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Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed

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Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed Wisconsin Pemebonwon and Middle Watersheds Menominee Rivers Watershed 2011 Water Quality Management Plan Update Upper Green Bay Basin, Wisconsin December 2011 Th e Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Riv- ers Watershed is situated in northeastern Mari- nette and southeastern Florence counties and includes 53 miles of the Menominee River. Also found in this watershed are the Pemebonwon and North Branch Pemebonwon rivers. Soils in the watershed are principally derived from weathering glacial deposits and consist primarily of well-drained sands. Aurora Sanitary District, the Village of Ni- Contents agara, Niagara of Wisconsin Paper Company, the Pembine Laundromat and ISP Minerals Watershed Details . 1 are point source dischargers in the watershed. Population and Land Use . 1 Champion International Paper Company in Hydrology . 2 Michigan also discharges to the Menominee Map 1: Pemebonwon and Middle Ecological Landscapes . 2 River. Menominee Rivers Watershed Historical Note . 2 Th is watershed provides ample opportunities for recreation and an abundant and diverse fi shery Watershed Condition . 3 exists. White water rafting is popular on the Menominee River in the Piers Gorge area between Overall Condition . 3 Niagara, Wisconsin and Norway, Michigan, with sightseeing popular at Horserace Rapids, River and Stream Condition . 3 Piers Gorge, Long Slide Falls, and Smalley Falls. Lake Health . 5 Wetland Health . .13 Groundwater . .13 Watershed Details Point & Nonpoint Pollution . .14 Waters of Note . .15 Population and Land Use Table 1: Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Trout Waters . .15 Rivers Watershed Land Use O/ERW Waters . .16 Land use in the Pemebonwon and Percent of Impaired Waters. .18 Land Use Acres Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed Area Fish Consumption . .18 is dominated by forest cover (63%), Forest 117,138.48 62.93% Aquatic Invasive Species . .19 followed by wetlands with 23% of the Wetland 42,423.82 22.79% Species of Special Concern . 19 watershed’s total area. Agriculture Agriculture 12,741.00 6.84% State Natural and Wildlife Areas . 19 and open water encompass most of Open Water & 10,618.24 5.70% the remaining area with 7% and 6%, Open Space Watershed Actions . 20 Grants and Projects . .20 respectively. Grasslands make up a Grassland 2,066.72 1.11% Monitoring . .22 little over 1% of the watershed’s total Suburban 952.52 0.51% Basin/Watershed Partners . .23 area, while suburban and urban land Urban 195.04 0.10% Recommendations . .23 use is minimal with half of a percent Barren 5.12 0.00% and one-tenth of a percent of the area, Contributors . .23 Total Acres in 186,140.93 Maps . 24 respectively. Watershed Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers 1 Watershed (GB15) Plan 2011 Hydrology The Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers watershed is situation in a sandy glacial outwash plain interspersed with glacial moraines and steep outcropping of Precambrian bedrock. The combination of sandy soils and ex- tensive forests and wetlands within the watershed create ideal conditions for precipitation to slowly infi ltrate into the groundwater. This groundwater later emerges as cold seeps and springs that provide the base fl ow to the nearly 200 miles of trout streams within the watershed. All of the streams and rivers in the watershed ultimately fl ow into the Menomi- nee River and at areas where there are steep stream gradients the rivers have often been dammed for generation of hydropower. There are 25 dams in this watershed, seven dams on the middle Menomonee itself. On the Menomonee River more than 70% of river miles with a gradient greater than four feet per mile have been lost due to impoundments. This series of impoundments greatly alters the natural hydrograph of the river and leads to physical, chemi- cal, and biological alterations of the system. Map 2: Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed Ecologi- Ecological Landscapes cal Landscapes The Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed lies primarily in the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape which occupies a relatively narrow, vertical band of land in northeast Wisconsin. This landscape formed in glacial outwash sand plains (some of them pitted), and has steep outcropping Pre- cambrian bedrock knolls of basalt, rhyolite, or granite. Sandy ground moraines and end moraines are also interspersed in the landscape. Historically, extensive oak/jack pine barrens and jack pine forests Pemebonwon & Middle Menominee were found in the outwash sand portions of this ecological land- Rivers (GB15) Land Use Percentages scape. Moraines supported forests of hardwoods, red pine, and 1% 1% white pine. Outwash plains often contained pitted depressions, 6% Forest 7% resulting in numerous wetlands and kettle lakes. Most of this eco- Wetland logical landscape is still forested; aspen predominates, followed by northern hardwoods. Jack pine remains on the outwash plains along Agriculture with northern pin oak. There are several important occurrences of 23% Open Water & jack pine/oak barren communities. A small percentage of the North- Open Space east Sands Ecological Land- 62% Grassland scape contains spruce-fi r-cedar Suburban forest and lowland hardwood forest. The Brazeau Swamp is one of the best representations Figure 1: Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Riv- ers Watershed Land Use Percentages Graph of large cedar swamp forests in northern Wisconsin. Historical Note The City of Niagara is located in the watershed of the Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers. Originally named in the language of the Iroquois tribe, Niagara means “thundering waters”. The Menominee River separates the states of Michi- gan and Wisconsin and has cut a deep dramatic gorge where the river, normally 300 feet wide, is constricted to a narrow 80-foot channel, creating powerful rapids as it rushes towards Green Bay. At Piers Gorge the river has created an extraordi- Piers Gorge narily beautiful place where steep-sided bedrock walls, up to 70 feet high, contain the rushing river for a mile and a half as it roars over a series of stone shelves in four distinct waterfalls. Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers 2 Watershed (GB15) Plan 2011 Watershed Condition Overall Condition The overall health of the Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Riv- ers Watershed is excellent with over 188 miles of cold water streams. Over 100 miles of these streams are classifi ed as Class I trout streams. Another 65 miles of stream are considered Class II trout streams, and there are also about 15 miles of Class III trout streams. Fifty-two miles of stream are on the Exceptional Resource Water list, including segments of Anderson Spur, Bear, Brown Spur, Coates, Lindstrom, Mullaney, Rock Cut, Sand Lake Branch, and Squaw creeks along with many other unnamed creeks. Another 52 miles of streams in the wa- tershed are considered Outstanding Resources Water along segments of the Little Silver, Miscauno, Spikehorn, and Sullivan Creeks together with the Little Popple River and the South Branch of the Pemebon- won River. Rivers and streams in the watershed are abundant with fi sh life. Naturally reproducing sturgeon populations can be found along stretches of Bear, McAllister, Squaw and Miscauno creeks, as well as parts of Menominee and Pemebonwon rivers. A combination of self reproduction and stocking support a musky population along segments of the Chalk Hills, White Rapids, and Kingsford fl owages Figure 2: Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee and sections of the Menominee River, as well. Large portions of the Rivers WAG Pemebonwon and Menominee Rivers also support small mouth bass fi sheries. A 45-mile section of the Menominee River has been listed as impaired by PCBs and mercury since 1998. Sand Lake is also on the 303(d) impaired waters list for mercury. River and Stream Condition Table 2: Designated Use Support Summary for Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed Rivers and Streams (all values in miles) Fully Not Not Total Use Supporting Supporting Supporting Assessed Size Fish Consumption 7.22 280.79 288.01 Fish and Aquatic Life 7.22 186.64 44.59 49.56 288.01 General 288.01 288.01 Public Health and Welfare 288.01 288.01 Recreation 288.01 288.01 According to the WDNR’s Register of Waterbodies (ROW) database, there are over 483 miles of streams and rivers in the Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers Watershed; 288 miles of which have been entered into the WDNR’s assessment database. Of these 186 miles, the majority (68%) are meeting Fish and Aquatic Life uses and are specifi ed as in “good” condition; about 15 % of streams are considered to be in “poor” condition and are listed as impaired. The condition of the remaining third of these stream miles is not known or documented. Additional uses for which the waters are evaluated include Fish Consumption, General Uses, Public Health and Welfare, and Recreation. As Table 2 shows, most of these uses have not been directly assessed for the watershed. However, a general fi sh consumption advisory for potential presence of mercury is in place for all waters of the state. Coates Creek A fi sh collection occurred in Coates Creek in 2010 and the Fish Index of Biological Integrity (fIBI) score (70) indicated good water quality capable of supporting a cold water fi shery. Pemebonwon and Middle Menominee Rivers 3 Watershed (GB15) Plan 2011 Crossett Creek A fi sh collection occurred in the fall of 2008 on Crossett Creek and the resultant fIBI score showed good water quality. Menominee River The Menominee River originates just north of this watershed near Florence, WI, at the confl uence of the Brule River (GB18) and Michigan’s Michigamme River. The Menominee fl ows southerly for 118 miles before joining the waters of Green Bay. Hydroelectric development has been extensive along the Menominee River. Dams have converted 37% of the river mileage to impoundments, primarily in areas of higher gradient. More than 70% of river with a gradient greater than four feet per mile has been fl ooded by dam development.
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