, M. (2004). H. & Mäenpää, P. (Eds.), Kaupungin resources and thus for competitiveness. is of great importance for economic Knowledge spillovers and the geography kuumat lähteet. Helsingin metropolialueen This may be explained by the fact that development in both the metropolitan of innovation. Teoksessa Henderson, J. V. innovaatioympäristöt (s. 42–59). Helsingin employee mobility is limited and that even area and Finland in general. & Thisse J.-F. (Eds.), Handbook of Regional kaupungin tietokeskus. the densest labour flow networks are and Urban Economics. Volume 4. Cities Maggioni, M. A. & Uberti, T. E. (2011). Networks consequently rather sparse. Thus also the Companies locate into urban areas and Geography (s. 2713–2739). Elsevier and geography in the economics of denser networks include actors who are and create contacts with other Norh-Holland. knowledge flows. Quality & Quantity, 45(5), not connected with each other in such a businesses and stakeholders on the Boschma, R. A. (2005). Proximity and 1065–1066. way as to provide grounds for brokerage basis of their own business criteria. innovation: A critical assessment. Regional Maliranta, M., Mohnen, P. & Rouvinen, P. and ensure them a favourable position in However, cities can develop the Studies, 39(1), 61–74. (2008). Is inter-firm labor mobility a terms of information and resource flows. conditions for successful business Breschi, S. & Lissoni, F. (2003). Mobility and social channel of knowledge spillovers? Evidence However, the selection of businesses clusters. The supply of offices is networks: Localised knowledge spillovers from a linked employer-employee panel. Industrial and Corporate Change, 18(6), with different levels of productivity into crucial, as are transit connections revisited. CESPRI Working Paper 142. 1161–1191. different network positions makes it and local services for companies and Böckerman, P. & Maliranta, M. (2012). difficult to assess the impact of network their employees. Our findings suggest Kaupunkialueen työmarkkinat ja niiden Piekkola, H. (2015). Talouden kasvun veturit – investoinnit osaamiseen ja aineettomat structures on productivity. that it would be important for the dynamiikka. Teoksessa Loikkanen, H. A., Laakso, S. & Susiluoto, I. (Eds.), investoinnit. Kansantaloudellinen knowledge-intensive industries in the aikakauskirja, 111(3), 330–353. Helsinki Metropolitan Area that the Metropolialueen talous. Näkökulmia kaupunkitalouden ajankohtaisiin aiheisiin Song, J., Almeida, P. & Wu, G. (2003). Learning- Conclusions cities focus their support on already (s. 227–239). Kaupunkitutkimus ja by-hiring: When is mobility more likely to Although geographic proximity plays its existing clusters in order to help metropolipolitiikka -ohjelma & Helsingin facilitate interfirm knowledge transfer? role in parallel and in interaction with these zones grow larger, denser, more kaupungin tietokeskus. Management Science, 49(4), 351–365. organisational forms of proximity, and the varied and more functional. To achieve Carlino, G., Carr, J., Hunt, R. & Smith, T. (2012). Storper, M. & Venables, A. J. (2004). Buzz: on v ention C entre labour flow networks and the productivity this, local authorities must enable The agglomeration of R&D labs. Federal Face-to-face contact and the urban of businesses are, in turn, connected infill construction and the renewal
a n d C Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Working economy. Journal of Ecoconomic o through complex interrelations, our of old structures so that the supply Paper 12-22. Geography, 4(4), 351–370. x p primary conclusion from viewpoint of land of offices can adapt to the changing Combes, P. & Duranton, G. (2006). Labour Ter Wal, A. L. & Boschma, R. A. (2009). Applying use planning is that these phenomena needs of enterprises in the attractive pooling, labour poaching and spatial social network analysis in economic correlate positively with one another. If zones. To ensure the conditions for u kesk u s E clustering. Regional Science and Urban geography: Framing some key analytic proximity between companies correlates successful entrepreneurship, it is also Economics, 36(1), 1–28. issues. The Annals of Regional Science, Mess with increasing employee mobility, the vital to exploit the potential of new Corredoira, R. A. & Rosenkopf, L. (2010). Should 43(3), 739–756.
54 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 55 Cities can develop the conditions for successful business clusters. The supply of offices is crucial, as are transit connections and local services for companies and amm isto
t their employees. H elsinki / lin da ity o f C ity
56 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 57 accessibility of the city centre has been thus reduced may slow down the price development of the areas with feeder traffic. On the other hand, the new metro line will also improve the accessibility of other metro stations ● oskari harjunen in these areas, which will raise the housing prices correspondingly. In addition to this, the development of an urban structure that follows the metro Housing market has already will bring more local services and jobs to the vicinity of the metro stations, possibly reducing the importance of the accessibility of the city centre. Due anticipated the effects of the to these opposing effects, it is unclear how the changes in accessibility will eventually affect the housing prices in the feeder traffic areas.
Besides the direct travel costs, the West Metro also affects the WEST ETRO desirability of the neighbouring areas indirectly. With better accessibility, the urban structure in the vicinity The opening of the Helsinki’s western metro line finally of the stations can be made more compact. Densification will bring more took place in November 2017, over a year after the latest residents, services and investments planned opening date. Despite this, the new metro to the areas, which increases not only their desirability but also the line has already influenced the housing market around housing price level. A large number its stations for several years. My research shows of travellers on feeder lines passing that the West Metro has raised the housing prices by through the station areas may further increase the offer of services, feeding approximately four per cent in the immediate vicinity of the positive price development. On the new stations, where the travel time saved due to the the other hand, the large number of people passing through and living in the metro will be the most tangible. neighbourhood of the stations may also diminish the attractiveness of the area, What do the housing prices say eventually raise the housing prices. if the constant streams of people cause about the effects of the West Metro? Improved accessibility is therefore congestion in the traffic or services, capitalised in the housing prices. or lead to general unrest or even The most obvious effect of a major increased crime in the neighbourhood traffic investment such as the West On the other hand, the West Metro may of the stations. Metro is the improved accessibility lengthen travel times in some areas in the neighbourhood of the future and make travel more difficult. This is The construction of a new metro line stations. The new metro line offers because the West Metro is part of a may also have several other effects that a fast, reliable connection to the city larger reform of the transport system, are eventually capitalised in housing centre of Helsinki as well as to other which includes the reorganisation prices. Some of these effects raise the stations, shortening travel times and of the existing bus routes. In the housing prices, while others lower the improving the comfort of travel. This reorganisation, metro feeder lines will price level. In practice, it is impossible means that the metro reduces the replace bus routes that connected to identify all effects, but the use of travel costs of the people living in the suburbs directly to the Helsinki city housing prices in connection with a area. Due to these obvious effects, centre. In practice, this means that good study design makes it possible it is likely that the metro investment those who live further away from the – by looking at the homebuyers’ will increase the desirability of the new metro stations will have to use willingness to pay – to discover the neighbourhoods near the stations and two different modes of transport to overall impact on the residents of the the demand for housing, which will visit the city centre. The fact that the neighbouring areas.
58 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 59 Based on economic theory, it is to be characteristics of the dwellings as In the study, the effect of the metro reference areas, excluding the Helsinki expected that the housing market will West Metro well as their exact locations. The was assessed based on the price city centre. The housing anticipate the future effects of traffic location information made it possible development of the target and reference investments after the details of the affects the to place the properties on the map, areas by using the difference-in- market had investment have been published. This which enabled a precise assessment differences (DID) method, which How has the West Metro affected means that it is possible to assess desirability of of the effects of the metro at various has been used in various published the housing prices? anticipated the the effects of the West Metro from distances from the new stations. studies on the effects of traffic The study showed that the housing the point of view of the residents of the nearby areas investments (see for example Billings market had anticipated the effects effects of the the area already during construction, In an ideal situation, the answer to 2011 or Gibbons and Machin 2005). The of the West Metro already years before the metro line is completed. also indirectly. the research question would include most important requirement of this before the metro started to operate. West Metro information on how the housing prices method is that the housing prices in The results also reveal that the would have developed in the target area the target and reference areas need benefits of the metro are focused already years How was the research conducted? if the construction of the metro had not to have developed in a similar fashion specifically on the immediate vicinity The present research investigated The housing price data of the Central started. In that case, the difference in before the construction of the metro of the metro stations. The metro line before the how the housing market reacted to the Federation of Finnish Real Estate housing prices between the alternate was announced. If this is the case, project has raised the housing prices changes in the urban structure that Agencies (KVKL) was used as the basis scenarios would reveal the overall the differences in price development by approximately four per cent on metro started occurred as a result of the first phase for the analyses. The data is based effect of the metro on housing prices. after the metro announcement can be average within a radius of 800 metres of the West Metro in the vicinity of the on the real estate sales by the largest However, it is not possible to observe interpreted as due to anticipation by the from the new metro stations, which to operate. stations during the construction period agencies and it covers the construction alternate realities, and therefore the housing market (and thus related to the corresponds to a rise of approximately of the metro line. The study focussed period until 2016. In addition to the price comparison must be implemented metro). In the study, residential areas in 160 euros in the dwelling prices by on the geographical scope, timing and purchase prices, the data also includes by using a different, carefully selected the vicinity of commuter train stations square metre. Further away, the metro average magnitude of the effect on price. comprehensive information on the reference area. in Helsinki and Espoo were used as construction has not affected housing
60 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 61 Construction of FIGURe 1. Index = metro line begins , Housing price indexes by the square metre in the target and reference areas. , This study also Index value in 2009=1. , investigated the , Dwellings in the target area potential effects in , in the reference area
, the vicinity of the East Metro stations. Based on the results, prices. Based on the results, it would seem, therefore, square metre (see Figure 1.), it can be seen that the that the benefits brought by the metro clearly overcome housing prices developed from 2006 to 2009 in a its disadvantages in the vicinity of the new stations, very similar manner between the target and reference the construction of while further away the effects cancel each other out. The groups. Correspondingly, the price trends separate results of the study are in line with international findings, from each other quickly within a few years from the the West Metro has according to which the effects of traffic investments are start of the construction of the metro in early 2010. The the largest within walking distance of stations (see for similarity of the price trends before the construction of example Gibbons & Machin 2005). the metro and the positive effect on price in the target not affected housing areas after the construction of the metro began are a The study showed that the price increase in the vicinity of strong indication that the observed difference in prices prices in the east. metro stations was specifically due to the construction is specifically due to the metro. of the metro and that the experimental design allowed us to control for the other factors influencing housing The West Metro has had a major impact on the overall prices. In the diagram showing the annual prices per value of the existing housing stock, and thereby also
62 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 63 to South Espoo, where a considerable number of jobs are located. This study also investigated the potential effects in Sources: the vicinity of the East Metro stations. Billings, S. B. (2011), “Estimating the value of new transit option” However, based on the results, the The metro line Regional Science and Urban Economics 41(6), sivut 525–536. construction of the West Metro has not affected housing prices along the East Gibbons, S. and Machin, S. (2005), “Valuing rail access using project has raised transport innovations” Journal of Urban Economics 57(1), sivut Metro by 2016. 148–169. the housing Harjunen, O. (2018), “Metro Investment and the Housing Market prices by What lessons to learn from the Anticipation Effect”. Working Papers 2018:2. City of Helsinki, study? Executive Office, Urban Research and Statistics. KVKL:n asuntohinta-aineisto [Central Federation of Finnish Real The strength of the research design about Estate Agencies, housing price data]
64 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 65 Number of children on the rise particularly in Inner Helsinki
● ari niska
For the first time in fifty years, a considerable part of it decreased by one third to 76,302 in 1986 – a dramatic drop in less than the growth in the child population of Helsinki occurs in twenty years (Figure 1). the existing housing stock and infill areas. Today, there are more children in the city than at any time since the Rapidly falling birth rates was a common phenomenon in industrial mid-1970s. This article looks at the development of the countries such as Finland in the 1960s number and proportion of 0–15-year-olds in Helsinki’s and 70s. Background factors included improved and more widespread population between 1962 and 2017. contraception, higher female attendance in education and work and the increased predominance of the the following, we examine occurred in Inner Helsinki and its one- or two-child family model. the extent to which the vicinity, in the existing housing stock IN number of 0–6-year-olds and infill development areas. Another factor that reduced Helsinki’s and 7–15-year-olds has increased in child population was the rapid Helsinki in the last few years, and in realisation of housing development which parts of the city. Apart from the Development of the number of projects in the 1960s and 70s in the a nto numbers by district and the relative children in Helsinki: four phases neighbouring municipalities, Espoo change, we also look at the proportion Changes in the number of children and Vantaa. Old dwellings in Inner of children in neighbourhoods and in Helsinki during the last fifty years Helsinki were increasingly seen as attempt to determine what kind can be said to have occurred in four inadequately equipped – and the urban of neighbourhoods have seen the phases. During the first one, from late environment as unsuitable for children
H elsinki / rik u p ihl strongest increase. The foremost 1960s to mid-1980s, the number of – in comparison with the new suburban observation is that the vast majority children fell markedly. The number of dwellings and environments (Hankonen
ity o f C ity of this growth in recent years – as 0–15-year-olds in Helsinki was at its 1994). opposed to earlier periods – has largest in 1968, namely 112,298, and
66 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 67 Proportion of population, per cent Number of persons the potential negative consequences economic situation would have urged 14.9 per cent in 2017. This was, however, for the city’s tax revenues. Helsinki people to put off their plans to move a clearly smaller proportion than the , began to draw up plans to incorporate to other municipalities in the Helsinki last peak, in 1997, when 0–15-year-olds land in the southwest corner of its Region. Another explanation sometimes made up 16.5 per cent of Helsinki’s neighbouring municipality Sipoo, which proposed is that families with children population. , would allow it to build housing for tens are increasingly interested in inner of thousands of new residents in the city living regardless of economic This means that the adult population in , future. circumstances (Boterman et al. 2010, Helsinki has grown more significantly Juday 2015, Lilius 2016, Mustonen & than the child population since the In the fourth phase, after 2008, the Lindblom 2016). 1960s – with the exception of slight . number of children in Helsinki started increases in the child population in to grow again, and this trend has Increasing immigration during the the early 1990s and mid-2010s. This continued to the present day. The fourth period accounts for a part of development is linked to factors such , figures for 2014 surpassed the previous the rise in the number of children – as migration gain, declining numbers peak year, 1999. In early 2017, the but not a particularly large share. The of families with children and the rise number of 0–15-year-olds in Helsinki three largest groups of residents with of solo living. Nevertheless, changes in , was 94,606 (including 462 in the new a non-native mother tongue – Somali-, the number of children are important major district of Östersundom), which Russian- and Estonian-speakers – information to the providers of services is the highest figure since 1974 and over together accounted for one-quarter of for children and families. 5,500 more than in 1999. the increase in the period, amounting 1962 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15 17 to 2,878 children. The exceptional growth in the child This increase has been explained population during the fourth phase – by the economic downturn that The proportion of children in the an average of about 1,000 children per Phase 1. Phase 2. Phase 3. Phase 4. began in 2008 and resulted in higher population has not varied as much as year – has created a need to increase Falling birth rates Economic depression ”Nurmijärvi phenome- Economic downturn unemployment – as in the 1990s. By their total number. It has also followed the capacity of day care centres and Rapid housing and mass unemploy- non”; outmigration of aer 2008 the end of 2015, the number of jobless a more clearly declining trend. Between schools. This has proved challenging construction in Espoo ment in the early families with children Trend of inner-city in Helsinki had reached 41,700, which 1962 and 2016, the proportion of within in the existing housing stock and Vantaa 1990s Improved economic living was more than in 1992, the second 0–15-year-olds was lowest in 2012: 14.4 – notably in Inner Helsinki, where the situation worst unemployment year of the 1990s per cent (see Figure 1). Since then, it recent growth in the number of children depression. The hypothesis is that the has been growing somewhat, to reach has come as a slight surprise.
FIGURe 1. Four phases of change in the number and proportion of 0–15-year-olds in Helsinki during the period 1962–2017.
During the second phase, between the In May 1993, the proportion of women In the third phase, the number of late 1980s and the late 90s, the number among the unemployed in Helsinki children started decreasing again in of children increased again. This was was 37 per cent. Possible reasons why Helsinki (more specifically in the year most evident from 1992 onwards. In women were less often unemployed 2000), and this trend continued until 1999, there were 89,041 children aged than men include the assumption that 2008. The national economy grew and, 0 to 15 in Helsinki. During the economic they chose to focus more on education, by the end of this phase, unemployment depression in the early 1990s, birth family and children as unemployment in Helsinki had fallen to around 6 per rates rose despite an unprecedented started to rise in the female-dominated cent (Lönnqvist & Salorinne 2016). increase in unemployment (Lainiala social, health and service sectors. 2014). In the depths of the depression, These choices would have led to a In the early 2000s, the improved in 1993, the average unemployment rise in birth rate. In the early 1990s, it economic and employment situation rate reached 18.7 per cent in Helsinki, became more common for families to may have allowed many families with 49,900 unemployed job seekers have a second or third child than it had with children to satisfy their pent-up (Lönnqvist & Salorinne 2016). The been earlier. (Rotkirch 2010, Lainiala housing needs again. People began to highest local unemployment rates, over 2014, Miettinen 2015). Uncertainty move to the suburbs and neighbouring 20 per cent, were seen in the eastern about employment and economy also municipalities almost as much as in and northern districts of Helsinki, reduced people’s readiness to manage the 1970s (Vuori & Nivalainen 2012). In
where income and education levels their debts (Kiander & Vartia 1998, 289– the early 2000s, authorities in Helsinki a nto were low and where a significant share 296), and made families with children were concerned about families with of the residents worked in fluctuating less apt to seek a larger home in children moving to the outer Helsinki job sectors such as construction or suburbs or nearby municipalities. Region (this trend was referred to as services. ‘the Nurmijärvi phenomenon’) and H elsinki / rik u p ihl
68 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 69 o f C ity Change year-on-year in Helsinki Change year-on-year by major district Change year-on-year in Helsinki Change year-on-year by major district Persons Persons Persons , , Major district , Major districts Southern Southern , Central Central , , Western Eastern North-eastern South-eastern , , Northern Northern South-eastern - Western Eastern North-eastern , , -,
-, , -,
-,
- , - , - - ,
FIGURe 2. FIGURe 3. Changes in the number of 0–6-year-olds in Helsinki and its major districts, annual cumulative number 2008–2017 Changes in the number of 7–15-year-olds in Helsinki and its major districts, annual cumulative number 2008–2017
Increase in the number of children Southern. The number of 7–15-year- Central (10.1%) and Southern (12.4%) Recent changes in the number of cent occurred in either new housing of children grew by almost 600 during in major districts between 2008 and olds also increased in the Southern and major districts still ranked last in 2017. children in Southern and Central in the Arabianranta, Hermanninmäki the period 2008–2017; nevertheless, 2017 Central major districts over the period The average proportion in all of Helsinki major districts or Kalasatama areas or in infill their proportion in the population In 2008–2017, the number of children 2008–2017, by a total of over 2,000. was 14.9 per cent. There is often a large number of developments in Vallila, Vanhakaupunki fell by almost five per cent, down to has developed very unevenly in Meanwhile, the number of 7–15-year- children in newly built housing areas or Vilhonvuori. An increase of some 200 15.8 per cent. In Lauttasaari, the child different parts of Helsinki. At the major olds decreased by a total of 1,100 in That the number of children increases with a good provision of sizeable children was also seen in the Linjat and population increased in both the infill district level, the largest increase was the remaining major districts. After unevenly across the major districts is dwellings attracting families. In such Käpylä sub-districts where hardly any development in Vattuniemi and in older seen in the Southern and Central major 2013, the proportion of 7–15-year-olds nothing new. During the period 1991– areas, even one third of the inhabitants new dwellings were built (see Figure areas. In Ruoholahti and (to some districts – 7,000 children, or a total started to grow in other major districts 2000, for example, the number of may be children. As an example, 4). Relative change in the number of extent) Suomenlinna, both the number increase of almost 70 per cent. The as well, but not enough to balance the children increased in the Eastern (over children made up 30.3 per cent of the children was great both in new-built and proportion of children decreased. number of 0–15-year-olds increased decline earlier in the period (Figure 3). 4,000) and South-eastern (slightly population in Ruoholahti in 1995, when areas in Arabianranta and Vallila as well Nonetheless, Ruoholahti still had the by over 3,600 in the Southern major over 2,300) major districts. During this residential area had recently been as in older neighbourhoods where the highest proportion of children in the district and by 3,200 in Central. Thus, The strong increase in the number of this period, the number of children completed. After the initial phase, the numbers of children had initially been Southern major district: 16.4 per cent. the child population grew by half in the children has lifted the Central major increased modestly in the Southern number and proportion of children low, such as Linjat and Alppila. Central major district and by one third district with its 9,200 children from major district, by less than 900. In gradually fall. In 2017, children made It is notable that the vast majority in Southern. last position two notches up, past the the Central major district – the only up only 16.4 per cent of Ruoholahti’s At the beginning of 2017, the Southern (70 per cent) of the growth in the South-eastern and Northern major one with a decreasing number of population. However, the growth in child major district had a child population child population in the Southern The strongest numerical change districts. The major district with the children in 1991–2000 – the decrease population in the Southern and Central of almost 14,000, which was over major district – amounting to 3,600 occurred among children under school largest total number of children in amounted to slightly over 1,000 major districts seems to come only one quarter more than in 2008. The – occurred in existing housing stock. age, in the Central and Southern Helsinki is Eastern (19,000 in 2017), children. In the following, we will look partly from new-built areas. number of children increased most in This was despite the fact that the major districts by over 2,300 each followed by the North-eastern major at the development of the number of the areas of Lauttasaari, Jätkäsaari, numbers of children grew fastest in (Figure 2). Since the initial level was district (18,000). The Western and children in those parts of the Southern In 2017, the Central major district had a Etu-Töölö, Taka-Töölö, Kamppi and infill buildings in Lauttasaari and the lower, relative change was greater Southern major districts rank next. and the Central major districts with child population of slightly over 9,200, Punavuori (Figure 5). In the sub-district new development in Jätkäsaari. The in the Central major district, no less However, in terms of children’s the strongest increase in the child which was roughly one third more of Jätkäsaari, a development area still proportion of children also increased than 71 per cent, versus 44 per cent in proportion of the population, the population in recent years. than in 2008. Of this growth, 75 per largely under construction, the number most strongly in existing housing
70 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 71 Proportion of population Change year-on-year by sub-district Proportion of population Change year-on-year by sub-district % Persons % Persons , , , Sub-district , Sub-district Lau asaari , Arabianranta Jätkäsaari , Vallila Etu-Töölö Hermanni / Hermanninmäki Taka-Töölö Sörnäinen / Kalasatama Kamppi Käpylä Punavuori Linjat Kruununhaka Alppila Ullanlinna Torkkelinmäki Katajanokka Harju Ruoholahti Itä-Pasila Koskela Länsi-Pasila - - Kumpula - - - - - -
FIGURe 4.
Population proportion and numerical change of 0–15-year-olds in sub-districts of the Central major district, annual cumulative FIGURe 4. number 2008–2017 Population proportion and numerical change of 0–15-year-olds in sub-districts of the Southern major district, annual cumulative number 2008–2017
stock in Punavuori, Töölö, Kamppi and in inner Helsinki, another clear new attractive? What does settling in the Kruunuhaka (albeit not in Lauttasaari). trend is that a considerable part of the inner city imply for families’ choices of Literature: During the previous growth phase increase in child population occurs in child day care and schools? We asked in the 1990s, the number of children existing buildings or infill developments these questions – and many others – in Boterman, Willem; Karsten, Lia & Musterd, Juday, Luke (2015). The changing shape of Lönnqvist, Henrik & Salorinne, Minna (2015). decreased as a rule in both the Central – for the first time in fifty years. This our recent interview survey of families Sako (2010). Gentrifiers settling down? American cities. Demographics research Pitkäaikaistyöttömyyden kasvulle ei näy and Southern major districts (except new situation implies challenges in with children in the inner city districts Patterns and trends of residential location group. http://demographics.coopercenter. loppua. Työttömyys Helsingissä 1987–2015. of middle-class families in Amsterdam. in the statistical areas of Ruoholahti finding suitable facilities for services of Punavuori and Kruununhaka org/files/2016/12/ChangingShape- Helsingin kaupungin tietokeskus, Kvartti Housing Studies 25:5, pp. 693–714. AmericanCities_UVA-CooperCenter_ 2015:4. and Jätkäsaari). In the Central major for children and youth. It also raises the (Kohtamäki & Niska, forthcoming), February2015.pdf. Viitattu 15.9.2017. district, the number of children question why the strongest increase in the results of which will be published City of Helsinki Building Register. [Helsingin Miettinen, Anneli. Miksi syntyvyys laskee. kaupungin rakennusrekisteri.] City of Kiander, Jaakko & Vartia, Pentti (1998). Perhebarometri 2015. Väestöliitto. decreased by one thousand in 1991– the child population in recent years has soon. ● Helsinki, Urban Statistics and Research. Suuri lama. Suomen 1990-luvun kriisi ja 2000. In that period, increases in the occurred in the old areas in southern Mustonen, Pekka & Lindblom, Taru (2016). talouspoliittinen keskustelu. Etla B 143, number of children occurred mostly Inner Helsinki. City of Helsinki Urban Facts (1996). Kantakaupungissa asuu tyytyväisiä Väestönkehitys alueittain Helsingissä. Helsinki. lapsiperheitä. Helsingin kaupungin in the new developments situated in Ari Niska is Researcher at the Urban Helsingin kaupungin tietokeskus. Tilastoja Kohtamäki, Hilla & Niska, Ari (forthcoming). tietokeskus, Kvartti 2016:1. the Eastern and South-eastern major Is the increase linked to the economic Development, Housing and Investments Unit 1996:2. Kantakaupungin suosio lapsiperheillä: Rotkirch, Anna (2010). Onko laman vauvaboomi districts. downturn in 2008 and the resulting of Helsinki City Executive Office. Hankonen, Johanna (1994). Lähiöt lähemmäksi työtä vai jotakin muuta? totta? Taloussanomat 8.1.2010. uncertainty on the labour market, or ja tehokkuuden yhteiskunta. Lainiala, Lassi (2014). Perhepolitiikka kriisin Vuori, Pekka & Nivalainen, Satu (2012). In the 2010s, during the most recent are there other reasons? Have the Suunnittelujärjestelmän läpimurto aikana. Perhebarometri 2014. Väestöliiton growth phase, the child population has large development projects in Inner ”Metropolialueen väestö ja muuttoliike.” suomalaisten asuinalueiden katsauksia E 48/2014. In: Metropolialueen talous, eds. Loikkanen, grown especially in Inner Helsinki and Helsinki made families with children rakentumisessa 1960-luvulla. Tampere, Lilius, Johanna (2016). Kehittyvä kerrostalo. Heikki A. & Laakso, Seppo & Susiluoto, its immediate vicinity. This is partly also more interested in old dwellings in Otatieto Oy & Gaudeamus. Urbaanit lapsiperheet. Sompasaaren Ilkka. Helsingin kaupungin tietokeskus. due to brownfield developments in the inner city – regardless of economic Helsinki Region Statistics Database [Helsingin asuinkortteli 10632 tontti 4. Serum former harbours and industrial sites ups and downs? Or have there been seudun aluesarjat]. City of Helsinki. www. Arkkitehdit Oy. in the inner city. Regardless of this work- or lifestyle-related changes aluesarjat.fi intensive residential construction that have made city-centre housing
72 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 73 helsinki / J u ssi hellsten
Is the increase linked to o f city the economic downturn in 2008 and the resulting uncertainty on the labour market, or are there other reasons? Have there been work- or lifestyle-related changes that have made city-centre housing attractive?
74 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 75 General interest in children’s independent mobility began to grow in the 1990s. a nto y p ix aba H elsinki / rik u p ihl ity o f C ity
Children would occasionally play on railway tracks, industrial sites, wasteland and landfills.
76 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 77 From city streets to suburban forests – changing mobility patterns of children in Helsinki
● veera Moll
Since the 1990s, children’s independent mobility in the city has been a lively topic of research. By international comparison, children in Finland still move fairly independently. However, recent decades have seen evidence of decreasing autonomy in children’s mobility. The article looks at Helsinki from the 1940s up until the present day and discusses how a changing city influences the spontaneous mobility of children.
EEVA RISTA, HELSINKI CITY MUSEUM, CC BY 4.0
78 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 79 It has been shown that children used to move about rather independently in Helsinki, at least during the first half of the 20th century. Oral historical evidence shows that Helsinki offered plenty of green milieus such as parks, gardens, allotments, fields and woods. Since traffic was much lighter, it was possible to ski and play in the snow in In Finland, the winter even in the city centre. The hills, rocks and shores of Helsinki were venues for ball sports and other types there are good conditions of games, or they could be used for sledging, downhill skiing or just admiring the view. Sometimes children would for increasing the level make long trips together in the city – to have a picnic or just to play (Laakkonen of physical activity & Kivistö 2001, 23–36, Moll 2011).
Oral historical material also shows the on home-to-school journeys. importance of the sea for recreation. Scouting and similar hobbies took some city children far out into nature. The material also highlights places 1960s (Kuparinen & Vihavainen 2006, would contain sufficiently large, well-
ELANNON KOKOELMA, HELSINKI CITY MUSEUM, CC BY 4.0 where children were forbidden to 8–10). The proportion of children in the lit and hygienic homes close to nature, play. Children would occasionally play population was high and schools were ideal for saving the children from the on railway tracks, industrial sites, over-crowded. The children born in the filth and decay of the city. In short, the wasteland and landfills. Objects period immediately after the Second old city was no good. A special worry hundred years ago, not be getting enough exercise (Bicket 106–108). The research done in the UK found among the rubbish could be World War formed Finland’s largest for the federation were the newly one-tenth of the et al. 2015, 4). Everyday mobility, home- was followed by a number of studies reappropriated in play. Accidents baby boomer generation. constructed tower blocks in the Taka- world’s population to-school journeys made on foot or by worldwide showing that independent were not always avoided (Laakkonen & With accelerating urbanisation in the Töölö area, as well as the workers’ lived in cities, and one- bicycle and an environment conducive child mobility had indeed decreased1. Kivistö 2001, 23–36). 20th century, words were increasingly district of Vallila (Von Hertzen 1946, 14, third in the 1950s. to outdoor activities may be important put into action. In 1946, a famous 20). Nowadays, more than for both a fair division of urban space In her research on the Helsinki of polemic pamphlet by Heikki von half are city-dwellers. The number and children’s healthy life habits (Kyttä When the home opened up out to the the 1940–1960s, Anna-Maria Åström Hertzen, head of the Family Federation The conditions of families were also backyards Aof children living in cities amounts to et al. 2009, 9). Children who roam notes that, for children, home was of Finland, titled Koti vaiko kasarmi gradually improved in other ways roughly one billion (UNICEF 2012, IV). without supervision also learn to know Was everything better in the past, more of a springboard to various lapsillemme? (‘A home or a barracks apart from the urban and housing Due to traffic hazards, pollution, lack of their own neighbourhood better than or is it just that memories grow outdoor activities than a place for cosy for our children?’) is seen to have planning in the 1940s. Child benefits, greenery and scarcity of playgrounds, just looking out of the car window (e.g. sweeter with time?2 How has the domestic life. The world of children triggered plans to build the ‘garden maternity allowances, prenatal clinics among other things, the city has Fyhri et al. 2011, 703). independent mobility of children – opened up out of the front door city’ of Tapiola. In the accelerating and loans for young families were come to be seen as an unsuitable and the opportunities for that mobility (Åström 1998, 17). public debate on cities and housing, introduced. According to the garden environment for children to grow up Furthermore, independent mobility – changed in Helsinki? No single children were increasingly the focus city philosophy, elements necessary (Karsten 2005, 275). Nonetheless, an promotes the use of sustainable modes source can give a direct answer to of attention. It was considered natural to children such as clean nature and urban childhood is more common today of transport. The likelihood of becoming this question since independent child Concerns about urban children that improved housing for children – safety should be found in the city, too. than a rural one. a car user is higher among children who mobility was not measured in Helsinki Children roaming freely in the urban tomorrow’s citizens – would serve the have regularly been driven to school by in the past. We need to combine various space were not always viewed with good of the whole nation. Traffic was a cause for concern as The extent to which children can move their parents (City of Helsinki 2017, 4). sources: oral history, contemporary approval. A concerned debate about traffic accidents increased alongside around safely in their neighbourhood newspaper reports, expert opinions housing and the wellbeing of children After the war, the Family Federation the number of cars. Between 1965 and is a factor influencing the wellbeing of General interest in children’s and statistical data. had arisen already in the 19th century of Finland’s stance was clear. The 1973, around a thousand people were city children. The independent mobility independent mobility grew in the (Kumpulainen 1999, 123; Moll 2016, population centres of the day were killed annually in road traffic in Finland. of children in cities is linked to the issue 1990s after a study of British children 1) Bhosale 2015; Bicket 2015; Kyttä et al. 68). There were real reasons to pay regarded as socially unsound, and the Gradually, however, traffic accidents 2014; Griffin & Wolley 2014; Karsten 2005; of empowerment in the urban realm: had showed their mobility to have attention to the children. Child mortality federation declared the objective to started to decrease (Official Statistics Tandy 1999. who has the right and the possibility to decreased significantly over the was elevated3, and and housing promote decentralisation in order to of Finland 2010). Nevertheless, there move about in the city? Independent previous two decades. Important 2) The question is inspired by Lia Karsten’s remained crowded in Helsinki until the achieve healthier urban life and housing were frequent articles in the Family article ”It all used to be better? Different mobility is also closely linked with reasons for this change included generations in conceptions and opportu- (Asuntopolitiikka 1/1956). In practice, Federation’s periodical publication health, as well as the growing concern growing traffic volumes and increasing nities on continuity and change in urban 3) Official Statistics of Finland: Causes of this implied a demand for building Asuntopolitiikka (‘Housing Policy’) in recent decades that children might parental anxieties (Hillman et al. 1990, children’s daily use of space”, from 2005 death: child mortality. Statistics Finland. garden cities. These new communities reporting children injured or killed
80 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 81 in road traffic, and demands were its road traffic division, predecessor introduce deregulatory measures, after raised for better safety in the city (e.g. of the Finnish Road Safety Council). having identified the potential of the ”When I went to skate in the ice rink, Asuntopolitiikka 3/1950). This organisation ran awareness home-to-school journeys to increase campaigns on road safety and children’s physical activity. I would put my skates on at home Hopes now lay in the suburbs, as the produced educational material, films following quote from Asuntopolitiikka and guidebooks. (2/1950) illustrates. ‘Improvements From garden city utopia to suburban and walk there can probably be achieved in the older The efforts for traffic safety seemed reality neighbourhoods, but it is essential that to work. Towards the end of the 20th Another factor influencing children’s with blade protections on.” henceforth all neighbourhoods should century, the traffic environment mobility in the city was the increasing be designed so that the locations of improved rapidly, with increasing size of homes. Overcrowded housing schools and safe walking routes for emphasis placed on respecting the gradually decreased, and housing children are planned simultaneously.’ safety of pedestrians and cyclists. space per person more than doubled in Families with children soon started The number of accidents decreased. Helsinki between 1950 and 1980. More equipment such as ‘wall bars or steady has studied the debate on suburbs Another writer still remembers the moving from central districts to (Syvänen 1991, 170). and more children had a room of their rings, since both help you maintain in the nationwide daily newspaper vast area that children could roam in suburbs, where children could move own. good posture and give you a feeling of Helsingin Sanomat, identifies a the 1960s–70s in the Helsinki suburb about more safely. Certain new regulations, such as cheerful confidence. After trying this change in the discourse in the late of Pakila: ‘A new walkway had just been forbidding younger children from cycling For many years, children’s need for a equipment at home, the children will not 1960s. According to her, a ‘dramatic’ completed when I started school, and Traffic safety measures were to school, played their part in reducing space of their own at home had been a be afraid of gym class at school - -’ paradigm shift occurred in 1968, with my mother gave me instructions on how gradually upgraded and speed limits the numbers of accidents. At the same frequent topic in the specialist press. a strong increase in problem-centred to walk to school without crossing a were introduced. Children’s safety time, however, these limitations had The magazine Kaunis Koti (‘Beautiful In a well-equipped home, children could articles and opinion pieces on the topic single road or a parking lot. The roads was also promoted by the national an impact on children’s independent Home’, 1965:8) wrote that a well- now play the kind of games that used (Roivainen 1999, 56). were our borders against the outside accident prevention organisation mobility (Syvänen 1991, 187). Only planned bedroom for children or to belong outdoors. Whereas in the world, although two of them could be Tapaturmatorjuntayhdistys (through recently have the authorities begun to adolescents should include exercise immediate post-war years the world of Nonetheless, in oral historical crossed on a footbridge and there was children in Helsinki opened up outside material, the childhood in the an underpass beneath another one. their front door, they could now spend suburbs is remembered as anything You were familiar with everything on their spare at home, too. but monotonous, unstimulating or your side of the roads. I could probably EEVA RISTA, HELSINKI CITY MUSEUM, CC BY 4.0 unhospitable. Memories of a variety still mark the locations where dozens The idealising tone of the garden city of games in the backyards, on the of different plants grew and where we debate gradually began to fade in the shores and in nearby woods recur used to climb the rocks.’ magazines and expert opinions of the in most of the writings collected in mid-1960s. Some felt now that the new 2016–2017 by the Finnish Literature neighbourhoods that sprouted around Society (SKS 2017). A childhood in the The majority still walk to school the city were not ideal garden towns suburbs in the latter half of the 20th Do children then move less but rather inadequate forest suburbs. century and early 21st century appears independently today than they did Alarming reports from inner cities in to have been close to nature and earlier? The study The last free-range the first half of the 20th century had safe, and characterised by children’s children? Children’s independent given way to similar warnings focussed independent mobility. mobility in Finland in the 1990s and on suburbs (see e.g. Mäenpää 1968, 2010s (Kyttä et al. 2014) – so far the only 74). The new suburban environments One participant who had spent a major Finnish research on changes in were not always considered ideal even childhood in Olari, Espoo, in the children’s mobility – notes a substantial for the children – although they had 1980s, writes: ‘As an adult I have decrease over the twenty-year period in been designed expressly for families realised how fine the urban layout in question. with children. Olari really was: you could walk from home to a day care centre, school, The same report argues that the ‘It’s a crime against children to build playground or health club without conditions enabling children to roam houses the way we do nowadays’, crossing a motorable road. When I freely have not been guaranteed and stated a Swedish expert quoted by went to skate in the ice rink, I would that Finns fail to see the value of the the Finnish national broadcaster YLE put my skates on at home and walk relatively free mobility of children in our in a programme focussing on children there with blade protections on. The society. In fact, independent mobility in suburbs. ‘A childhood spent in grocery stores, the child health clinic has been associated with images of a monotonous, unstimulating and and the hairdresser’s were also all lacking parental care and interest and unhospitable environment may cause within easy reach. Across a footbridge children’s loneliness. Consequently, emotional emptiness, violent outbursts was the library where I started going there have been calls for more adult and an inability to understand beauty independently at the age of nine or supervision in children’s free time. and tenderness.’ (Yleisradio 1976) ten.’ The researcher Irene Roivainen, who
82 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 83 ”You were familiar with everything on 4.0 Y your side of the road.” UM, CC B UM, MU SE
The concern that children are less and rather safe options for making school less able to move on their own – and the journeys (Turpeinen et al. 2013, 34 & 20). , HELSINKI CITY , health implications of this loss of freedom – has prompted researchers and planners The home-to-school journey must indeed
A NNISTO to look at the home-to-school journey as be sufficiently safe in order for parents an opportunity for children to get more to allow children to go to school on their ÄINO K V exercise (Mitra 2012, 21). own. In 2017, the City of Helsinki surveyed the current traffic safety situation near In Finland, worries about children’s physical schools in Inner Helsinki. The report passivity have been highlighted even at states that traffic safety in the vicinity national government level. The objective of of schools varies considerably (City the Liikkuva koulu (‘School on the move’) of Helsinki 2017). Remarks were made programme, one of the governmental regarding pupils’ attentiveness in traffic, spearhead projects, is to make the physical surroundings of the schools, schoolchildren exercise at least one hour traffic arrangements along home-to-school a day. This can take many forms – walking trajectories and the behaviour of vehicle or cycling to school has been among the drivers. Apart from traffic education, there suggestions. is thus room for improvement in the urban environment. In Finland, there are good conditions for increasing the level of physical activity on There may also be a need to pay attention to home-to-school journeys. According to the the attitudes of parents. As stated above, latest National Travel Survey, the majority their mobility habits have a direct impact of children’s journeys to school are still on those of their children. Thus, the most made on foot, albeit the proportion has efficient way to influence children’s active shrunk over the last ten years. According to mobility may be for parents to change their the same study, cycling is the second most own ways of travel. ● common means of transport on school trips, bus the third and car ride the fourth, followed by other ways of travel such as tram or metro. Not only do Finnish children Veera Moll is a Doctoral Candidate at the move generally fairly independently, but Department of Built Environment in the Aalto walking and cycling are also considered University School of Engineering,
By international comparison, Finland mobility and to give policy suggestions. were asked about the attitudes and is still doing well in terms of children’s Independent mobility was mapped fears of adults and children. mobility. A study published in 2015 by through a series of questions including the Policy Studies Institute compared whether children had permission to As a whole, children in Finland were ”Across a footbridge was the library independent mobility in various kinds of cross main roads or go to school without found to move far more freely than neighbourhoods, making comparisons supervision. Other questions sought children in other countries. Some within and across the 16 countries to determine whether children were suggested reasons for this difference where I started going independently included in the research. The objective allowed to walk independently elsewhere include the tendency of both parents was to find out about the reasons apart from school, stay out after dark, to work and the general atmosphere at the age of nine or ten.” for the differences, to discuss the cycle on main roads or travel alone on of trust often associated with Nordic consequences of reduced independent public transport. Additional questions culture (Kyttä et al. 2014, 8–9).
84 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 85 Literature:
Asuntopolitiikka. (1950–1977). Periodical. Väestöliitto. Avotakka (1971–1977). Periodical. A-lehdet. Bhosale, Julie (2015). Understanding Children’s Independent Mobility. Human Potential Centre. Bicket, Martha & Elliott, Bridget & Fagan-Watson, Ben & Hillman, Mayer & Mocca, Elisabetta & Shaw, Ben (2015). Children’s Independent Mobility: an international comparison and recommendations for action. Policy Studies Institute. City of Helsinki (2017). Kantakaupungin koulujen liikenneturvallisuustilanne. Tilanteen kartoitus ja toimenpide-ehdotukset. Accessed 17 August 2017. https://www.hel.fi/hel2/ksv/julkaisut/los_2017-1.pdf. Helsingin kaupunki, kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto [City of Helsinki, City Planning Department]. Fyhri, Aslak & Hjorthol, Randi & Mackett L. Roger & Fotel, Trine Nordgaard & Kyttä, Marketta (2011). Children’s active travel and independent mobility in four countries: Development, social contributing trends and measures. Transport Policy. Von Hertzen, Heikki (1946). Koti vaiko kasarmi lapsillemme: asunnontarvitsijoiden näkökohtia asunto- ja asemakaavakysymyksissä. WSOY. Griffin, Elisabeth & Woolley, Helen E. (2015) Decreasing experiences of home range, outdoor spaces, activities and companions: changes across three generations in Sheffield in north England. Children’s Geographies. Hillman, Mayer & Adams, John & Whitelegg, John (1990). One False Move. A study of children’s independent mobility. The Policy Studies Institute. Kansaneläkelaitos [Social Insurance Institution of Finland]. Accessed 17 August 2017. http://www.kela. fi/aitiysavustus-historia Karsten, Lia (2005). It all used to be better? Different Generations in Conceptions and Opportunities on Continuity and Change in Urban Children’s Daily use of Space.” Children’s Geographies. Kaunis Koti (1948–1970). Periodical. Taideteollisuusyhdistys. Kumpulainen, Riitta (1999) Lapin asumisoloista. Esimerkkitapauksena metsä- ja rakennustyöntekijät. Teoksessa Koti kaupungin laidalla – työväestön asumisen pitkä linja. Helsinki: Työväestön ja perinteen tutkimuksen seura. Kuparinen, Virva & Vihavainen, Maija (2006). Asuminen Helsingissä 1950–2004. Helsingin kaupungin tietokeskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 2006/34. EEVA RISTA, HELSINKI CITY MUSEUM, CC BY 4.0
86 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 87 Kyttä, Marketta & Broberg, Anna & Kahila, Maarit (2009) Lasten liikkumista ja terveyttä edistävä urbaani ympäristö. Yhdyskuntasuunnittelu 47:2. Kyttä, Marketta & Hirvonen, Jukka & Rudner Julie & Pirjola Iiris & Laatikainen, Tiina (2014). The last free-range children? Children’s independent mobility in Finland in the 1990s and 2010s. Journal of Transport Geography 47. Laakkonen, Simo & Kivistö, Simo (2001). Kaatopaikan Helmi. Lasten ympäristöhistoriaa. In: Hannikainen, Matti & Salasuo, Mikko (eds.), Elämän muotoja. Kertomuksia yksilöstä ja yhteiskunnasta. Koala-Kustannus. Lapsuus lähiössä-muistitietokeruu (15.9.2016-15.3.2017). Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura [Finnish Literature Society]. Liikkuva koulu-hanke. [‘School on the move’ project.] Accessed 17 August 2017. https://liikkuvakoulu.fi/liikkuvakoulu Mitra, Raktim (2013) Independent Mobility and Mode Choice for School Transportation: A Review and Framework for Future Research. Transport Reviews 33:1. Moll, Veera (2016). Puutarhakaupungin utopiasta lähiörealismiin. Lapsi kaupunkisuunnittelukeskustelussa 1946-1977. Master’s thesis. Accessed 17 August 2017 https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/164420/Moll_ Talousjasosiaalihistoria.pdf?sequence=2 Moll, Veera (2011). Kaupunki ja lapsen reviiri. Tutkimus kouluikäisten lasten ja nuorten käyttämästä kaupunkitilasta Helsingin Kalliossa 1950-luvulla. Bachelor thesis. Mäenpää, Jorma (1968) Asuntopolitiikkamme ja sen tavoitteet. Tammi. Roivainen, Irene (1999) Sokeripala metsän keskellä. Lähiö sanomalehden konstruktiona. Tilastokeskus. Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT) [Official Statistics of Finland]: Kuolemansyyt/ Tapaturmakuolleisuus 1936–2010 - 4. Accident mortality in 1936 to 2010. Accessed 18 August 2017. http://www.stat.fi/til/ksyyt/2010/ ksyyt_2010_2011-12-16_kat_005_fi.html. Syvänen, Matti (1991). Lasten elintilan kaventuminen. Teoksessa: Santalahti, P. ym. (toim.) Auto, terveys ja ympäristö. Oy Gaudeamus Ab. The State of the World’s Children: Children in an Urban World (2012) UNICEF. Accessed 17 August 2017. http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/. Tandy, C. A. (1999) Children’s diminishing play space. A study of intergenerational change in children’s use of their neighborhood. Australian Geographical Studies. Turpeinen, Salla & Lakanen, Laura & Hakonen, Harto, Havas, Eino & Tammelin Tuija (2013). Matkalla kouluun. Peruskoululaisten koulumatkat ja aktiivisten
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88 — Helsinki Quarterly ▶ 2/2018 2/2018 ▶ Helsinki Quarterly — 89 By international comparison, children in Finland still move fairly independently.
▶ Published by the City of Helsinki, Kvartti is a quarterly journal providing current research findings and statistics about Helsinki and the Helsinki Region. The purpose of the journal is both to support decision-making and planning in Helsinki as well as to serve anyone interested in urban phenomena. Kvartti is a bilingual (Finnish and Swedish) publication with an annual special issue in English – Helsinki Quarterly.
helsinki 2/2018
Quarterlycity of helsinki ▶ urban research and statistics
Editor in Chief Postal Address Timo Cantell City Executive Office tel. +358 9 310 73362 Urban Research and Statistics [email protected] PO BOX 550, FI-00099 CITY OF HELSINKI
Editor Street Address Teemu Vass Ympyrätalo tel. +358 9 310 64806 Siltasaarenkatu 18–20 A, 5th floor [email protected] Internet www.hel.fi/urbanfacts
www.kvartti.fi/en Quarterlyhelsinki ▶ contents
● TIMO CANTELL ▶ Editorial
● Salla Jokela: ▶ The development of Helsinki’s city brand
● Pekka mustonen ▶ Helsinki tourism enjoys a record-breaking year – but what next?
● Pasi Mäenpää & Maija Faehnle: ▶ Urban civic activism: solutions for the governance of a self-organising urban community
● Tamás Lahdelma: ▶ Geographical proximity and employee mobility in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area
● Oskari Harjunen: ▶ Housing market has already anticipated the effects of the West Metro
● Ari Niska: ▶ Number of children on the rise particularly in Inner Helsinki
● Veera Moll: ▶ From city streets to suburban forests – changing mobility patterns of children in Helsinki
2/2018 city of helsinki ▶ urban research and statistics