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Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy: Descriptions That Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 24 March 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0354.v1 Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy: Descriptions that Explain Aspects of Dark Matter to Ordinary Matter Ratios, Inflation, Early Galaxies, and Expansion of the Universe Thomas J. Buckholtz Affiliation: Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Physics theory has yet to settle on specific descriptions for new elementary particles, for dark matter, and for dark energy forces. Our work extrapolates from the known elementary particles. The work suggests well-specified candidate descriptions for new elementary particles, dark matter, and dark energy forces. This part of the work does not depend on theories of motion. This work embraces symmetries that correlate with motion-centric conservation laws. The candidate descriptions seem to explain data that prior physics theory seems not to explain. Some of that data pertains to elementary particles. Our theory suggests relationships between masses of elementary particles. Our theory suggests a relationship between the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Some of that data pertains to astrophysics. Our theory seems to explain ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects. Our theory seems to explain aspects of galaxy formation. Some of that data pertains to cosmology. Our theory suggests bases for inflation and for changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. Generally, our work proposes extensions to theory in three fields. The fields are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology. Our work suggests new elementary particles and seems to explain otherwise unexplained data. Keywords: beyond the Standard Model, dark matter, dark energy, inflation, galaxy evolution, rate of expansion of the universe, quantum gravity, quantum field theory, mathematical physics, harmonic oscillator Copyright c 2020 Thomas J. Buckholtz , Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Overview.............................................3 1.2 Context for and scope of proposed theory...........................4 1.3 Similarities and differences between proposed theory and ongoing theory..........4 1.4 Nature, data, a framework for theories, theories and models, and mathematics......4 1.5 Proposed theory, physics data, and ongoing theory......................5 1.5.1 Elementary particles...................................5 1.5.2 Dark energy forces and cosmology...........................6 1.5.3 Dark matter and galaxies................................7 1.5.4 Depletion of CMB....................................8 1 © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 24 March 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0354.v1 1.5.5 Motion, kinematics conservation laws, QFT, QED, and QCD............9 1.5.6 Kinematics and dynamics models............................9 1.5.7 Other topics....................................... 10 1.6 Evolution of proposed theory.................................. 11 1.7 Perspective about this essay................................... 11 2 Elementary particles, field theories, and interaction vertices 12 2.1 A table of elementary particles (or, simple particles and long-range forces)......... 12 2.2 Theory that develops aspects of the table of simple particles and long-range forces.... 14 2.3 Kinematics conservation laws.................................. 21 2.4 Long-range forces, including interactions with lepton number minus baryon number.... 23 2.5 Conservation of lepton number minus baryon number.................... 28 2.6 A table of subfamilies of simple particles and long-range forces............... 29 2.7 Bases for proposed field theories................................ 29 2.8 Interaction vertices........................................ 33 2.9 Aspects regarding simple particles............................... 34 2.10 Masses of the weak interaction bosons, the Higgs boson, and the 0I boson......... 35 2.11 A prediction for the tauon mass................................. 36 2.12 The relative strengths of electromagnetism and gravity.................... 37 2.13 The masses of quarks and charged leptons........................... 37 2.14 Neutrino masses......................................... 39 2.15 Anomalous moments....................................... 40 2.16 Possible threshold energies for observing effects of tweak (or, 2T) simple particles..... 42 2.17 Possibilities for detecting or inferring aye (or, 0I) simple particles.............. 43 2.18 Relationships between ALG modeling, PDE modeling, kinematics modeling, and physics. 44 3 Dark matter, dark energy, astrophysics, and cosmology 45 3.1 Models that have bases in one, six, and 36 isomers of charge................. 45 3.2 Spans for objects and long-range forces............................. 46 3.3 Densities of the universe..................................... 50 3.4 Dark matter ratios inferred from data regarding cosmic microwave background radiation. 51 3.5 The rate of expansion of the universe.............................. 51 3.6 Phenomena during and just after inflation........................... 52 3.7 Baryon asymmetry........................................ 53 3.8 Galaxies, components of galaxies, and ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter...... 54 3.9 Galaxy clusters, ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects, and filaments.. 58 3.10 Dark energy density....................................... 58 3.11 High-mass neutron stars..................................... 59 3.12 Phenomena before inflation................................... 60 3.13 Directly detecting dark matter and doubly dark matter................... 60 4 Relationships between various theories and models for motion 60 4.1 Kinematics modeling and dynamics modeling......................... 61 4.2 Perspective regarding quantum modeling and kinematics modeling............. 62 4.3 Possible complements to ongoing theory QFT, QED, and QCD............... 62 4.4 Dynamics models for hadron-like particles........................... 63 4.5 Dynamics models for nuclear physics.............................. 64 4.6 Dynamics models for quantum transitions........................... 64 4.7 Models for interactions with gravity.............................. 65 4.8 General relativity and large-scale physics............................ 65 4.9 Aspects of dynamics modeling regarding hadron-like particles................ 66 4.10 Possible modeling for fissionable or bound-state multicomponent objects.......... 67 4.11 Modeling regarding refraction and similar effects....................... 68 4.12 U-family interactions and the strong interaction SU(3) symmetry.............. 69 2 Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 24 March 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0354.v1 5 Relationships between various theories and models for objects 70 5.1 The elementary particle Standard Model............................ 70 5.2 The strong CP problem and possible axion elementary particles............... 71 5.3 Channels and G-family interactions............................... 71 5.4 Lack of magnetic monopoles and a possible lack of some electric dipole moments..... 72 5.5 Supersymmetry.......................................... 72 5.6 String theory........................................... 72 5.7 Other discussion regarding the masses of simple particles and hadron-like particles.... 73 5.8 The cosmology timeline..................................... 74 5.9 Entropy.............................................. 75 6 Possible opportunities to develop deeper insight 76 6.1 Numbers of dimensions...................................... 76 6.2 A series of formulas for lengths, including the Planck length................. 76 6.3 CPT-related symmetries..................................... 77 6.4 Relationships between properties of objects and forces.................... 77 6.5 Arrow of time and entropy.................................... 78 6.6 The Higgs mechanism, entanglement, and tachyon-like behavior............... 79 6.7 Notions regarding possible universes beyond our universe.................. 79 6.8 Notions that might link physics constants and modeling................... 79 7 Concluding remarks 80 Acknowledgments 81 References 81 1 Introduction This unit provides an overview of theory that this essay proposes. This unit discusses context and scope for the proposed theory. This unit discusses relationships between data, proposed theory, ongoing theory, and mathematics. This unit discusses evolution of proposed theory. This unit provides perspective about this essay. 1.1 Overview This unit discusses highlights about proposed theory. We develop a framework for physics theories. The framework seems to embrace ongoing theories. The framework suggests new physics theory. We use the two-word term proposed theory to denote the new theory. The following items point to topics that proposed theory addresses. Each item notes aspects that underlie the framework or come from proposed theory. • Extensions to harmonic-oscillator mathematics. Minor changes in assumptions lead to states that people might consider to lie below traditional ground states. The resulting math has applications to elementary particle physics. • Mathematics-based modeling pertaining to elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology. Ex- tended harmonic-oscillator math provides bases for modeling pertaining to elementary particles, dark matter, dark energy forces, and
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